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Dendritic cells (DCs), as a link between innate and adaptive immunity, play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system. The DC population is characterized by heterogeneity; it consists of many subpopulations which, despite their phenotypic and localization differences, play an essential function – they are professional antigen presenting cells. Due to their role, DCs can be utilized in a new cancer treatment strategy. Their main purpose is to generate an anticancer response leading to the elimination of cancer cells. The tumor microenvironment, abundant in immunosuppressive factors (e.g. IL-10, TGF-β, Arg1, IDO), impairs the proper function of DCs. For this reason, various strategies are necessary for ex vivo preparation of DC-based vaccines and for the support of in vivo DCs to fight against tumors. DC-based vaccines are combined with other forms of immunotherapy (e.g. blockade of immune checkpoint molecules, e.g. PD-1 or CTLA-4) or conventional types of therapies (e.g. chemotherapy). Despite the enormous progress that has been made in anticancer therapy in the past two decades, there are still many unresolved issues regarding the effectiveness of the DCs usage. In this paper we described, in both a mouse and a human subject, a series of DC subpopulations, differentiating in normal conditions or under the influence of cancer microenvironment. We listed factors affecting the quality of the in vivo and ex vivo generations of antitumoral responses, significant from a therapeutic point of view. Moreover, the most important strategies for the use of DCs in anticancer therapies, as well as further developments on this field, have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate many cellular processes. GPR120/FFAR4, a receptor from this family that is activated by fatty acids, has received considerable attention recently. This paper presents a literature review concerning the role of GPR120 and its mechanism of action in animal and human studies as well as the potential use of GPR120 for the treatment of chronic diseases. Two electronic databases – Medline and Google Scholar – were searched for available studies addressing the review topic that were written in English and published from 2000 to June 2017. The following key terms were used in the search: GPR120, FFA4, GPR120 agonist, PUFAs, EPA, DHA, adipocyte, obesity, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, insulin resistance, taste, atherogenesis, hepatis, central nervous system. In humans, GPR120 expression is expressed in macrophages, eosinophils, and adipose tissue, in cells of the tongue, liver, lungs, small and large intestine, gastric mucosa, and pancreas, in the central nervous system and placental microvilli. Medium – and long-chain fatty acids act as ligands for the receptor. Through the internalization of beta-arrestin-2 complex and the inhibition of NF-κB, GPR120 mediates the activation of the cell’s anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The receptor is also involved in the maturation of adipocytes, the modulation of insulin signalling pathways, the regulation of glucose metabolism, and the secretion of intestinal hormones. GPR120 is a promising target for the treatment of numerous diseases, whose pathophysiology is associated with low-grade inflammation. As a result of intensive searches, a likely group of synthetic agonists of the receptor was determined with potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as obesity, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bile acids not only play a cardinal role in the digestion and absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins, but also significantly affect gastrointestinal motor, sensory and secretory functions, intestinal barrier permeability and the regulation of the inflammatory response. The results of recent studies have revealed complex interactions between bile acids and the gut microbiota. In addition, bile acids also play a role of signaling molecules regulating the activity of lipid and glucose metabolic pathways, as well as a role of ligands for transcription factors. Genetic factors associated with the regulation of bile acid synthesis, transport and action may significantly influence gastrointestinal function and predispose to diarrhea resulting from bile acid malabsorption. Methods used in the diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption include 75selenium-homotaurocholic acid test, serum C4 and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), as well as fecal bile acid levels. The paper presents the latest data on the role of bile acid in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Advances in the treatment of disturbances in bile acids absorption and synthesis are also presented. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating bile acid action may have implication for colorectal cancer prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a micronutrient best known for its anti-scurvy activity in humans. Vitamin C is involved in many biological processes involving enzymatic reactions that are catalyzed by members of dioxygenases which use Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate as a co-substrate. The article reviews recent data that suggest the involvement of ascorbate in dioxygenases catalyzed chromatin and DNA modifications which thereby contribute to epigenetic regulation. Concerning chromatin modification, the dioxygenases are involved in distinct demethylation reactions with varying specificity for the position of the lysine on the target histone. TET hydroxylases catalyse the oxidation of methyl groups in the 5 position of cytosine in DNA yielding 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, while further iterative oxidation reactions results in the formation of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. A few previous studies demonstrated that ascorbate may enhance generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells, probably acting as a cofactor of TETs during hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine. Physiological concentrations of ascorbate in human serum (10-100 µM) may guarantee stable level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a modification necessary for epigenetic function of the cell. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine level is substantially decreased in almost all investigated cancers, what may be linked with cancer development. Therefore, it is possible that supplementation with ascorbate could contribute to better management of individual cancer patient. This issue is also discussed in our paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indoxyl sulfate (IS, indoxyl sulphate) is the end product of dietary tryptophan degradation by indole pathway and significantly higher serum and tissue concentrations of this compound is observed in patients with impaired renal function. Despite the high albumin binding affinity, the remaining free fraction of IS has a number of biological effects related to the generation of oxidative stress andactivation of signaling pathways related to NF-κB, p53 protein, STAT3, TGF-ß and Smad2/3. IS induces the inflammatory process, exerts nephrotoxic activity and is also a factor impairing the cardiovascular system. Its high concentrations are associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular incidents, whose frequency is significantly higher in patients with chronic kidney disease. Evaluation of the mechanisms that underlie the high reactivity of indoxyl sulfate and its biological effects showed that this compound is an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This receptor plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis