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The paper presents the importance of electricity parameters in transient states for assessing the ability of an aircraft's power grid to self-regulate. It has been shown that the quality of electrical energy of an aircraft's power system is influenced by its operating time. Aging changes resulting from long-term operation of the power system cause deterioration of electrical energy parameters, which directly affects airworthiness and flying safety. Maintaining standard energy parameters in transient states is very important to ensure proper operation of the aircraft. The article describes the method of measuring the quality of electricity in transient states, and using the example of the DC power system of the Su 22 aircraft, the essence of its network diagnostics in transient states is presented. Also presented are sample results of research conducted by the authors regarding changes in electrical energy parameters in transient states of the Su 22 aircraft, obtained during its many years of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the operation of aero-engines (turbine and piston engines), wear processes occur in tribological nodes, which significantly affect the reliability and safety of flight operations. This paper presents aspects of tribological diagnostics of aircraft engines based on periodic testing of lubricant samples in laboratories. Firstly, the object of research with its design features, operating parameters and used lubricants is presented, as well as the theoretical basis of tribological testing. This was followed by a description of the testing methods used in tribological diagnostics of aero-engines, taking into account lubricant degradation and contamination processes, standards, testing methodologies and operating experience described in the literature, including the machine failure curve. Next, the capabilities of the testing methods are illustrated with results from periodic tribological testing of turbine engines, obtained at an accredited tribological systems diagnostics laboratory. In the following section, the role of trend analysis and statistical criteria in the process of diagnosing and managing the risk of operation of aero-engines, exploited according to both their technical condition and planned maintenance, was indicated. Then, the possibility of improving the reliability of tribological diagnostics of aero-engines on the basis of experience from industry - real-time monitoring of selected tribological parameters - was signalled. In conclusion, the high efficiency and role of tribological diagnostics in maintaining the operational safety of a fleet of different aircraft types is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The composition of saliva changes depending on the current physiological state of the body, which gives many diagnostic possibilities. Oral fluid diagnostics has become more commercially available in recent years, and the interest in it is related to the relative ease of use, low cost of testing and a non-invasive form of obtaining clinical material. Aim This paper deals with the importance of saliva as a diagnostic material. Material and methods The study examined the presence of genetic material of two viruses (HHV-6 and HHV-7) belonging to the Herpesvidae family in the saliva of healthy persons. The research group consisted of 24 families with at least one child. The saliva samples (85) had a known status for the presence of CMV and EBV DNA. Results and conclusion In total, the presence of HHV-6 DNA was detected in 68 saliva samples (80%), and HHV-7 DNA in 62 saliva samples (72.9%) of the tested persons. The presence of DNA of the studied viruses in children and adults was compared, and the presence of DNA of viruses was analyzed in terms of entire families, as well as the results for HHV-6 and 7 were correlated with the presence of other herpesviruses in saliva, comparing with reports of other authors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningococci are microorganisms which can colonize the upper respiratory tract of very few people. Nevertheless, these bacteria exhibit virulence which, under the proper conditions, contributes to the development of infection. Their pathogenicity poses a threat to human health and life, particularly for infants and small children. Invasive meningococcal disease constitutes the most severe form of infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The gold standard for diagnosing this disease is to perform blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. As with most bacterial diseases, time is of the essence. Therefore, it is crucial to diagnose the cause quickly and to promptly implement appropriate antibiotic treatment. Vaccinations, prevention and basic knowledge regarding invasive meningococcal disease increase the chances of winning the fight against this disease. This is of major importance due to the dangerous complications which may follow. The aim of this paper is to discuss the pathogenicity of meningococci and the diagnostic tools for detecting meningococcal infection. It also focuses on the systematizing of knowledge with regard to the treatment, as well as on the significance of vaccination in the prevention of infections caused by this diplococcus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Back pain is considered a lifestyle disease due to its prevalence and the increasingly young age of patients. The aim of this paper is a critical analysis of available guidelines, reports and evidence of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in low back pain. This paper presents epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and selected methods of treatment and prevention of low back pain. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed based on the Polish Medical Bibliography computer database and the English-language PubMed, Web of Sciences and Cochrane Library database. Additionally, the Google Scholar search engine was used. The presented works have been analyzed in terms of their scientific reference and compliance with the principles of Evidence-Based Medicine. In order to obtain high-quality recommendations, the review included current scientific evidence based on peer-reviewed scientific publications, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. Results: According to numerous studies, bed rest is ineffective and should not be recommended. The literature on the effects of acupuncture, TENS, cold therapy and traction on low back pain is too heterogeneous; further high-quality research is needed before any final conclusions are drawn. Strongly recommended methods for treating low back pain symptoms are: physical exercise, manual therapy, and education. Conclusions: Further research is required to identify effective non-pharmacological treatments for low back pain, and to understand the additional benefits of combining individual interventions, as well as which treatment combinations and sequences are most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a significant increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections has been observed. It is caused, among others, by an increasing number of invasive therapeutic and diagnostic methods as well as by improper use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Patients hospitalized in intensive care units can be included in the group of patients at the highest risk of developing invasive fungal infections. High mortality, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections calls for an in-depth assessment of the risk factors and the identification of patients with a high probability of developing such an infection. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the invasive fungal infection diagnostic and treatment methods in patients treated in ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexually transmitted infections are a serious issue among women. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most commonly spread STIs. Due to the possibility of an asymptotic course of infection, the detection of these pathogens can be postponed which results in numerous complications. There are various diagnostic methods, which have different possibilities, but also limitations. This paper includes basic information about the diagnostic techniques for adapting the tests according to the type of patient or material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the occurrence of lumbosacral ailments in workers of Szczecin universities who are patients of the Physiotherapy Clinic of the Independent Public University Hospital of High Schools in Szczecin. The paper focuses on the issues relating to functional anatomy, pathomechanism of pain development in the lumbosacral spine, its diagnostics, as well as the most frequently chosen forms of treatment, with particular attention to physiotherapy. These issues form an introduction to a series of reports developed on the basis of the results obtained during a 2-year study conducted on the employees of Szczecin Universities diagnosed with changes in the lower part of the spine. This study highlights the following disorders: changes in lumbar curvature (published in the Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences) and disorders of the sacroiliac joints, degenerative changes, intervertebral disc damage, piriformis syndrome, as well as obesity, which will be discussed in more detail in subsequent reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute renal failure is one of the most important complications of the vascular and radiological procedures. An increasing number of the patients undergoing contrast based procedures, advanced and increasing age of the population as well as presence of diabetes and common use of the radiological procedures in many medicine disciplines implicates the need of the pre- and postprocedure control of the renal function. The literature described rate of the acute renal failure related to the contrast administration ranges from 1-13% depending on the treated population. In the paper the literature review concerning the risk of renal failure as well as its protection possibilities in the patients undergoing vascular contrast based procedures are presented. The review was supported by own authors observations. The risk assessment as well as renal failure complication prevention after vascular procedures should be an integral element of the qualification as well as perioperative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography records radiation emitted during the annihilation of positrons. This method is applied in neurology, cardiology, oncology and for locating inflammation foci; it also has an important role in gynecology. The paper presents the application of positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of ovarian and breast cancer and in cervical cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Endometrial, ovarian and cervical carcinoma are the fourth, fifth and sixth most prevalent cancers, respectively. These diseases are the second (breast cancer), fourth (ovarian cancer), seventh (cervical cancer) and tenth (endometrial cancer) cause of death due to cancer among women. Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, which is increasingly widely available, allows for disease staging during one scan. In the case of breast cancer PET/CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose is characterized by high sensitivity mainly in triple-negative cancer and in inflammatory cancer. Other forms of breast cancer are characterized by lower glucose metabolism and can give false-negative results. PET/CT ensures higher accuracy in the diagnosis of recurrent breast cancer than other imaging methods. PET/CT is also of high utility for the staging of cervical cancer and detection of its recurrence and, in particular, for radiotherapy planning. The procedure is highly sensitive in the detection of metastatic lymph nodes both in cervical and endometrial cancer. This method is very effective in the assessment of ovarian cancer recurrence with increased tumor marker levels. PET/CT scan results affect therapeutic decisions in a substantial proportion of patients with ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the issues related to the diagnosis of injection system marine diesel engines, which are characterized by high unreliability. In this paper, based on the results of research, it has been shown an example of use the components of the injection system analysis indicator diagrams in the diagnosis. This method has been assessed critically. It has been shown the usefulness of the diagnostic indicator diagrams in-depth analysis obtained electronically, which allows the determination of the heat release characteristics. The characteristics of heat release contain information about the condition of the injection systems, which enable to diagnose their failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Commensal Escherichia coli strains are not pathogenic for man and constitute an integral part of the intestinal microflora. However it is shown that certain strains of these bacteria are responsible for infant diarrhea and gastroenteritis. Verotoxic Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains include, inter alia, serotype O157 are dangerous food-borne enteropathogens. The course and clinical symptoms of E. coli O157 infection depend on individual characteristics and bacterial factors, and the cause of systemic lesions are Shiga