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The article deals with the issue of repression experienced by the Germans from Serbian Vojvodina after World War II (mostly in the period of 1944-48). The author is particularly interested in the mode in which the stories of these traumatic experiences function in the cross-generational tradition. Thus, the causes of the occurrence of such stories in German families are pinpointed. These considerations are supplemented with the excerpts of the statements made by the German minority representatives still living in Serbia. They serve to illustrate the basic theses of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents outline of the history of lignite mining in Cybinka (north west part of Ziemia Lubuska - West Poland). The paper describes the discovery of lignite deposits in the nineteenth century, originates of the oldest mines, as well as mining development to the year of 1945. The detailed history of the largest mines in the region, i.e. „Bach”, with its postwar lots was presented. The paper describes complicated geological condition, which had influence over type of exploitation. The publication is based mainly on German archival materials (Main Mining Office) and also German literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the issue of funding the purchase of school textbooks in selected European countries. The author first examines basic definitions and concepts relating to the above mentioned issue. Next, he provides brief information about the sources of funding and how they are made available to students in obligatory education in the following countries: Poland, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Island, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates a particular aspect of teaching languages for special purposes. The article focuses on the cultural component in the analysis of error in the collocation in Wort und Schrift that occurs in job applications written by students of Applied Linguistics. Learners of German as a foreign language for special purposes use the mother tongue and they coin words that do not exist in German. Errors of this type are a result of the cultural differences between languages and inadequate inter-cultural competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Undoubtedly, the school subject called "Sport" has an educational objective. Yet, the question whether in order to set this task and complete it in class the notion of "education standards" is necessary, and primarily whether this phrase will practically support this subject, seems justified. The notion of "education standard" has been introduced in relation to school theoretical subjects for comparative purposes between the EU states (PISA studies). It did not pertain to PE classes, however, Physical Education teachers in Germany and in Austria joined this process without any deeper analysis. The present paper first gives a short insight into the discussion and education standards in school sport in Germany and Austria. It also presents the concept of sports classes oriented in this manner with the use of an example and it focuses extensively on the threats connected with sport at school, which is supposed to be taught in accordance with the set education standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum: Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum is the property of Wroclaw University of Environmental & Life Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Socjologiczny is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to present the activities of the Independent Commission on Antigypsyism established by German federal government, which investigated and prevented antigypsyism in contemporary German. The autor will focus on presenting the first report of the Independent Commission Antigypsyism and the first effect of its activities, as well as the response to them of the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma on behalf the Roma community living in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the rules for conscience clause applying to doctors and nurses in German law. German legal system provides the right to refuse to participate in carrying out abortions. It is available not only to doctors but also to those who might be involved in the abortion procedure as well. The legal system also provides the right to refuse to participate in treatment of embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie is the property of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Media Studies / Studia Medioznawcze is the property of Media Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article summarizes the celebration of and, then, papers presented in association with, the symposium, "Von den Wandelbarkeit der Krankenhauslandschaft," both events held in honor of medical professor Dr. Heinz Goerke in December 2007 at Munich's Klinikum Großhadern hospital. The event was organized by the University Clinical Hospital, the Erich Frank Scientific Society, and the Munich Society of Medical History. The author notes the 4 presentations made at the event, as well as the concluding discussion.

