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Citrobacter spp. are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative rods belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. The genus consists of eleven species among which are C. amalonaticus, C. freundii, C. koseri (diversus). In this article the bacteria of the genus Citrobacter spp. are classified and characterized. Methods of isolation and identification are specified. In addition, current state of biotechnological research and applications of Citrobacter spp. such as: bioremediation processes, synthesis of industrially important organic compounds - e.g. pyrogallol or 1,3-propanediol and production of enzymes (amylases, lipases, metylases) are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wstęp. Ostatnio prowadzone badania wykazały powiązania zakażeń w obrębie jamy ustnej z miażdżycą naczyń szyjnych. Niektóre z drobnoustrojów patogennych dla przyzębia, w tym: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella nigrescens, wykryto w blaszce miażdżycowej. Obecność tych bakterii została wykazana metodą PCR, hybrydyzacji DNA, techniką FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), ELISA, immunohistochemicznymi i w transmisyjnym lub skaningowym mikroskopie elektronowym. Jednak tylko użycie techniki FISH i metody hodowli na podłożach umożliwiają wykrycie żywych drobnoustrojów. Celem badań była izolacja bakterii beztlenowych z blaszki miażdżycowej tętnic szyjnych. Materiały i metody. Blaszki miażdżycowe pobrano w czasie zabiegu operacyjnego od 37 pacjentów (22 mężczyzn i 15 kobiet). Materiały były umieszczane w płynie transportowym przygotowanym metodą PRAS. Po ujednoliceniu materiał był posiewany na kilka podłoży wzbogaconych i wybiórczych. Inkubację prowadzono w anaerostatach w atmosferze 10% C02, 10% H2 i 80% N2, w obecności katalizatora palladowego i wskaźnika warunków beztlenowych, przez 10-14 dni w temp. 37°C. Bakterie beztlenowe były identyfikowane na podstawie obecnie obowiązujących przepisów. Wyniki. Bakterie beztlenowe zostały wyizolowane z 68% badanych blaszek miażdżycowych. Przeważały szczepy z gatunku Porphyromas gingivalis (20%). Gram-dodatnie pałeczki z gatunku Propionibacterium acnes występowały w 18%, a Gram-ujemne pałeczki Prevotella intermedia w 16% blaszek miażdżycowych pochodzących z tętnic szyjnych. Inne gatunki bakterii beztlenowych z rodzaju Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Micromonas, Finegoldia, Propionibacterium i Actinomyces występowały rzadziej (2-8%). Wnioski. Bakterie beztlenowe wyizolowane zostały z 68% badanych blaszek miażdżycowych pobranych z tętnic szyjnych. Wśród Gram-ujemnych bakterii przeważały gatunki Porphyromonas gingivalis i Prevotella intermedia, a z Gram-dodatnich pałeczek gatunek Propionibacterium acnes. Szczepy Porphyromonas endodontalis i Fusobacterium nucleatum były najrzadziej izolowane z blaszek miażdżycowych. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a disease associated with follicular hyperkeratosis, proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes -- anaerobic bacteria -- and excessive sebum secretion. The rate of sebum secretion increases with age and becomes greatest at puberty. It is strictly connected with excessive production of adrenal cortex hormones -- sex hormones, especially androgens with their receptors expressed in sebocytes. Moreover, the formation of acne is influenced by stress which increases adrenal androgen secretion, stimulates cytokines production and increases sebaceous gland activity. Acne may also be related to dairy products and high glycemic index foods which increase the level of insulin and insulin-like growth factors and thus enhance androgen synthesis. Skin lipids measuremets (sebumeter, sebutape, sebufix, bentonite method and others) in patients with acne vulgaris have allowed to show the differences in sebum secretion and have opened new ways of doing reasearch. The aim of the paper is to show present knowledge of the sebum secretion in patients with acne vulgaris and the possibilities of measuring it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many papers describing the unknown mechanism of Leśniowski-Crohn disease implicate bacteria as a possible factor inducing immunological disorders in the intestinal mucosa. Many species of bacteria are considered to be responsible for the immunological disorders in Leśniowski-Crohn's disease, but Escherichia coil bacilli and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis are the most commonly investigated species. E. coli are the most prevalent among microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria in the bowels of patients with chronic as well as early Leśniowski-Crohn disease. Antigens of E. coli have been detected in 70% of samples obtained from mucosa of patients with Leśniowski-Crohn disease. The bacilli were also isolated from macrophages residing in the lamina propria of intestinal mucosa of patients with the disease. Serological investigations have revealed that E. coli specific antibodies are present at higher levels in patients with Leśniowski-Crohn than in healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Actinomycosis is a disease caused by anaerobic Gramme positive bacterium Actinomyces israeli. This is a specific inflammation with characteristic pathomorphological changes (sulphur granules), which is accompanied by focuses of fibrosis and the formation of abscesses or fistulas. Actinomycosis may develop in any organ, but the most frequent localization involves face and neck (63%), lungs (15%) and abdominal cavity, including pelvis minor (22%). Regardless of the observed decrease in the total incidence of actinomycosis in recent years, the number of cases involving the abdominal cavity and pelvis minor localization in the population of women who use intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) has increased. Aim. To present, on the basis of own experience, a case of multiorgan actinomycosis within the pelvis minor, as a disease which is too rarely considered in the differentiating diagnostic process in cases of tumour originating from the reproductive organ, urinary tract or alimentary tract. Materials and methods. This article discusses a case of actinomycosis of the pelvis minor, involving the left ovary and tube, bladder, rectum, sigmoideum and pelvic wall. It describes the diagnostic process preceding the surgery, the surgery itself, during which an intraoperative histopathological examination was performed, facilitating the final diagnosis and the application of penicillin therapy. Diagnostic problems involving actinomycosis and a significant role of intraoperative histopathological examination are emphasised. The relationship between pelvic actinomycosis and the application of intrauterine contraceptive device is highlighted. Conclusions. 1. Clinical picture of actinomycosis localized in the reproductive organ may be similar to that of a neoplastic process. 2. In the case of tumours of the pelvis minor of non-specific localization, associated with the application of intrauterine device as a contraceptive method, the possibility of actinomycosis should be considered. 3 Histopathological examination, performed intraoperatively or by biopsy before the surgical procedure, is decisive in the diagnostic process and subsequent treatment. 4. The evaluation of a diagnostic value of bacteriological cultures taken from the uterine cervix to detect anaerobic bacteria in the female population with an increased risk of infection caused by Actinomyces israeli requires further research performed on a large group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]