Moreover, AhR exerts high transcriptional activity, so ligands of zwiękthis receptor may exert different biological effects. The following paper describes the role of indoxyl sulfate as AhR ligand in the context of the excessive accumulation, which appears as one of the symptoms associated with chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage proteins of legumes are one of the main components of the human and animal diet. The substances collected in their seeds have the pro-health values, supporting the prevention of many civilization diseases. However, there are still many uncertainties about the mechanisms leading to the production of nutritious seeds. It is also difficult to identify which of their constituents and in what final form are responsible for the observed protective effects in vivo. In this work, on the background of different types of storage proteins, these deposited mainly in legumes were in the focus of interest. They were characterized on the example of pea (Pisum sativum) proteins. Mechanisms associated with their biosynthesis and transport to specific cellular compartments was presented. Ways of their post-translational processing, segregation and storage in the specific vacuoles were also discussed. Therefore, the paper presents the state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the processes making the accumulated protein deposits ready to use by plants, animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estrogens belong to a group of sex hormones, which have been shown to act in multidirectional way. Estrogenic effects are mediated by two types of intracellular receptors: estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2). There are two basic mechanisms of estrogen action: 1) classical-genomic, in which the ligand-receptor complex acts as a transcriptional factor and 2) a nongenomic one, which is still not fully understood, but has been seen to lead to distinct biological effects, depending on tissue and ligand type. It is postulated that nongenomic effects may be associated with membrane signaling and the presence of classical nuclear receptors within the cell membrane. Estrogens act in a multidirectional way also within cell organelles. It is assumed that there is a mechanism which manages the migration of ESR into the mitochondrial membrane, wherein the exogenous estrogen affect the morphology of mitochondria. Estrogen, through its receptor, can directly modulate mitochondrial gene expression. Moreover, by regulating the level of reactive oxygen species, estrogens affect the biology of mitochondria. The considerations presented in this paper indicate the pleiotropic effects of estrogens, which represent a multidirectional pathway of signal transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year after year, a growing number of cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mostly caused by smoking, have been noted. Most patients die because of the late detection of cancer and tumor resistance to treatment with cytostatics. Treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC is impeded by the low sensitivity of the tumor to cytostatic agents and the co-existence of many diseases, which substrate is, like lung cancer, cigarette smoking. Along with the development of molecular biology, targeted therapy has started to be used, affecting specific signaling pathways involved in the processes of oncogenesis. Compounds that inhibit the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases are very well examined and already used in clinical practice. NSCLC is characterized by multiple mutations, including EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and KRAS. Rarer but clinically significant is the rearrangement of the ALK gene. Currently, for NSCLC treatment a number of EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib and two compounds targeted in ALK kinase crizotinib and ceritinib are applied. Unfortunately, despite numerous studies, we are still not able to improve the treatment effectiveness of patients with KRAS mutations. The most efficient solution would be to use a combination of the compounds exhibiting synergistic effects on tumor cells. The literature data describes numerous examples of the combination treatment of NSCLC cells. Some combinations of compounds are already in clinical trials. Most attempts relate to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in combination with other types of pharmacologic inhibitor or immunotherapy. This paper describes the mutations occurring in NSCLC and drugs used in clinical practice as well as being in preclinical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various peptides products of enzymatic cleavage of key for Alzheimer's disease Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) are well known, but still are matter of scientific debate. The Aβ type products are especially challenging for experimental and medical research. This paper outlines several, still poorly known, biological and medical processes such as peptides biology, i.e., formation, biodistribution, translocation, transport and finally removal from brain compartments and body fluids like Intracellular Fluid (ICF), Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Interstitial Fluid (ISF), blood serum or urine. In addition, the following studies concerning AD patients might prove challenging and simultaneously promising: peptides translocation through Blood-Brain - Barrier (BBB) and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCSFB) and their removal from the brain according to a new concept of glymphatic system; - diagnostic difficulties that stem from physico-chemical properties and the nature of proteins or fibrillating peptides itself like low concentration, short half-live and from experimental-technical problems as well like high adsorption or low solubility of Aβ, tau or amylin. The study of diagnostic parameters is very important, as it may better reflect early changes before the disease develops; one such parameter is the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, or the ratio with the total tau concentration combination and other new biomarkers like Aβ1-38; other factors include oxidative stress and inflammation process proteins, complement factor H, alpha-2-macroglobulin, or clusterin. The study of various forms of pathological amyloid deposits that emerge in different but specific brain regions AD patients seems to be crucial as well. The composition of the first initial pathological, pre-fibrillating monomers of fibrillating peptides and their role in AD development and disease progression have been described as well. They are even more challenging for science and simultaneously might be more promising in early diagnosis for AD patients. As always in science, research leads to endless discoveries and further inquiry. Fundamental problems in this field most probably are still far from being definitively comprehended, and multiple crucial questions await better answers. What we really need is to study more and deeper into this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocytes belong to myeloid effector cells, which constitute the first line of defense against pathogens, also called the nonspecific immune system and play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In response to stimulation, monocytes differentiate into macrophages capable of microorganism phagocytosis and secrete factors that play a key role in the regulation of immune responses. However excessive exposure of monocytes/macrophages to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria leads to the acquisition of immune tolerance by these cells. Such state results from disruption of different biological processes, for example intracellular signaling pathways and is accompanied by a number of disease states (immune, inflammatory or neoplastic conditions). Regulation of monocytes/macrophages activity is controlled by miRNAs, which are involved in the modulation of immune tolerance acquired by these cells. Moreover, the tolerance to endotoxin is conditioned by the posttranscriptional processes and posttranslational epigenetic modifications leading to the impairment of normal immune response for example by alterations in the expression of many genes encoding immune signaling mediators. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview existing knowledge on the modulation of activity of monocytes/macrophages in response to bacterial endotoxin and impaired immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The main mechanisms which are involved are low-density lipoprotein oxidative modification, inactivation of nitric oxide and modulation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. ROS contribute to several aspects of atherosclerosis including endothelial cell dysfunction, monocyte/macrophage recruitment and activation, stimulation of inflammation, and inducing smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. NADPH oxidase is the main source of ROS in the vasculature. This enzyme consists of a membrane-bound heterodimer of gp91phox and p22phox, cytosolic regulatory subunits p47phox, p67phox and p40phox, and small GTP-binding proteins rac1 and rac 2. Seven distinct isoforms of this enzyme have been identified, of which four (NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular function. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress and NOX enzymes in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, we analyze the experimental studies that explore the relationship between the NOX family and atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Haemophilia is a genetic disease. Bleeding, pain, temporary or long-term lack of physical activity, and even the risk of disability could have a negative impact on the quality of life. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the quality of life of patients with haemophilia, and to provide answers to the following ques- tions: 1. What is the quality of life of patients with haemophilia? 2. Which sphere of life is given the highest and which is given the lowest score? 3. Is there a connection between the sociodemo- graphic data, the health situation and the quality of life? Materials and methods: In total 163 adults diagnosed with haemophilia who are mainly treated at home and living in different parts of Poland were included in the survey. All sociodemographic data were collected using an author-designed questionnaire. The quality of life was measured using the WHOQOL-100 question- naire proposed by World Health Organization. Results: All surveyed patients were males diagnosed with haemophilia A, which is consistent with the epidemiology of the dis- ease and the fact that haemophilia A is more frequent in Poland than haemophilia B. Most of the males (144) were diagnosed with severe haemophilia, 18 with moderate and only 6 with mild haemophilia. What is more, 126 (75%) respondents had type C hepatitis. Conclusions: In the field of 6 life spheres measured with the use of the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire the highest score -- 14.66 -- was gained in the sphere of spirituality, religion and personal beliefs. The lowest score -- 12.99 -- was gained in the physical sphere, mostly concerning pain and feelings of discomfort. The outcome of 12.89 was gained in the environmental sphere. After detailed analysis of the researched material there was a conclusion made: 1. A group of men with inborn haemophilia demon- strate an average quality of life, comparable to the level of life of sick people living in other European countries. 2. The researched group give the highest estimate to the spiritual sphere of life, religion and personal beliefs, while the physical and environmental spheres were given the lowest estimate. 3. The degree of seriousness of haemophilia is of core importance when it comes to the level of life. Type C hepatitis and the status of pensioner is also a serious matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infective endocarditis (IE) is generally caused by bacteria. The disease is associated with high mortality and significant risk complications. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be used in patients at the highest risk of IE before procedures involving a high risk of bacteriemia -- before dental procedures requiring manipulation of the gingival or periapical region of the teeth or perforation of oral mucosa. The aim of this paper was to present the newest views and guidelines of Cardiology Societies on the management of patients with infective endocarditis in dental practice. In 2015 experts of the European Society of Cardiology emphasized that the risk of IE caused by microflora of the oral cavity higher due to bacteriemia caused by routine daily activities, mastication and brushing teeth, rather than due to bacteriemia caused by dental procedures. Poor oral hygiene, caries and gingival inflammation increase the risk of bacteriemia associated with routine activities. Emphasis should be put on improving dental care, systematic dental appointments, regular treatment, and maintaining optimal oral hygiene. These non-specific methods should be applied in patients at risk of IE, and should be extended to all patients, because IE can occur in patients without a history of heart disease. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be limited to patients at highest risk of IE: patients in whom an artificial heart valve or artificial repair material was grafted, patients with a previous episode of IE, patients with cyanotic heart disease, and patients with congenital heart disease repaired using prosthetic materials placed surgically or by percutaneous techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remotely-controlled aircraft, together with acquisition of photographs from such platforms as well as generation and processing of acquired products, are all becoming more popular. These techniques are also more frequently and widely applied. Thus, "low-altitude photogrammetry" is becoming a rapidly-developing field. This popularity results from the wide accessibility of such platforms and from the availability of light and inexpensive photographic cameras and the computer software required for processing the photographs and generating useful products, among other things. The majority of photographic cameras use the CMOS type of sensors with electronic shutters of the rolling shutter type. Photographs from these cameras are geometrically distorted by shutter effect. The distortions may be modelled and corrected when the photographs are processed. This paper looks at distortions associated with rolling shutters. In the experimental part, 11 blocks of photographs from two test sites were adjusted; the photographs were acquired from the following UAS platforms: Quadcopter DJI Phantom 3 Professional and Quadcopter DJI Inspire One. Both platforms are equipped with Sony EXMOR cameras with electronic shutters. Blocks of photographs are characterized by different altitudes for data acquisition, overlap of photographs and the number of ground control. Using the Pix4Dmapper software tools the multi-variant block adjustment was performed, both with linear modelling of the rolling shutter effect and without such modelling. The obtained results are analysed. The validity and effectiveness of the linear modelling of the rolling shutter effect is discussed. The very high metric potential of low-altitude photographs is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoinformation technologies provide possibilities