Copyright of Central European Political Studies / Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The energy union is a relatively new concept, which indicates on the practical implementation of energy security in the European Union. Energy union meets a general agreement on its necessity, but discrepancies between countries arise while trying to create a more detailed defi nition of this concept. National interests of individual countries appear when the objectives of the energy union are to be defi ned. The infl uence of the European Union on the energy policy of the member states is signifi cant, but also the impact of individual members on the Union itself has to be emphasized. The largest and most powerful member states, such as Germany, have a particular role in the EU and the ability to infl uence it. From this perspective, it is worth to analyze the role of Germany in the European Union taking into account their attitude to the energy union as well as to follow in this approach the evolution of this concept. It is important to note that the Energy Union, which refers in a broader perspective to such a crucial issue as the shape of energy supplies to the European Union, is one of the key elements affecting regional international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This question raised emotions in Poland in 2010-2012. They began with the statement by the Prime Minister in March 2010 that Poland was ready to participate in a program of assistance to Greece. It evoked very strong reactions -- not only in debates in conferences halls and in professional journals, but also in the tabloids and on TV and the radio. It was not only politicians and academic experts in economics who took part in those debates, but also the editors of the popular newspapers. The arguments "for" and "against" of different character were raised. Those "for" advocated on the grounds of the principle of solidarity, but also on the grounds of the principle of subsidiarity -- arguing that the burden of the problem is beyond the possibilities of Greece to solve herself. They also raised the necessity to defend the endangered common good -- the European Union, and argued that prudence advises earning reciprocation in case Poland meets problems in the future. Those "against" pointed out that it was immoral to expect that a much poorer society was expected to assist one that was better off. Another point raised in the debate was that it was the Greeks themselves, both the political elites and the society as such, who were guilty of creating Greece's problems. The main problem was the institutions of the welfare state, developed beyond the capacities of the country. But there were also some more shocking reasons of the Greek economic problems -- and among them massive tax-avoidance, unauthorized social benefits payments, and transfers of incomes to foreign bank accounts. There was also the manipulation of statistical data or even their falsification, by (or with the approval of) the government. Some participants in the debate raised the problem Greek frauds and social dysfunctions being very well known to the EU authorities, the partners of Greece in EMU and by the German and French commercial banks. So -- following from the above -- Poland should not participate in any programs of assistance to Greece, and the burden of the problem should rest on those who had been responsible for it or who had tolerated its growth because of expected profits. In other words: Greek society, its political elites and the banks and those countries that had tolerated the developments. The debate ended in Poland when the member-states of the EMU decided that they would take decisions concerning Greece within their own group. And it was decided that "troika" -- representatives of the European Commission, ECB and IMF -- would decide on the size of the assistance and of the conditions. Poland, as a member of the IMF, does in fact participate in the costs of the assistance programs, but this fact does not evoke great emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article synopsizes the topics of the major papers presented at the International Symposium on Medicinal Plants in Marburg, which was held from December 12-13, 2006, at Marburg's City Hall under the auspices of the Institute of the History of Pharmacy of the Philipp University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg) and chaired by Dr. Christoph Friedrich.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The parliamentary oversight of the secret services, due to their specific nature, is based on legal rules determining what and how to oversee and/or on a consensus among the relevant political forces, establishing the scope and methods of the oversight. Which one of these two dimensions prevails depends on the political system, historical tradition and current circumstances of a given state. This article deals with the situation in five countries: France, Germany, United Kingdom, Romania and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article synopsizes two major international conferences dealing with the subject of the history of chemistry held in 2011. Summarized are the meetings of the 8th International Conference on the History of Chemistry (September 14-16, 2011) and the Vortragstagung der GDCh-Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (September 12-14, 2011). The author details in brief the topics raised at the individual sessions of both of these scholarly meetings, all of which focused upon aspects of the history of chemistry. Both meetings were held in Rostock, Germany.

For a long time cancer immunotherapy was overshadowed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recently, "Science", one of the world's top scientific journals, named the stimulation of the body's own immune system to fight cancer cells as the "breakthrough of the year". In Germany, Switzerland and Austria, extracts derived from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) such as Iscador, Abnobaviscum, Helixor, Iscar, Iscucin and Isorel have been used in oncology for many years. These extracts have immunomodulating and immunostimulating properties, as demonstrated by experimental studies as well as in clinical trials. The aim of our paper is to present immunological disorders associated with cancer, which can be counteracted by treatment with extracts derived from mistletoe. Although these drugs cannot replace conventional cancer treatment, they may improve the patient's quality and length of life.

The article describes the considerations that were carried out by Polish psychiatrists and neurologists in the thirties of the twentieth century, due to the sterilization of persons with mental disorders. The paper presents a short history of sterilization laws in the world. The reaction to the German Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring (1933) among Polish psychiatrists was presented. The views of psychiatrists and neurologists to the proposed sterilization law in Poland were also outlined. Two projects of eugenic laws in Poland came from psychiatrists. Sterilization Law in Poland ultimately was enacted.

The paper proposes tests to assess psychomotor impairment in drivers suspected of using substances acting similarly to alcohol. The authors also present a proposal for the protocol to be used in sampling and testing of saliva, blood and urine when psychoactive substance abuse has been suspected. A detailed procedure is based on the joined experience of German, U.S. and Polish police from Gdansk. The purpose of the appendix is to help police officers to perform and document tests confirming psychomotor impairment, as well as to provide the basis for saliva, urine and blood analysis.

