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The recent era of rapid advancements in information technology has enabled various medical disciplines to tackle longstanding problems in novel ways. Among these, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising alternative or complement to conventional physical therapy (CPT) for managing chronic musculoskeletal, degenerative, neurological, and pulmonary conditions. Increased patient motivation during treatment, low drop-out rates, and instant feedback are among the primary reasons VR is gaining trust among physicians, patients, and caregivers worldwide. Evidence suggests that VR can significantly enhance motor performance, cognitive skills, pulmonary function, activities of daily living (ADLs), quality of life (QoL), and even reduce pain intensity in several chronic diseases. Notably, patients with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poised to be the primary beneficiaries of VR. Thus, it appears that VR-based techniques are set to leave a footprint on clinical practice globally. However, challenges to the clinical adoption of VR remain, including technical limitations, the lack of standardized guidelines, and minor safety concerns that must be addressed. This paper summarizes the background, current developments, and key considerations for future research in this rapidly evolving field.

Objectives The aim of the article is to study the changes in the level of cognitive and affective functioning in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing chemotherapy. Material and methods Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA) - screening method - was used to determine the general cognitive state of patients. The general level of depression and its characteristic symptoms were determined with the use of Depression Measurement Questionnaire. Results Gathering first initial results of author’s own research – increasing the research sample could indicate an improved cognitive functioning in patients with multiple myeloma during chemotherapeutic treatment. Moreover, the research demonstrates a decrease in depression symptoms, i.e., self-blame and anxiety states, during chemotherapy. Conclusions The study requires further research owing to a small group of research participants (n=21), the presence of research data at the level of statistical tendency, and a need for a comparison with a group of healthy people (without a cancer diagnosis).

A growing trend in digital humanities has been digital scholarship and the emphasis on usage of digital tools and methods in research, teaching, and publishing. Academic libraries as laboratories for humanities scholars (Christine Borgman) need to keep up with these changes. Digital humanities (DH) have become an important area of librarianship and demand for librarians with skills and expertise in metadata creation and control, digital repository management, information organization, intellectual property rights management, research data preservation, and visualization has been on the rise. This paper focuses on the English-language literature presenting visualization of spatial and temporal data in DH projects through rich narratives involving text, interactive maps, and map-enabled spatial data services. Using the examples of digital mapping projects developed and implemented in a large academic library, the article shows a case of big academic library on how spatial and temporal data visualization can be employed to tell stories, promote, and inform about cartographic resources of relevance to DH scholars, and provide self-help tools to empower users.

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, quantum technology is entering the scene with the promise of radically changing the technological paradigm. Quantum computing, simulation, quantum communications and the combination of this technology with artificial intelligence are opening up new horizons of innovation that could revolutionize various industries. Along with its enormous potential, this technology brings legal, ethical and social challenges that require detailed analysis and an interdisciplinary approach. The industrial deployment of quantum technology entails dilemmas regarding human rights, cyber security and national security, as well as the risk of exacerbating inequality, technological exclusion and algorithmic discrimination. With regard to artificial intelligence enhanced by quantum computing technology, we can speak of a completely new facet of the problem of the opacity of algorithms, which is determined not only by the cognitive limitations of the human mind, but stems from the indefinability of the world described by the laws of quantum mechanics. In light of the above, the thesis can be advanced that the classical approach to the principle of transparency and the postulates of creating algorithms that will clearly present the path to the final result, which are part of the broad current of creating ethical and explainable artificial intelligence, may prove difficult to realize in relation to Quantum AI. In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we are therefore faced with the challenge of implementing new instruments for testing, certifying and inspecting algorithms, such as tools for analyzing and visualizing the results of quantum algorithms, which will be suited to the specifics of Quantum AI and ensure the ethical correctness of the systems. This article will identify selected areas of application of quantum technology, and thus the potential benefits and risks of quantum technology, and also analyze the need to develop ethical and legal standards that allow for the sustainable and socially responsible development of these disruptive technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juliusz Słowacki's Balladyna, staged at the J. Osterwa Theatre in Lublin by Jan Hussakowski, aroused much controversy. Many viewers disliked the adaptation of the text, from which Andrzej Błażewicz and Jan Hussakowski removed significant parts (e.g. the lines of fantasy characters), as well as the diverse styles of humor. High praise, however, was given to the visual sphere. The visual language took over some of the functions of words and the drama in comic form retained an almost original arrangement of events centred around a strong female protagonist -- a girl from the common folk, who has been deluded by fate with a sudden chance of advancement and ultimately leading her down the criminal path. But there is no metaphysical judgment in the play's finale, as in Juliusz Słowacki's work. The thunderbolt does not bring justice to Balladyna -- now the queen. This lack of sanction may become an important motive for the audience to reflect on the mechanisms that govern the world as well as a stimulus to confront one's own attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Presentation of leptospirosis as a cause of acute renal failure. Leptospirosis is an infectious zoonosis caused by the pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, typically Leptospira interrogans. The main reservoirs of Leptospira are rodents, wild animals, dogs, cats, pigs, domestic cattle and horses. The primary source of infection is exposure to water, soil or plants contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The clinical picture of leptospirosis ranges from a mild disease with non-specific (flu-like) symptoms to a severe form with liver and kidney failure, impaired consciousness and meningitis. The case report presents leptospirosis with acute renal failure in a 17-year-old boy. Due to the fact that prior to the development of the disease the boy stayed in a country where leptospirosis is endemic (Thailand), a suspicion of the disease was raised, and subsequently confirmed serologically by an immunoenzymatic test. Conclusions: The diagnosis of an imported disease, including leptospirosis, should be taken into consideration in patients with flu-like symptoms accompanied by acute renal or hepatic failure who have a history of recent travel to tropical areas.