toxin. The aim of this paper was evaluate the use of an alternative method using 3M? MDS system for detecting E. coli O157 in food products. Material and methods Material consisted of food samples obtained in cooperation with the State Sanitary-Epidemiological Inspection in Wroclaw. The study was performed at the same time by two methods: 3M? MDS E. coli O157:H7 in order to quickly detect these bacteria in food samples by using an isothermal amplification and bioluminescence technique and ELFA VIDAS® system, mini VIDAS® kit VIDAS® UP E. coli O157:H7. Results In our study, out of 73 tested samples of food in the three cases, using techniques 3M? MDS E. coli O157:H7 and in one case using a set of VIDAS® UP E. coli O157:H7, obtained false positive results, which are not confirmed by the reference method. Conclusions 1. Alternative methods, either 3M? MDS using an isothermal amplification and bioluminescence, and the technique ELFA VIDAS® system, make it possible in a much shorter time, in comparison with a reference culture method, the detection of E. coli, bacilli belonging to the serotype O157 in food products. 2. Obtaining of false positive results using alternative methods for the detection of E. coli O157 in food products may indicate a lower specificity of these methods compared with the reference breeding techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modal methods are classified among the methods of condition monitoring as a global method. Their main characteristic is that they allow only the determination of the status of airworthiness design without the ability to accurately locate the fault. This paper present use of experimental modal analysis to assess changes in the stiffness of the simple component and verified possibilities of this method to accurately locate the fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. lung cancer is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among all cancers. The dominant type of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. early diagnosis, rapid and least possible invasive treatment gives the best chance to extend life expectancy. Considering increasing level of NSCLC morbidity it is extremely important to develop cancer diagnostics, which will allow to implement necessary treatment in early stages. Objectives. The main focus of this paper is to establish level of usability for dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase in NSCLC patient plasma using spectrophotometric method. Material and methods. Participants of the study were chosen from patients of the lower silesian lung disease Centre in Wroclaw. Patients were allocated in to two study groups: first containing patients who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, second containing patients who were diagnosed with carcinoma planoepitheliale. The control group was chosen from patients who were not diagnosed with cancer. material in question was plasma, tested on pyruvate kinase activity. Results. Analysis showed a difference in pyruvate kinase activity between patients in study groups and test group. The highest increase in enzyme activity was found in group of patients diagnosed with carcinoma planoepitheliale (134.5%). in the group of patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma enzyme activity increase reached 132.1% and in test group, 116%. Conclusions. Testing enzyme activity of pyruvate kinase can be an additional helpful method in NSCLC diagnoses, besides diagnostic imaging. This method is characterised by high sensitivity and low invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents basic information about the chosen welding methods metal construction materials in relation to the quality of welded joints. Presented popular methods of diagnostics of welded joints and are examples of inperfections be detected by their use. The basic guidelines for the selection methods of non-destructive testing of welded joints were shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the possibilities of the diagnostic prediction of the automotive systems. The construction and principle of the disc brake pads wear sensor operation is shown. The algorithm of the mileage calculation to the boundary wear of the brake pads is presented. The strategy of the brake pads wear signalization is shown. The method allows to calculate the intensity of the brake pads wear and to calculate the mileage to the necessity replacement of the pads. Proposed method allows to extend the on board diagnostics system on the mechanical parts of the brakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeklamsja, która dotyczy 2-5% ciężarnych, jest jedną z głównych przyczyn matczynej i perinatologicznej zacho-rowalności i śmiertelności. Współcześnie uznawaną teorią dotyczącą patogenezy stanu przedrzucawkowego jest hi-poteza zaburzeń w krążeniu matczyno-płodowym. W celu prognozowania wystąpienia stanu przedrzucawkowego po-szukuje się nieinwazyjnych metod diagnostycznych mogą-cych określić zwiększone ryzyko zachorowania. Badania dotyczące identyfikacji wczesnych markerów biochemicz-nych, opracowania algorytmu postępowania lub testu skri-ningowego trwają od wielu lat. Niniejsza praca przedsta-wia aktualny przegląd piśmiennictwa dotyczący osiągnięć w diagnostyce stanu przedrzucawkowego w ciąży. Preeclampsia, which affects 2-5% of pregnancies, is one of major causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Nowadays the leading hypothesis of pathogenesis of preeclampsia is the theory of dysfunction in maternal-fetal circulation. The aim of early identification of preeclampsia is to find non-invasive diagnostic methods that can determine the higher risk of morbidity rate. Research on early identification of biochemical markers, algorithm development or screening test is underway for many years. This paper presents a review of the literature on current developments in diagnostics ofpreeclampsia in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective diagnostics of dermatophytes requires searching for very specific and high repetitive methods which may be applied to laboratory practice. Modern diagnostics should derive from a plethora of methods involving molecular biology tools and techniques to give a comprehensive characteristics of pathogenic agents such as phenotype description and molecular markers. In the present paper, we compared the application of phenotypic methods and molecular techniques in diagnostics of dermatophytes, in contrast to the current scientific literature as well as we summarized the knowledge on different diagnostics procedures during dermatophyte infections with approaches of phenotypic and molecular methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory viruses contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in