The first decades of the twentieth century were the times of intensive search for a reliable laboratory test for early pregnancy. Among some tests proposed, the one developed in 1912 by a Swiss pioneer in clinical biochemistry, Emil Abderhalden, earned greatest response. Unlike other authors of pregnancy tests, Abderhalden claimed that his "defense ferments reaction" (Abwehrfermentsreaktion), if performed according to his methodology, was 100% specific and sensitive for pregnancy, even in its first weeks. Abderhalden's test raised much interest worldwide. Within the first few years from its first announcement, several hundred papers on the evaluation of the test's reliability were published, most of them enthusiastic. Variations of Abderhalden's test were hoped to work effectively as diagnostic tools in psychiatry, oncology, and internal diseases. Many clinicians believed that thanks to Abdehalden's method a wide range of conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression or cancers, could be unequivocally diagnosed with one serum test. In 1928, Abderhalden's reaction as a pregnancy test was replaced with the biological test developed by Aschheim and Zondek. In psychiatry, however, Abderhalden's test was used and evaluated as a diagnostic tool up till the 1930s. Only after Abderhalden's death in 1950 the "defense ferments reaction" was finally rejected as having no reliable scientific background. This paper presents the circumstances in which Emil Abderhalden developed his diagnostic test, the principles of the test, the methodology proposed by Abderhalden, as well as the response to the test and its variations in Germany and other countries.

The aim of this paper is to present and compare the regulations for forensic medicine specialists employed as legal experts in Germany and in Poland. The analysis of the legal situation in the two countries and the authors' own experience indicate that there are many similarities as far as the general regulations are concerned. Nevertheless, it seems that forensic medicine specialists employed as legal experts in Germany have more jurisdiction and freedom in their professional activities.

One hundred years after the discovery of the infectious agent of syphilis and implementation of the first serological test for the diagnosis of syphilis, important progress in the evaluation of host immune response against Treponema (T.) pallidum infection has been made. The paper focuses on the new modifications of non-treponemal tests (the use of synthetic cardiolipin and lecithin in Venereal Disease Research Laboratory--VDRL test and the application of the VDRL antigen to immunoenzymatic assays) as well as of treponemal tests. Original treponemal antigens are replaced by recombinant and synthetic antigens (TpN44,5- TmpA, TpN15, TpN17 and TpN47) and by antigens obtained after sequencing of the complete T. pallidum genome (Tp0453, Tp0257 and Tp92) in modifications of immunoenzymatic assays. The new diagnostic strategy, namely the examination of the number of cells producing T. pallidum specific antibodies is also presented. Despite the progress achieved in studies on humoral response in syphilis during last years, the practical application of new tests in diagnosis of the infection requires further studies.

During the academic year 2002/2003, we participated in a nation-wide research project aiming at the evaluation of the health status, lifestyle, social and material situation of medical university students. 285 surveys filled in by third-year students, including 167 Medical Faculty students, were subject to our analysis at the Medical University in Lodz. During the academic year 2003/2004, a similar research study was conducted among all third-year students of the Medical Faculty in Hanover. It was based on the translated questionnaire, which was adapted to the German realities. 281 surveys were qualified for further analysis. This paper presents selected elements of the health status of medical faculty students in both universities. They concern in particular the self-rated health status of students under study as well as the prevalence of certain disorders. Out of 167 medical faculty students in Lodz, 34 persons (20.4%) defined their health status as very good, 79 (47.3%) as good, 45 (27.0%) as average, and 8 persons (4.8%) thought it bad. Out of 281 medical faculty students in Hanover, 136 persons (48.4%) considered their health status to be very good, 129 (45.9%) good and 16 (5.7%) average. No student reported having a bad health status. The students from Lodz pointed out 991 disorders taking place during 4 weeks preceding the study (5.9 per student), whereas their German counterparts reported 2872 disorders (10.2 per student). The Lodz students cited most often: fatigue (83.8%), nervousness (73.1%), irritation (69.5%) and headaches (47.3%), while their Hanover colleagues suffered from fatigue (89.7%), headaches (80.4%), physical exhaustion in the evening (79.0%) and irritation (76.2%). 58.1% of the Lodz students never smoked, 12.6% smoked every day, and 9.6% smoked from time to time. 53.8% of the Hanover students never smoked, 14.6% smoked every day, and 20.6% smoked occasionally. Our anxiety was aroused by the reported frequent consumption of alcohol. Only 6.0% of the Lodz students did not drink at all, while it was 22.4% in Hanover. The share of everybody drinkers was similar in both samples (1.2% in Lodz, and 1.4% in Hanover). 32.9% of the Lodz students and 33.5% of this Hanover counterparts reported drinking alcohol at least once a week.