Introduction Infection is the most common cause of children medical consultations. Often the clinical picture of the patient is disproportionate to the results of laboratory tests which may indicate for generalized infection. Case reports Case 1: A 4-year-old patient admitted to the Department due to a fever 39˚C lasting from 2 days and periodic abdominal pain. Good general condition, throat slightly red. In laboratory studies, procalcitonin 44.5 ng/ml, CRP 121.5 mg/dl, WBC 15.32 ths/ul. Empirical treatment with ceftriaxone and vancomycin was included. Blood cultures, Staphylococcus hominis MLSB, MRCNS. Case 2: A patient nearly 5 years old admitted to the Department due to a fever 39.5˚C. In outpatient examinations CRP 41 mg/dl, WBC 39 ths/ul. Physical examination: reddening of throat mucosa, palatine tonsils slightly enlarged, reddish, without rash. In laboratory tests CRP 95 mg/dl, WBC 41.95 ths/ul, PCT 1.19 ng/ml. On the second day of hospitalization, an increase in inflammatory markers was observed (PCT 1.47 ng/ml, CRP 235.7 mg/dl). Vancomycin was added. Case3: 18-month-old boy admitted to the Department due to fever 40.5˚C. Good general condition, throat slightly reddened, occasional cough. In laboratory tests PCT 8.07 ng/ml. Empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone was implemented. Due to persistence of fever up to 39.5˚C - control tests of PCT 10.03 ng / ml. Vancomycin was implemented. Urine culture negative, in blood culture the present growth of Staphylococcus warneri. Conclusions It is extremely important to be vigilant in case of feverish children. Sometimes, despite a good general condition and no significant abnormalities in a physical examination, we can deal with generalized infection.

Introduction ‘Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease, a condition characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk’. It is a contemporary, currently recognized definition of osteoporosis formed by the research group of World Health Organization. It is estimated that due to increased life expectancy, the number of fractures may rise three times within 60 years, principally given the lack of appropriate strategies of osteoporosis prevention. Objective The aim of the paper was to evaluate selected health-seeking behaviours as well as the knowledge of osteoporosis prevention rules in perimenopausal women. Material and methods The research method was a self-made survey questionnaire. The population under the survey involved 450 female patients aged 40-65 selected at random. Results Survey results indicate insufficient knowledge and health-seeking behaviours among the respondents. What is also striking is the fact of underestimating the relationship between the use of stimulants (cigarettes, coffee, alcohol) and osteoporosis, not enough physical activity of the subjects as well as the lack of systematic gynecological control concerned with hormonal balance disorders (characteristic for the perimenopausal period). Conclusions Insufficient knowledge of prevention and proper health-seeking behaviours contribute to the increase in the incidence of osteoporosis.

