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Unlabelled: The registered infection and outbreaks of epidemic tend to monitor potential reservoirs of Legionella infection. According to the Act of 29 March 2007 on the requirements for the quality of water intended for human consumption are required to test for the presence and number of Legionella in the water system of hospitals. In case of detection of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (SG 1) or increased above normal number other serogroups of bacteria it is necessary to eradicate these bacteria from the water system. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of the water supply system of selected public buildings and analyze the effectiveness of disinfection methods for the elimination of L. pneumophila in hot water systems., Material and Methods: The materials for this study were hot and cold water samples which were collected from the water supply system of 23 different objects. Enumeration of Legionella bacteria in water samples was determined by membrane filtration (FM) and/or by surface inoculation methods according to the standards: PN-ISO 11731: 2002: "The quality of the water. Detection and enumeration of Legionella" and PN-EN ISO 11731-2: 2008: "Water quality--Detection and enumeration of Legionella--Part 2: Methodology of membrane filtration for water with a small number of bacteria"., Results: L. pneumophila was present in 164 samples of hot water, which accounted for 76.99%. In all tested water samples L. pneumophila SG 2-14 strains were detected. The most virulent strain--L. pneumophila SG 1 was not detected. In examined 23 objects in 12 of L. pneumophila exceed acceptable levels > 100 CFU/100 ml., Conclusions: The presence of L. pneumophila SG 2-14 demonstrated in all examined objects, indicating the risk of infection, and the need for permanent monitoring of the water system supply. The thermal disinfection is the most common, inexpensive, and effective method of control of L. pneumophila used in examined objects, but does not eliminate bacterial biofilm. Disinfection using the filters stopped of L. pneumophila, and was the method of complementary thermal disinfection. Chlorine dioxide is a very effective biocide for large numbers of L. pneumophila in water systems.

Background: The presence of parasitic protozoa in drinking water is mostly a result of improperly maintened the water treatment process. Currently, in Poland the testing of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water as a part of routine monitoring of water is not perform., Objective: The aim of this study was the optimization of the method of Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water according to the main principles of standard ISO 15553:2006 and using Filta-Max xpress automatic elution station., Material and Method: Preliminary tests were performed on the samples contaminated with oocysts and cysts of reference strains of both parasitic protozoa. Further studies were carried out on environmental samples of surface water sampled directly from the intakes of water (21 samples from Vistula River and 8 samples from Zegrzynski Lake). Filtration process and samples volume reducing were performed using an automatic elution system Filta-Max xpress. Next, samples were purified during immunomagnetic separation process (IMS). Isolated cysts and oocysts were stained with FITC and DAPI and than the microscopic observation using an epifluorescence microscope was carried out., Results: Recovery of parasite protozoa in all contaminated water samples after 9-cycles elution process applied was mean 60.6% for Cryptosporidium oocysts and 36.1% for Giardia cysts. Studies on the environmental surface water samples showed the presence of both parasitic protozoa. Number of detected Giardia cysts ranged from 1.0/10 L up to 4.5/10 L in samples from Zegrzynski Lake and from 1.0/10 L up to 38.9/10 L in samples from Vistula River. Cryptosporidium oocysts were present in 50% of samples from the Zegrzynski Lake and in 47.6% of samples from the Vistula River, and their number in both cases was similar and ranged from 0.5 up to 2.5 oocyst/10 L. The results show that applied procedure is appropriate for detection the presence of parasitic protosoan in water, but when water contains much amount of inorganic matter and suspended solids test method have to be modified like subsamples preparation and filtration process speed reduction., Conclusions: The applied method with the modification using Filta-Max xpress system can be useful for the routine monitoring of water. Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in all samples of water taken from the intakes of surface water shows the possibility oftransfering of the protozoan cysts into the water intended for the consumption, therefore the testing of Cryptosporidium and Giardia should be included into the monitoring of water.