The link between the notion of epigenesis and that of spontaneous generation does not seem complicated when it is viewed in theoretical terms or when it is approached in a pure model form. However, once any of its particular manifestations in the history of biology is analysed, the interrelationship between the two notions ceases to be unequivocal. One example of that comes with the first fully-fledged concept of epigenesis, based on careful observation of embryonic development, presented by Caspar Friedrich Wolff in the 18th century. The process of development that an act of spontaneous generation has given rise to cannot, of course, be anything else but one of epigenesis. In this sense, epigenesis constitutes a necessary condition for spontaneous generation, but is not a sufficient condition, i.e. not every process of development through epigenesis has at its source an act of spontaneous generation. Evidence that Wolff was inclined towards the concept of spontaneous generation comes from the presence in his works of a notion described by the Latin term ortus (emergence). That notion--together with that of an organic body--is subject to detailed analysis in the current paper. If the process of spontaneous generation is understood as a process of emergence in nature of what is animate and organic, from what is inanimate and non-organic, and as a process in which living beings are not involved, but a living being is its outcome, then the notion of ortus is close in meaning to the notion of spontaneous generation. However, the deistic and theological philosophical foundation of Wolff's concept of epigenesis is in conflict with the notion of spontaneous generation. It seems that Wolff's notion of ortus can be interpreted in two ways. Firstly, it can be interpreted as as result of the theoretical extrapolation in time applied by Wolff to the usual way in which organic bodies emerge (the process is always given rise to by a nonorganic body, supplied by another organic body), all the way back to that the distant moment when the first organic body in time was to emerge; this extrapolation has been reconstructed in detail in the current paper. Secondly, the notion of ortus can be also interpreted as a special kind of heterogenesis, a process which is given rise to by an organic body, but which produces living beings that do not deserve the name of organic bodies--beings that are poorly differentiated in terms of morphology and organization, and thus devoid of distinct species membership, such as simple algae, moulds, internal parasites etc. If that is a correct interpretation, then in neither case would Wolff's ideas have anything to do with real spontaneous generation in the strict sense.

The paper discusses the organizational structure, equipment, members of the medical staff and activity of the "Kraków" Army Health Service during the defensive war in 1939. The Army fought on the main direction of attack of the German forces that were prevailing in number, equipment and new types of weapon, and applied the strategy of total destruction of both Polish soldiers and the civilian population. The German aviation was bombing cities, towns, villages, groups of runaways on the roads and also medical establishments. Accordingly the number of casualties among soldiers and civilians was quickly growing and hospitals were overcrowded. The "Kraków" Army held out the attacks only during two days and afterwards it retreated to the East without stopping to fight. In retreat it was extremely difficult to provide medical help to injured soldiers. Nevertheless physicians were ready to make the greatest sacrifices and they did not stop to perform their duties even if many of them were killed or wounded. The "Kraków" Army suffered the greatest casualties in the battle of Tomaszów Lubelski on 18-20th September 1939. 3000 soldiers were wounded there. The medical staff of the "Kraków" Army organized for them the "Zamośc" Medical Center that worked up to 20th December 1939, i.e. much longer than the Polish defensive actions lasted.

The paper presents the objectives and design of an ongoing multicenter randomized, controlled trial EDEN (European Day Hospital EvaluatioN). The EDEN-study aims to evaluate the efficacy of acute psychiatric treatment in a day hospital setting in five European centres: Dresden, London, Michalovce, Prague and Wroclaw. The main hypothesis is that day hospital treatment for acute psychiatric patients is as effective as conventional inpatient hospital care. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the viability and effectiveness of day hospitals for acute psychiatric treatment, to identify subgroups of patients with a more or less favourable outcome so that the treatment setting might be specifically applied and to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of day hospital treatment compared to conventional inpatient treatment. The study utilises a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) design with repeated measures at a maximum of six time points: at admission (t1), one week after admission (t2), four weeks after admission (t3), discharge (t4), three months after discharge (t5), and 12 months after discharge (t6). A combination of well-established standardised assessment instruments and open questions is used in 6 time periods. If the findings accept the main hypothesis of the study, some practical consequences could be inevitable: at a mental health policy level, these results could lead to an increase in the capacity of day hospitals; at the clinical level clinicians could redefine their concepts of care to consider the day hospital as an alternative to conventional inpatient treatment; from economic point of view could lead to reduction of treatment costs.