Introduction In the majority of cases violence and aggression have been and are directed against women, and also the older ones. Nevertheless, the number of reported incidents of abuse and neglect of older people does not match the number of the cases discovered and treated. Objective The aim of the research was to determine the risk factors of violence against people over 65 years of age, with regard to all the forms of the phenomenon (psychological, physical, material and sexual violence and neglect). Material and methods This series of research were conducted from 1 September 2014 to 28 February 2015 in family doctor’s clinics in the Lublin Voivodeship chosen at random. The research participants comprised 1047 people. The methods applied included the analysis of both doctor’s and nurse’s medical documentation. Results The violence risk factors for the victim are as follows: old age, low level of education and dependency on other people. The worse situation of the people living in the country who are more frequently subject to almost all types of violence as compared with the city-dwellers. Violence against older people is a manifestation (very often ignored) of pathologies of family life. Conclusions Old age, low level of education and dependency on other people among elderly are the risk factors of becoming violence victim. There is worse situation of the people living in the country who are more frequently subject to almost all types of violence as compared with the city-dwellers. Violence against older people is a manifestation (very often ignored) of pathologies of family life.

Purpose: Construction products used for the purposes of fire protection must meet the statutory requirements for the placing or making available on the domestic market of construction products for fire protection marked with a construction mark. The amendments introduced in the new regulation are compared with the previous legislation to indicate the introduced changes. Introduction: At the beginning of 2017 a new regulation concerning the manner of declaring the performance of construction products and the procedure of marking them with a construction mark, including for products used in fire protection, amended by the Regulation of 2018 entered into force. The signifi-cance of these changes necessitates their analysis in the context of the previous regulation. It is important that the introduced regulation bear similarity to the provisions of EU Regulation No 305/2011 on construction products. In addition to the amended and new requirements for construction products, the authors devoted attention to the new products that were added to the list of products subject to the certification process for placing or making available on the domestic market and marking with a construction mark (the new regulations added as many as five new subgroups contained in the group “Fixed fire-fighting systems”). This paper presents changes in the naming and scope of technical specifications that form the basis for conducting certification processes. It also describes the manner of marking construction products with a construction mark pursuant to the Act on Construction Products and the obligatory information to accompany the marking. The performance of the assessment and verification process is completed with a declaration of performance prepared by the manufacturer of the construction product, the draft of which is presented in this paper. Methodology: To present the differences between the two legal documents, the authors analysed the requirements contained therein and identified the new requirements contained in the 2016 Regulation (applicable since 2017), as amended by the Regulation of 2018. Conclusions: This article presents the similarities and differences between the national system of compliance of the conformity assessment system effective until 31 December 2016, and the system of assessment and verification of constancy of performance introduced on 1 January 2017, and the consequences for both the manufacturers and the certification bodies.

Introduction Nowadays, systematic increase in the share of older people in the community around the world is described. In elderly some characteristic health problems are observed. One of them is frailty syndrome. Objective The objective of this work is to present symptoms of frailty syndrome and ways of its diagnosis. Results There is an emerging evidence that such health problems as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal failure may contribute to frailty syndrome development. Most widely used definition of frailty, delineates it as a state of increased vulnerability from age-associated decline in reserve and function resulting in reduced ability to cope with everyday or acute stressors. According to consensus of medical societies, all persons aged 70 years and older should be involved in the group in which screening for frailty is performed by healthcare providers Conclusions With severe life-threatening consequences, frailty is considered as a condition that should be included in the elderly screening program. There are many instruments used for frailty screening. In primary healthcare clinical setting the most practical are brief and accurate tools, assessing multidirectional issue of frailty. These criteria are to the highest extend fulfilled by the Tilburg Frailty Index, the Groningen Frailty Indicator and the Gérontopôle Frailty Screening Tool.

Introduction It is estimated that in 2015 in Poland 1 878 988 patients suffered from depression. Depressive disorder is associated with significant decrease of life quality. Untreated depression can be fatal, as it is a recognized risk factor for a suicide attempt. Thus, identification of patients with symptoms of depressive disorder in primary healthcare is very important, as rapid implementation of treatment can prevent unfavorable depression effects. Objective The aim of this study is to present ways of identification patients with depressive disorder and screening tools suitable for primary healthcare setting. Results Careful physical examination and history taking are highly important in depresion case finding. Patients may present with many uncharacteristic somatic complaints. Moreover, there are some group of patients that are at higher risk of depressive disorder. The most important one includes patients with other mental disorders; previous history of depression and familial predisposition to depression. There are many depression screening tools. The most popular are Patient Health Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale. Conclusions Many individuals, finally diagnosed with depressive disorder, meet their family doctor for uncharacteristic complaints. This is highly important for primary care physicians to be acquainted with most common somatic manifestations of depression. In primary care setting PHQ-2, PHQ-9 can be successfully used. BDI-PC also appears as measure suitable for family physicians. Geriatric population should be assessed with use of shorter version of GDS, but PHQ-2, and PHQ-9 are also recommended for this age group.