for processing geospatial data and generating applications and web services that allow to display and process cartographic information on laptop, tablet or smartphone in a modern and easy way. The aim of this paper was to prepare an interactive ArcGIS Online application for Mounds of Krakow as an important elements of Krakow landscape. The objects of small architecture and greenery, in the vicinity of the Mounds, were inventoried. For this purpose, GPS measurements and geotagged images were performed. Species classification was based on the professional dendrological literature. The Application was supplemented by selected views and profiles generated from airborne laser scanning point clouds (source: ISOK project, GUGiK). As a result, the interactive application of "Mounds of Krakow" in the form of Story Map ArcGIS Online was made available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is a conceptual design for the revitalization of fragments of Spała prepared with using airborne orthophotomaps and data from airborne laser scanning. From urban range perspective it covers the whole Spała, but especially pond on a Gać river surrounding, and part of Józef Piłsudski Street. Due to designed changes the area benefits from increased attractiveness and improved look, at the same time keeping its historical features. The project has been created having in mind following ideas: reference to the original design principle, promotion of an active, healthy lifestyle, avoiding interference with surrounding nature and using ecological materials and solutions. Moreover, there is a smooth transition between forest border and designed green. The paper suggests practical possibilities of using aerial orthophotos and data from airborne laser scanning in architectural design for example for the preparation of a revitalization project and selected views, cross-sections and visibility analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides description of new achievements in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing related to laser scanning technology. Platforms equipped with laser scanners are becoming a growing trend in UAV mapping. Two perspectives of development, which use laser sensors, as payload are described in this paper. The first solution is related to application of advanced LiDAR sensor, which collects data with simulated Beyond Visual Line Of Sight UAV (BVLOS UAV) platform from high altitude. The second development was less expensive UAV laser scanning system that acquires data from low-altitude Visual Line Of Sight (VLOS) platform. Additionally, state-of-art of LiDAR sensors, which can be mounted on UAVs, is presented, including categorization of ultralight laser scanners, legal restriction related to operating UAVs equipped with LiDAR system. In the experiment described in the article two datasets are introduced, one collected with Riegl VUX-1 UAV mounted on the first platform and the second with YellowScan Mapper that is a part of second UAV system. Captured datasets are evaluated concerning point density, spatial resolution, vegetation penetration and noise of laser beam assessment. The comparison indicates the differences between the platforms, what determines fields of their application. Therefore, conclusion related to the presented perspectives of development of UAV laser scanning can be drawn and possible future applications of both platforms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodetic measurements provide information about the shape of the object and its deformation. The results of measurements after processing are visualized in the form of various graphic designs. The graphic development of measurements is an indispensable element of analyzes aimed at determining the technical condition of the facility and its safe use. Different geodetic measurement systems provide information that should be properly processed during the analysis. The use of calculation methods known from cartography allows to simplify conducting analyzes. The paper presents three different examples of surveying measurements which are the example of using non-linear interpolations known from cartographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial photographs can benefit from being viewed in stereo. Such images give much better understanding of content of the scene with a help of depth cue, which adds the ability to distinguish between objects of different height and background. There are different methods of stereoscopic visualization developed for digital images which uses additional equipment, e.g. glasses with special filters or screens with special coating. In some of those methods an observer could encounter several restrictions related to the type of observed images or discomfort, which is hard to be eliminated. This paper presents a system for stereoscopic visualization of aerial images that combines the capabilities of mobile devices such as smartphone, webGIS software and Virtual Reality (VR) glasses. Combination of those devices and software makes a useful individual tool for viewing and analysing images which have a proper longitudinal coverage to make a stereo pair. The stereoscopic presentation method was chosen to minimize possible discomfort and to maximize the potential benefits of the aforementioned technologies. The system uses FOSS (Free and Open-Source Software), such as GDAL library, and ImageMagick to process stereo images before displaying them. Bash scripts were prepared for convenient use of those software tools and automation of work. After preprocessing stage two sets of TMS image tiles are set for displaying in the user interface. System's GUI is an interactive web page which uses Leaflet - the JavaScript map library designed for preparing mobile-friendly web pages containing interactive maps. The system could be used also off-line, with user interface web page, tile images and JavaScript libraries stored on local drive. The system was tested with scans of photographic prints of photogrammetric aerial images. It is also possible to view in stereo other types of images, e.g. aerial photographs from UAVs or stereo mosaics from HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) mission. The system is designed to use images with 8-bit color depth in single channel or in three RGB bands (True Color images). For images with higher color depth (e.g. 12-bit) preprocessing and reducing color depth is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents the overview of the costs incurred by the traditional record‐keeping. This was followed by characteristics of document management systems. It also presents the current state of implementation of such systems and presents the benefits of their implementation. Presented tool seems to be a good alternative that meets the expectations of both – clerks and applicants. The paper describes essential characteristics of such systems. There are also important aspects, that have to be considered before the implementation of this type of system.

The paper presents the implementation of the Environmental Management and Audit Scheme System (EMAS) in Poland and the European Union. It analyzes the existing rules on the implementation and the process of its implementation. It also defines the benefits and costs arising from the registration of organizations in the system. The paper presents the current status of implementation of EMAS in the European Union.

The paper focuses on the presentation of the reverse supply chain, of which the role in the modern business grows along with the increasing number of environmental regulations and possibilities of reducing an operating cost. The paper also describes main problems in developing the profitable chain and possibilities to take an action in order to overcome them.