In the middle of the XVIII century Prussia took over the entire Silesia, except the region of Cieszyn Silesia (Slask Cieszyński) and Opawa Silesia (Slask Opawski), under its domination. Reforms of health care carried out so far in the Prussia Kingdom were also accomplished in Upper Silesia. In the years 1854, 1864, 1911 and 1912 several bills were passed that made up a legal and systemic basis of fraternity and social insurance. In the second half of the XIX century there were three institutions responsible for the insurance of miners of Upper Silesia (Górnoślaska Spółka Bracka), the fraternity of Lower Silesia (Dolnoślakska Spółka Bracka), and the miner fraternity of Pszczyna (Pszczyńskie Bractwo Górnicze) with their headquarters in Tarnowskie Góry, Wałbrzych and Pszcyna respectively, apart from an out patients treatment accomplished by a score of patients' insurance funds, the in - patients' treatment was provided in fraternal, self-governmental and institutional hospitals. Many problems and solutions discussed in the paper were developed and used in the organisation of the health care system in the new Silesian administrative region (1922) as well as the present reform of the medical service in Poland (insurance, patients' insurance funds, etc.).

The aim of the present paper is to compare the rules used in Germany and Poland to establish an individual's eligibility for a disability pension in cases of orthopedic disorders. Harmonizing these rules is one of the basic factors needed to create the proper platform for cooperation among health care systems in all the countries associated with the European Union. This first part of the work discusses the German rules for eligibility proceedings in orthopedic cases. The example of spinal disorders is used to explain the scheme of the examination conducted by the specialist to determine the disability group to which the person should belong. Attention is drawn to the rules governing the use of additional tests and eligibility proceedings.

This paper contains a concise description of pharmacy in Kartuzy history beginning from the second half of the XIX century to the end of the Second World War. The history of a typical Pomeranian pharmacy is shown in relation to the political, social and legal changes that were taking place in Pomerania at that time. A significant part of the description concerns the period between 1919 and 1945 when one of the pharmacies "Apteka pod Orłem" was owned by a German pharmacist, Daniel Christ.

The goal of the present paper is to compare the rules used in Germany and Poland to establish an individual's eligibility for a disability pension in cases of orthopedic disorders. Harmonizing these rules is one of the basic factors needed to create the proper platform for cooperation among health care systems in all the countries associated with the European Union. This second part of the work will discuss the Polish rules for eligibility proceedings in orthopedic cases. The example of spinal disorders is used to explain the format for the examination conducted by an orthopedic specialist in the course of the process of determining the disability group to which the person belongs.

During the twenties of this century addicted patients were increasingly admitted to the "Wittenauer Heilstatten". The largest group were men with the diagnosis "chronic alcoholism". In this paper we describe the care and treatment of these patients, with an emphasis on new approaches for treatment of chronic alcoholism. In the course of World War I and its aftermath, the number of alcoholics admitted to hospitals had considrably decreased, which was partly due to alcohol shortage. However, during the twenties numbers rose close to pre-war level. In the beginning of 1928, a special ward called "Alcohol Sanatorium" with a capacity of 60 beds was opened in the "Wittenauer Heilstatten". This sanatorium was part of a broad welfare system. In the first place, the publicly financed alcohol care and information centers played a decisive role for the care for an alcoholic. Next in line were the clinics for the cure of alcoholics, predominantly under private or non-profit maintenance. Finally, municipal psychiatric hospitals like the "Wittenauer Heilstatten" and the wards for alcoholics in the workhouses or the workhouses themselves were part of the system. In spite of all the shortcomings due to "Zeitgeist" and prevailing circumstances, the therapeutic approach during the 1920's was progressive in the respects of treating "alcoholics" as patients. After 1933 this approach changes to judging addicted persons primarily as socially and biologically inferior which finally led to the exploitation of their capacity for work or compulsary sterilization. Due to this change, the number of admissions to the Wittenau "Alcohol Sanatorium" at last lost its special character as a ward within the clinical formation of the "Wittenauer Heilstatten".