healthy and immunocompromised individuals and are considered as a significant economic burden in the healthcare system. The similar clinical symptoms in the course of different viral and bacterial respiratory infections make the proper diagnosis difficult. An accurate and prompt diagnostics is crucial for infection control and patient management decisions, especially regarding the use of antibacterial or antiviral therapy and hospitalization. Moreover, the identification of the causative agent eliminates inappropriate use of antibiotics and may reduce the cost of healthcare. A wide variety of diagnostic procedures is applied for the detection of viral agents responsible for respiratory tract infections. For many years, the viral antigen detection and standard isolation technique in cell culture was the main method used in routine diagnostics. However, in recent years the nucleic acid amplification techniques have become widely used and have significantly improved the sensitivity of viral detection in clinical specimens. Molecular diagnostic assays have contributed to revealing high rates of co-infection (multiplex reactions) and allow identification of agents that are difficult to culture. This paper discusses a number of technical aspects of the current most commonly used techniques, their general principles, main benefits and diagnostic value, but also some of their limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an example of computer-aided diagnosis of marine diesel engine based on the algorithm constructed using the theory of pattern recognition. The created algorithm uses a deterministic method. Diagnostic task resolved with the use of multidimensional, geometric and vector analysis. Used for diagnosis on the basis of calculating the distance from the state vector to the vectors of diagnosis, ie the distance from the test pattern. The effectiveness of the method demonstrated on the example of four-stroke marine engine in which the appropriate tests were performed using the active experiment. Some damage in the simulated systems: injection and turbocharging. They allowed to choose a set of diagnostic parameters describing the n-dimensional space, and introduce a series of vector patterns (diagnosis). Patterns are represented in binary diagnostic matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the idea of global networks and tactical data communications, and military telecommunication network of a motor vehicle. The network also included the logistics sub-system comprising components: diagnosis, operation, safety and supplies. Rated state of the vehicle diagnostic subsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the concept of logistic system of technical objects. Subsystems, components of the system were considered, namely: diagnostic, operation, safety and supplies. It was found that the system is part of the logistics super system any operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous splenic rupture in the course of infectious mononucleosis is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Atraumatic splenic rupture of infectious mononucleosis is estimated at approximately 0.1-0.5%. The spleen is most vulnerable to rupture during the second or third week of the illness when capsular and trabecular changes are most pronounced. The spleen remains susceptible to trauma for several weeks after the resolution of symptoms. The proper diagnosis of spontaneous splenic rupture may be difficult. The diagnosis is usually stated by an emergency laparoscopy due to lack of typical symptoms of splenic rupture revealed by the first physical and ultrasound examination, as well as generally good condition of the patient. We report the case of an 18-years-old boy with infectious mononucleosis who had a spontaneous splenic rupture. On the day of admission, he noted abdominal pain and weakness. In the first physical and ultrasound examination splenic rupture was not revealed. No symptoms of oligovolemic shock were observed during hospitalization. On day 8 the patient's condition became worse. Explorative laparoscopy revealed splenic fragmentation. Splenectomy was successfully performed. The above case reminds us that diseased spleen could submit to spontaneous rupture, which can be life-threatening. The paper presents analysis of publications related to spontaneous splenic rupture in the course of infectious mononucleosis. The current options of treatment in this case are discussed in the summary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunological and molecular characteristics and methods of ANCA testing were briefly presented in the paper. Biochemical tests for ANCA are important in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, both systemic and cutaneous. The consensus on ANCA testing requires screening with indirect immunofluorescence and confirmation in antigen (MPO- and PR3-ANCA) specific assays. Physicians, both internists of various subspecialties and dermatologists, while interpreting the results of ANCA laboratory assays should be aware of methodological/technical caveats of such assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, fast advance in biomedical science can be observed. New research methods ensure more precise knowledge about processes occurring in the immune system. Next to conventional diagnostic tools usually used in allergic diseases confirmation, cells activation tests my become a new approach in estimation of hypersensitivity reaction pathogenesis. In the paper general information about currently used test are presented. Moreover, authors describe new methods; however the require more studies to confirm their clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granular cell tumour (GCT), first described by Abrikosoff typically develops as a benign lesion of yet unclear histogenesis. It occurs rarely, mostly in adults, and is localised on the lateral aspect of the tongue, lips, gingiva, buccal mucosa, and in the pharynx and oesophagus. GCT tends to be a small, smooth, painless, elastic-firm mass which arises slowly and asymptomatically. Diagnosis is established based on histopathological examination. The present paper comprises a review of the literature on the subject and a brief report on four cases of lingual GCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic or generalized immediate hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has increased significantly over the past 20 years. Foods are the most common cause of anaphylaxis. The paper discusses the epidemiology of food-induced anaphylaxis and pathomechanism with particular reference to the role of PAF (platelet-activating factor), its diagnosis and treatment according to international guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]