Temperature is a basic climatic parameter deciding about the quality change of fishing products. Time, after which qualitative changes of caught fish don’t exceed established, acceptable range, is above all the temperature function. Temperature reduction by refrigeration system of the cargo hold is a basic technical method, which allows extend transport time. Failures of refrigeration systems in fishing vessels have a negative impact on the environment in relation to harmful refrigerants emission. The paper presents the statistical analysis of failures occurred in the refrigeration systems of Polish fishing vessels in 2007‐2011 years. Analysis results described in the paper can be a base to draw up guidelines, both for designers as well as operators of the marine refrigeration systems.

Expert systems can be defined as computer programs, whose main task is to simulate a human expert, usually in a narrow field of expertise. Possible applications of modern information technology are very extensive, ranging from medicine, geology and technology to applications in the field of economic and financial decision support. The purpose of this paper is to present the practical application of an expert system that supports the process of managing the production of yachts and has a high suitability for use in this application. Using the expert system described in the paper reduces the time during the design and production preparation process.

The paper presents a new approach to shaping acoustic comfort as a process of managing the acoustic environment in urbanised areas. The research in this area focuses on the psychoacoustic aspect of shaping acoustic comfort in an urban environment. This approach permits, depending on the purpose of land, not only to reduce the noise to the allowable limits but also to evaluate the acoustic quality of sounds originating in different sources. In this context, a review was performed of the research carried out on identifying soundscapes as a way of shaping acoustic comfort in the urban environment. In this paper it is suggested that the entropy method be used for the assessment of auditory sound perception. The research carried out by the author shows that linking the relationship between the quality of perceived sounds with the elements/factors which shape the acoustic environment can be used to valorise soundscapes.

Subject and purpose of work: This paper aims to review the current literature on virtual teams in order to compile what we, as a scientific community, know about virtual teams and their management

Traditional methods used in marketing research focus on the rationality of individuals and the conscious processes they are able to analyse and verbally expose. Developments in the field of neuroscience have proven that emotions are the fundamental basis from which the thoughts, behaviours and actions of individuals emerge. Thus, this paper explains the importance of the emotional dimension both in consumer decision-making and in measuring the impact of marketing activities. The purpose of the article is to indicate the current position of the use of neuromarketing and its tools in the analysis of consumer behaviour and show how an important role is played by emotions and the unconscious part of consumers’ minds during purchasing decisions. It is a review article, based on interdisciplinary knowledge, which brings to the fore new possibilities of studying not only the observed behaviour of consumers but also their minds — including decision-making processes, as well as the role of emotions and perceptions triggered by brands, products, messages and advertisements. New knowledge from the area of neuromarketing is not a categorical alternative to traditional marketing, but effectively complements it. Companies can adopt new research methods and invest in strategies that allow them to engage consumers emotionally in order to better connect with them and uncover hidden needs and desires.

Surveys performed among the residents of Zabrze indicate that in 2021 the majority of respondents (67%), wishing to use public services provided by the local government, still preferred to visit the office in person. Residents noticed negative aspects of direct service, such as queues of people waiting for the case to be completed (26%), excessive bureaucracy (24%) or lack of parking spaces (18%). However, they counted on help in completing the necessary formalities by officials who should be: professional (20%), communicative (18%) and kind (17%). The use of the digital platform (ePUAP) dedicated to customer service was reported by 32% of respondents. At the same time, as much as 40% of the respondents, in order to save time and to simplify procedures, declared their will to use innovative methods of remote contact with public administration (e.g. via social media). The COVID-19 pandemic showed that it was possible to increase (even by 250%) the number of cases handled remotely, which with over 90% of households in Poland with access to a computer network creates opportunities for integrated development as part of the Smart City idea. The aim of the paper was to identify the residents’ expectations related to the provision of public services by local administration. Precise determination of the ways of perception of both direct and remote customer service has not only an application value. It also allows for further research study on the management of local government, including the organization of management control, as well as social communication of local governments.

Poland is a participant to the European Union Emissions Trading System, which aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Trading CO2 emission rights has become a strategic area from the point of view of managing entities that emit CO2. The aim of the paper is to investigate and identify discrepancies in the presentation and valuation of CO2 emission allowances, CO2 emission provision liabilities in reporting, and to assess the impact of these discrepancies on compliance with the true and fair view principle on top of the informative value of the financial statements. An in-depth qualitative analysis was used to examine disclosures of CO2 emission rights in the 2020 consolidated financial statements coming from the largest energy sector groups listed in the WIG Energy Index of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in light of the relevant legal acts and literature. As a result of the research conducted, it was confirmed that groups of companies carry out a range of CO2 emission rights balance classification and valuation. There were also significant discrepancies in the disclosure of information about the creation and valuation of provisions for liabilities due to CO2 emissions. The discrepancies observed in the audited entities’ balance-sheet presentations and valuation of the acquired CO2 emission allowances and reserves resulting from IAS/IFRS in practice distorts the comparability of data presented in the financial statements. The research also revealed differences in scope of disclosed information, as well as its fragmentary nature. As a result, the comparison of data between groups in the energy sector in terms of their assets is impossible. Our study fills a research gap on the effects of using IFRS for the presentation and valuation of CO2 emission rights in the Polish energy sector and the impact of a differentiated approach to disclosures on the true and fair view conception in financial reporting.