Silver usually exists in tap water at concentrations which are not connected with human health risk and therefore maximum admissible concentration level of this element was not established in Directive 98/83/EC concerning quality of water intended for human consumption. Disinfection of water based on generation of silver or silver compounds by electrochemical process could led to the increase of concentration of this metal in disinfected water up to level of 0.050 mg/l or higher although it should be underlined that this type of technology is not used in Poland. However in the case of application of bacteriostatic agents based on silver salts, e.g., in jug water filter systems consist of cartridges with activated carbon modified by silver compounds, this element may migrate into purified and further consumed water (applied also for preparation of coffee, tea, soup and dilution of concentrated juices) in amounts which provide essential part of daily dose of silver taken orally by human. In this work the results showing the concentration levels of silver released into purified water in the case of application of jug water filter systems with cartridges consist of activated carbon modified with silver compounds and ion exchanger were presented. Study was performed according to British Standard BS 8427:2004 which describes requirements in respect to the performance of jug water filter systems used for the domestic treatment of drinking water The concentrations of silver in challenge water purified by jug water filter systems were determined using validated method of determination of silver by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry technique (ICP-OES). In accordance to type of jug water filter systems applied grand mean of silver concentrations achieved during whole cycle of exploitations of product (including possibility of filtrations of 100 l of water) were in the range 0.0022 mg/l-0.0175 mg/l, which is not provided essential human health risk.

The municipal wastewater consist of organic, inorganic and biological contaminations. The most of human and animals pathogens are found in municipal wastewater responsible for water-borne and waterwashed diseases. Wastewater biological treatment is effective methods to reduce the transmission route of this pathogens. Different kind of methods (microfiltration/coagulation) and technology (aerobic/anaerobic stabilization) treated municipal wastewater, secondary effluent, primary and excess sludge are used to inactivation viruses, bacteria and protozoan. Chemical disinfection with CaO significantly affects inactivation of helminthes eggs during the hygienization of sludge. However the efficiency of pathogens disinfection particularly depend on contact time and concentration of disinfectants.

THR is associated with high volume of perioperative blood loss. Concern about the risk of allogenic blood transfusion has led to attempts to avoid this standard procedure. Regarding different alternative method of allogenic blood transfusion postoperative collection of unwashed blood seems to be a good method of avoiding homologous blood transfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the postoperative salvaged blood after uncemented THR was efficacious. The patients were prospective assigned to one of two groups. The first group (34 patients) was managed with postoperative reinfusion of salvage blood and the second (32 patients) was treated with close suction drainage. We found that intraoperative blood loss was 456 +/- 82 ml and postoperative 847 +/- 172 ml. The decrease of hemoglobin level after first 6 hour was 2.78 +/- 0.49 g/dl. The first group with postoperative reinfusion of unwashed salvaged blood was associated with above double decreased prevalence of homologous transfusion after uncemented THR compared to the group without reinfusion. The hemoglobin level of unwashed salvaged blood used to retransfusion was not different compared to patient hemoglobin level measured 6 hours after THR. We found that the use of postoperative blood reinfusion after uncemented THR is a useful and practical method of reducing allogenic transfusion.

The author describes the principles of studying the urine by using millipore technique searching for neoplastic cells. The technique consists in passing the urine sample through a biological filter containing pores of specific diameter (millipore) allowing to condense the cellular and amorphous elements of the urine in a small surface and to obtain preparations of a good quality. This technique is recommended especially in case of transparent urine remaining within the limits of norm on gross examination.

The method is based on drawing a known volume of air through a tube filled with activated carbon. Water vapour, adsorbed together with hydrocarbons is removed from charcoal by passing dry nitrogen. Drying with nitrogen does not result in any decrease in the quantity of hydrocarbon adsorbed. The quantity of hydrocarbons is determined by weighing the tube before and after sampling. The authors investigated the dynamics of drying the charcoal from adsorbed water as well as the efficiency of hydrocarbon adsorption on charcoal. In addition, they established the conditions for samples collection. The range of the method is from 250 g/m3 to 10 000 g/m3.