Introduction Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders affecting a very large percentage of the general population. This can be visualized by reporting insomnia by up to 50% of patients attending a family doctor. In the elderly population the prevalence of sleep disorders most often in the form of insomnia is even higher. Physical and mental health problems and behavioral determinants may affect insomnia. Moreover, sleep pattern in healthy older individuals substantially changes with age. Objective The aim of this study is to present various factors influencing insomnia in the elderly and depict clinical picture of this medical problem. Results Article depicted common medical reasons of insomnia. Conclusions Sleep problems in elderly have a very diverse background. Aging of individuals results in changed sleep architecture and total sleep duration. According to this facts, some older patients may have not realistic expectations regarding sleep length, not real sleep problems. Physical illnesses are plausible reasons of even severe insomnia, including chronic musculoskeletal pain, cardiovascular diseases like heart failure or ishaemic heart disease, rhinitis and nasal congestion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nocturia is also reported as frequent reason of awakenings in elderly. Menopausal hot flashes also make sleep intermittent. One of the common reasons of insomnia as well as daily symptoms is obstructive sleep apnea, often undiagnosed, as it remains interpreted as only snoring. Mental health problems as depression, anxiety and dementia have a considerable impact on sleep quality.

Introduction The Polish population is systematically aging. Health behaviors have a significant impact on the health and quality of life of seniors. Objective of the work The aim of this study was to assess the level of health behaviors among people over 65 living in the Lublin province. Material and methods The study was conducted from February 2014 to May 2014, among 80 people over 65, members of Senior Clubs, Universities of the Third Age and patients of the Institute of Rural Medicine in Lublin, living in the Lublin city and rural areas of the Lublin province. The research was conducted using a diagnostic survey - the Inventory of Health Behavior of IZZ Juczyński and a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using the STATISTICA 13.0 program. Significance of intergroup differences was verified using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results The index of health behaviors for all respondents was on average 83.65, including 87.10 for women and 78.19 for men. Most of the respondents assessed their health condition as good or average, they also undertook physical activity, usually walking. Nearly three quarters of patients complained of circulatory system diseases. Conclusions The examined elderly people were characterized by a high level of health behaviors. Women and younger people show more intense health behaviors than men and people from the older age group. Women and people with higher education levels, in the past, statistically more often observed the principles of rational nutrition and lead a healthy lifestyle. Among men, proper eating habits are rated worst, and in the more advanced age category - the positive psychical approach. Most of the respondents take physical activity, commonly walks and bike riding.

Introduction Disability is becoming progressively more common. It is defined as a limitation in the ability to carry out basic functional activities. A functional ability is determined by many convergent factors. The main cause is physical disability, resulting from many highly various diseases. Further, functional capacity of elderly depends on social and financial support, and the environment. Objectives The aim of this study is to present issue of functional capacity of elderly people and its assessment tools. Results Examination of geriatric patient should be complex. If functional capacity is mentioned, physician is expected to assess patient`s chronic diseases, emotional state and social situation. Then, use of validated tools should be performed. These are ADL, IADL, Barthel Index and FIM. Conclusions When taking care of older people, the assessment of functional status is pivotal. Performing such assessment give many possibilities to physician that help improve patient`s quality of life and everyday safety.Use of validated tools facilitates obtaining some objective data about patient general health status and comparison with the results of tests obtained after the lapse of time, thus detecting new problems becomes easier. The most commonly applicated instruments are ADL, IADL, Barthel Index. Even though, these tools are effective in assessment of elderly functional capacity, a full comprehensive geriatric assessment should be performed after implementing them.

Introduction The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is growing globally. Diabetes is a disease requiring cooperation from the patient. Numerous cases of behavior not satisfying doctor are interpreted as lack of subordination and willingness to adapt to medical recommendations. Problems with adherence to treatment may be a result of decrease in cognitive functions, and associated cerebral diabetes complications as stroke, structural brain changes, depression and diabetic distress. Aim The purpose of this study is to present cerebral complications and their consequences depicted in professional literature. Results Diabetes has many severe cerebral complications. Patients may experience both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke and ensuing disability. Moreover, diabetes is described to be a serious factor contributing development of brain structural changes. There was decrease in of gray and white matter reported to be associated with decline in cognitive functions. Diabetes is also described as cause of depression and diabetic distress. These two affective problems are very serious reasons influencing everyday activity of patients. Glycaemic control in such individuals is significantly poorer than in people not suffering from these complications. Conclusions The cerebral complications of diabetes are frequent, especially in population of elderly people. They have substantial influence on cooperation with patient, treatment adherence and its outcomes. Every situation of doctor`s dissatisfaction with the results of diabetic education, compliance and self-care activities performed by the patient should lead to investigation if he have any diabetes cerebral complications.