Lean Manufacturing is a popular method to achieve the improvement on productivity, quality, cost, and delivery for organizations. This approach focuses on the systematics to eliminate wastes and non-value added activities from the production. This study mentions the successes and challenges of Vietnam manufacturing enterprises for adapting and transformation for Lean Manufacturing approaching. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Vietnam enterprises that influencing Lean outcome and present critical factors for overcoming obstacles to successful Lean implementation in Vietnam local enterprises. This paper uses case-based research to collect data through multiple cases that applied Lean to drive the findings. A combination of comprehensive literature review and interview key persons at case study was employed in this study. This study also highlights the strong potential of Lean implementation initiatives in affecting organizational performance improvements.

Pandemics have the potential to cause immense disruption of our everyday activities and has impact on the communities and societies mainly through the restrictions applied to the business activities, services, manufacturing, but also education, transportation etc. Therefore, it is important to create suitable prediction models to establish convenient methods for the planning of the operations and processes to cope with the difficulty. In this paper, the prediction model for the spread of the viral disease in term of the estimated maximal weekly confirmed cases and weekly deaths using the Weibull distribution as a theoretical model for statistical data processing is presented. The theoretical prediction model was applied and confirmed on the data available for the whole world and compared to the situation in Europe and Slovakia for the pandemic waves and can be used for the more precise prediction of the pandemic situation and to enhance planning of the activities and processes regarding to the restrictions applied during the worsening pandemic situation.

The automotive industry is one of the fastest growing sectors and therefore places demand on many other sectors and increases the need for cooperation. With the development of the automotive industry, tires have become an integral part of society and the everyday life of the individual. As a result of the company’s development as a connection of transport, the demand for tires is increasing and the production of waste tires is also related to this. The use of end-of-life tires is almost endless and that is why tires are good to use in the circular economy. The circular economy is an economic system that aims to keep products and materials in use for longer, thus increasing their productivity and reducing waste. The paper presents a methodical concept of the plan for the extension of production capacities of rubber-based pressed products with the intention to produce noise reduction panels. The investment consists of the acquisition of the pressing machine and respective mould in the amount of € 180,000. Based on the selected assessment methods it can be stated that the NPV reaches + 69,360 €, Profitability index is 1.38, Internal Rate of Return is 23.8% and the payback period is estimated for 4 years and 4 months, at the considered production capacity of 14,000 m2/year.

The main purpose of the dissertation is an attempt to answer the question of how religion inspired and still inspires the works of jazz musicians. Some people think that jazz and religion have nothing in common or even that they are in opposition. The present article tries to show that this common way of thinking is not correct: jazz grew from religious music, and owing to its creative freedom (improvisation) it can be very a good way of expressing religious feelings. The thesis consists of two major parts. The first part contains an attempt to systematize the relationship between music and religion. Relying on the knowledge about ethnography and religion, the author discusses the subordinate role of music in relation to religion. The next chapter presents the most important philosophical and theological attempts to explain the phenomenon of music. The last chapter is devoted to the presentation of the religious roots of jazz. The second part discusses the works of selected jazz musicians in the context of different religions. Featured here are the following faiths: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Scientology and some original religious systems. At the end of the paper there is a summary. The author proves that over the centuries religion has accompanied and inspired the works of the most famous musicians who have gone down in history as outstanding jazz musicians. Many of them openly declared their faith, thanked God on CD's, in interviews, in the titles of songs. Many of them created forms associated with religious (sacred) music. Others sought in the spiritual world their identity, sources of their talent and mystery of making music, and some were inspired by selected aspects of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Econometrics / Ekonometria is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Econometrics / Ekonometria is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Econometrics / Ekonometria is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Econometrics / Ekonometria is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Literature data indicate that, due to these diseases, approximately 17.5 million people died in 2012. Types of cardiovascular disease include ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. Proper nutrition is an important factor in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. An interesting element of our diets is spices. For thousands of years, they have been used in the treatment of many diseases: bacterial infections, coughs, colds, and liver diseases. Many studies also demonstrate their antioxidant, chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This paper focuses on discussing the importance of selected spices (garlic, cinnamon, ginger, coriander and turmeric) in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance is a condition of reduced biological response to insulin. Growing evidence indicates the role of the chronic low-grade inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Adipose tissue in obesity is characterized by increased lipolysis with the excessive release of free fatty acids, and is also a source of proinflammatory cytokines. Both these factors may inhibit insulin action. Proinflammatory cytokines exert their effect by stimulating major inflammatory NFκB and JNK pathways within the cells. Inflammatory processes in other insulin responsive tissues may also play a role in inducing insulin resistance. This paper is an overview of the chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver and endothelial cells during the development of insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a cellular suicide process, commonly found in organisms, that is important for elimination unnecessary and damaged cells during development and adaptation to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses. PCD is a complex and precise, genetically controlled cellular process, in opposite to non-programmed death, necrosis, in which cells are "killed" by strong abiotic factors. This article shows: the occurrence of PCD during animals and plants ontogenesis, classification of cell death types in these organisms with description of autophagy, apoptosis and necrotic cell death and with discussion on plant cell death by apoptosis. The role of Bcl-2 protein