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Our goal is to follow and analyse the development of mathematical linguistics in Russia and in the USSR. The first application of mathematical methods, primarily statistical, occurred in Russia already in mid-19th century; however a true bloom of mathematical linguistics happens in mid-20th century, owing to the initiation of intensive research into machine translation. Both the rapid development of machine translation in the initial phase, and later curtailment of research due to considerable financial limitations, has a political-historical justification. We finish our description of the history of linguistic research with the use of mathematical methods with the moment of the collapse of the USSR. Additionally, we show the evolution of the methodology of scientific research within mathematical linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]