and other proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis induction and detection in the plant's (whose genomes do not encode these proteins) proteins of analogous function is also discussed. The paper also presents the effects of the expression of animals pro- and anti-apoptotic genes transformed into yeast and plants, and the use of transformed yeast as model to identify in cDNA libraries animal and plant genes involved in regulation of the induction and course of the PCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple myeloma is a malignant neoplastic disease, characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, which is usually connected with production of a monoclonal protein. It is the second most common hematologic malignancy. It constitutes approximately 1% of all cancers and 10% of hematological malignancies. Despite the huge progress that has been made in the treatment of multiple myeloma in the past 30 years including the introduction of new immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors, it is still an incurable disease. According to current data, the five-year survival rate is 45%. Multiple myeloma is a very heterogeneous disease with a very diverse clinical course, which is expressed by differences in effectiveness of therapeutic strategies and ability to develop chemoresistance. This diversity implies the need to define risk stratification factors that would help to create personalized and optimized therapy and thereby improve treatment outcomes. Prognostic markers that aim to objectively evaluate the risk of a poor outcome, relapse and the patient's overall outcome are useful for this purpose. The existing, widely used prognostic classifications, such as the Salmon-Durie classification or ISS, do not allow for individualization of treatment. As a result of the development of diagnostic techniques, especially cytogenetics and molecular biology, we were able to discover a lot of new, more sensitive and specific prognostic factors. The paper presents recent reports on the role of molecular, cytogenetic and biochemical alterations in pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate function of the immune system depends on the effective regulation of the immune response on multiple levels. The key element of an effective immune response to antigenic stimulation is maintaining a homeostasis between activation and inhibitory function of immunocompetent cells and molecules. In pathological conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases or cancer there are significant alterations, and preva-lence of signals of one type over another. Main markers of these dysfunctions are altered expressions of molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), Human Leukocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), or changed percentages of T regulatory cells (Treg). These indicators of immune system dysfunction may contribute to disease progression, but also could represent good targets for treatment. Interestingly, in recent years there are many new, interesting reports which showed that the role of PD-1, HLA-G or Treg is ambiguous and not always their higher expression or frequency lead to the progression of disease. Recent studies have shown that Treg can suppress bacteria-driven inflammation which promotes carcinogenesis and thus protect the host from cancer development. Moreover, proliferation of hematological tumor cells expressing ILT-2 receptor can be inhibited by HLA-G, in contrast to solid tumors where HLA-G favors tumor escape. In this paper we present characteristics of expressions of PD-1 and its ligands, HLA-G, and frequency of Treg cells in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions associated with chronic infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer. The understanding of the complex interactions between the functional elements of immune system is essential for a detailed characteristics of the mechanisms leading to the development of diseases and identification of more effective targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zewnątrzkomórkowe pęcherzyki błonowe (EVs, extracellular vesicles), początkowo uważane za elementy zniszczonych komórek, okazały się niezwykle istotnym sposobem przekazywania informacji między komórkami, bez ich bezpośredniego kontaktu. Ze względu na powszechne występowanie EVs w komórkach organizmów zarówno jedno-, jak i wielokomórkowych należących do różnych grup systematycznych oraz ze względu na pełnioną rolę w komunikacji międzykomórkowej stały się przedmiotem licznych badań i dyskusji. EVs są uwalniane przez komórki prokariotyczne, jak i eukariotyczne, zarówno w warunkach in vivo, jak i in vitro. Chociaż uzyskiwane frakcje EVs są zwykle mieszaniną różnorodnych struktur pochodzenia błonowego wprowadzono klasyfikację pęcherzyków przede wszystkim na podstawie ich wielkości i prawdopodobnego mechanizmu powstawania. EVs jako nośniki informacji zawierają różnorodny materiał komórkowy, a dzięki intensywnym pracom badawczym coraz więcej wiadomo o ich funkcji w różnego rodzaju procesach np. nowotworowych. W pracy przedstawiono obecny stan wiedzy na temat pęcherzyków błonowych biorących udział w szeroko pojętych interakcjach żywiciel-pasożyt, obejmujących inwazję i kolonizację żywiciela, ustalanie równowagi między partnerami czy modulację odpowiedzi immunologicznej żywiciela w czasie zarażenia. Poruszono kwestie potencjalnego wykorzystania pęcherzyków w immunoprofilaktyce oraz diagnostyce chorób inwazyjnych. Najwięcej miejsca poświęcono inwazjom spowodowanym przez pierwotniaki, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem parazytoz o największym znaczeniu medycznym i społecznym w skali globalnej, co znajduje także swoje odzwierciedlenie w literaturze światowej. Zebrano także dość skąpe na razie doniesienia na temat udziału EVs w przebiegu inwazji wywoływanych przez gatunki pasożytnicze zaliczane do grupy helmintów. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), initially considered cell debris, were soon proved to be an essential tool of intercellular communication enabling the exchange of information without direct contact of the cells. At present EVs are the subject of extensive research due to their universal presence in single- and multi-cell organisms, regardless of their systematic position, and their substantial role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs seem to be released by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under natural (in vivo) and laboratory (in vitro) conditions. Even purified fractions of isolated EVs comprise various membrane-derived structures. However, EVs can be classified into general groups based primarily on their size and origin. EVs may carry various materials, and ongoing research investigations give new insight into their potential participation in critical biological processes, e.g. carcinogenesis. This paper presents current knowledge on the EVs' involvement in host-parasite interactions including the invasion process, the maintenance of the parasite infection and modulation of the host immune response to parasite antigenic stimulation, as well as perspectives of the potential use of EVs as immunoprophylactic and diagnostic tools for controlling parasite infections. The most numerous literature data concern protozoan parasites, especially those of the greatest medical and social importance worldwide. However, available information about the EVs' contribution to helminth invasion has also been included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various and different peptides products resulting from enzymatic protein cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Proteins (APP) are the main agents in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although relatively well-known, they still arouse interest leading to further intense and wide-ranging research. Their biology and physico-chemical properties still are challenging for basic, experimental research and are matter of scientific debate. The APP itself and its functions are still somewhat enigmatic and therefore it is also called the All Purpose Protein. Apart from well known amyloidogenic and antiamyloidogenic (non-amyloidogenic) enzymatic cleavage pathways of APP protein this paper deals with issues connected with other, alternative pathways that seem to be interesting and important as well. They lead to other than Aβ forms of peptide products such as: N-APP, N-terminally cleavage products of APP (N-terminally truncated) Aβ', γ- secretase-independent pathway products that involve concerted cleavages of APP by α- and β-secretase or products that emerge after caspase activity. Presence of all these peptides in CSF, ISF, blood serum and urine of the AD patients is crucial for successful diagnosis, giving rise to hope of their better detection and potentially better treatment of AD. Therefore, newly discovered products of the AβT domain cleavage (Aβ total i.e. full fibrillating domain of APP), Aβ type products and other peptides because of their biology and physico-chemical properties are very intriguing and deserve further experimental research. On the other hand after better recognition and better understanding their biology they might be enormously useful in the future for diagnosis and therapy for example Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocannabinoids exert their effect on the regulation of energy homeostasis via activation of specific receptors. They control food intake, secretion of insulin, lipids and glucose metabolism, lipid storage. Long chain fatty acids are the main myocardial energy substrate. However, the heart exerts enormous metabolic flexibility emphasized by its ability to utilzation not only fatty acids, but also glucose, lactate and ketone bodies. Endocannabinoids can directly act on the cardiomyocytes through the CB1 and CB2 receptors present in cardiomyocytes. It appears that direct activation of CB1 receptors promotes increased lipogenesis, pericardial steatosis and bioelectrical dysfunction of the heart. In contrast, stimulation of CB2 receptors exhibits cardioprotective properties, helping to maintain appropriate amount of ATP in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the effects of endocannabinoids at both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, such as liver, pancreas, or adipose tissue, resulting indirectly in plasma availability of energy substrates and affects myocardial metabolism. To date, there is little evidence that describes effects of activation of the endocannabinoid system in the cardiovascular system under physiological conditions. In the present paper the impact of metabolic diseases, i. e. obesity and diabetes, as well as the cardiovascular diseases - hypertension, myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction on the deregulation of the endocannabinoid system and its effect on the metabolism are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the latest research more and more bind development of neoplasms with the chronic inflammation. Inflammatory process creates microenvironment promoting development of neoplasms; as a result, malignant process start to develop in places, where chronic inflammation proceeds or regeneration of tissues takes place. Inflammatory cells not only create suitable microenvironment for development of neoplasms, but also excrete number of cytokines and growth factors promoting survival of a neoplasmatic cell and avoiding its apoptosis, promoting neoangiogenesis and metastases formation. Moreover, cytokines and other pro-inflammatory factors modulate expression of genes important in cancerogenesis, they also activate NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways, which favor neoplasmatic cells to avoid apoptosis. On the other hand, oxidative stress accompanying chronic inflammation may promote mutagenesis, enabling that way the neoplasm development. The same cells and metabolic pathways are engaged in inflammatory and neoplasmatic processes, and development of cancer may be a consequence of loss of control over tissue regeneration during resolution of chronic inflammation. The role of most important cells and metabolic pathways in inflammatory process, which may lead to colon cancer, was discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a primarily hepatotropic virus. However, numerous extrahepatic symptoms are observed in patients chronically infected with HCV, e.g. cryoglobulinemia, lymphoproliferative disorders, kidney diseases, disturbances of the central and peripheral nervous system, thyroid gland, pancreas, lymph nodes and pituitary gland, that develop at various times after the infection. Complex mechanisms underlie these processes, both molecular, related to direct effects of the virus on cells or tissues and indirect mechanisms, resulting from the response of the immune system to infection (via cytokines or oxidative stress), and from the antiviral treatment used. Understanding these mechanisms may contribute to the definition of new prognostic factors, important for the early diagnosis of the infection, which in turn may improve treatment efficacy. This paper is a review of the incidence of selected extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection and their underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal human somatic cells have strictly limited proliferative capacity and reach a state of senescence when it becomes exhausted. It is believed that senescence is a response to extensive and irreparable DNA injury, localized in telomeric and/or non-telomeric regions of the genome. Main cause of this damage is oxidative stress, increasing due to deteriorated function of mitochondria. Senescent cells accumulate in tissues during aging, which is causatively linked with the development of various pathologies in elderly individuals, including cancer. This paper, prepared exactly 50 years after Leonard Hayflick's discovery of the relationship between cellular senescence and organismal aging is aimed at presenting the current knowledge about molecular determinants of senescence, with particular emphasis paid to the role of oxidative stress, effectors of senescence at the level of cell cycle, markers of this phenomenon, and the effect of senescent cells on the development of certain age-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate wine drinking is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease, and reduced risk of cancer. This phenomenon is called the "French paradox", since it was observed for the first time in France - a country famous for its wine production. In the literature, the cardioprotective effect of wine is very well described and attributed mainly to contained therein resveratrol. Recently, it has been demonstrated that resveratrol extends the lifespan of yeast through activation of the SirT1 longevity gene, which is also responsible for the longevity caused by caloric restriction. Furthermore, resveratrol exhibits high biological activity, affecting cell structures and contributing to their protection. This paper summarizes the available reports on functional and molecular aspects of resveratrol, wines and grapes as a result of the activation of longevity genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]