Copyright of Zywnosc is the property of Polish Society of Food Technologists - Scientific Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction According to the current state of knowledge, breastfeeding is the best method of feeding newborns, infants and young children. World organizations and associations and authorities of the medical world recommend breast milk as the most suitable for the proper development of the child. Natural feeding brings many important health benefits, both for the mother and the child, and promotes the formation of emotional ties. It is also economical and convenient to use. The purpose of the studywas to assess the attitudes of women towards breastfeeding and the state of their knowledge on the subject. Material and methods The study group consisted of 96 mothers of children treated in the Department of Neonate and Infant Pathology at the University Children's Hospital in Lublin. The study used the method of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were analyzed using the STATISTICA 12.5 program. Results 53.9% of respondents gave a positive answer to the question about breastfeeding their own child. As the main reasons for its interruption were given most often too little food (36.6%) and child's illness (26.8%). 79.8% of women replied that the help of health care workers in breastfeeding training is needed, but only 56.2% of respondents believe that the information obtained was sufficient. Only 41.6% of respondents knew that lactation affects fertility and the possibility of becoming pregnant. In the question whether breastfeeding allows a better relationship between the mother and the child, 95.5% gave a positive answer. 98.9% emphasized the positive impact of breastfeeding on the relationship between parents. As many as 60.7% of women intended to give up natural feeding after returning to work. Conclusions A surprisingly high percentage of women resign from natural feeding, despite relatively good knowledge about the benefits resulting from it. Advice from healthcare professionals is an important source of information for women. Breastfeeding after returning to work is an important problem.

Introduction A brain tumor is the most common solid cancer in children and the most common cause of cancer-related death in this age group. Its first symptom presented by child may be some irritation symptoms, primarily in the form of focal seizures. In case of such problem clinician has a wide range of neuroimaging methods available. Case Report A 16-year-old girl was admitted to the Paediatric Department on December 6, 2018 after the first episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizures with retrograde amnesia. In EEG paroxysmal acute and slow theta-delta 3-4 Hz high-voltage discharge in the temporal leads and in CT with contrast no focal changes. The treatment was postponed due to fact that was the first episode of seizures in life, On June 4, 2019 a second epileptic attack occurred. CT of the head without contrast did not reveal focal changes. In EEG focal lesion in the right posterior temporo-occipital-parietal region in the form of low-voltage slow delta 1-2 Hz waves and concomitant seizure changes in the form of very numerous short discharges of acute and slow theta-delta 3-4 Hz waves. In MRI, in the occipital lobe cortex at the height of the wedge and the visual cortex after administration of the gadolinium contrast agent 3 focal lesions with contrast augmentation: 7mm and below 2 changes 15x6mm in diameter and 5mm in diameter were visualized. In the flair and T2 sequence at this height there was edema of up to 25x13mm. Conclusions CT of the head without contrast should be a screening test to exclude mainly traumatic changes and intracranial bleeding. The correct picture of such an examination does not exclude abnormalities within the brain structures. MRI is more accurate in imaging of brain structures and should be the examination of choice if CNS diagnostics is needed.

Introduction Trauma is defined as damage to cells, tissues and organs caused by external factors acting on them. According to WHO data, trauma caused 4.8 millions of deaths in 2016. Urogenital trauma occurs in 10% of all the injuries in the human population. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to characterize the patients treated for injuries in Urology Department in Regional Hospital in Poland and compare the results with the data from literature. Material and methods The study involved patients hospitalized in Regional Specialist Hospital in Puławy, Poland from 2007 to 2018. The survey was based at analysis of medical documentation. The collected data has been subjected to statistical analysis. 66 patients were included in the study group. Their average age was 43.25 years. Results The absolute majority of patients were men – 81.81% (n=54), women – 18.18% (n=12). The average age for males was 42.27 and for the females – 44.25. Most frequent trauma in our study was the renal trauma 36.36% (n=24). 47.06% of this injuries were associated with MVA's. The second most frequent group was a genital trauma - 21 patients (31,81%). 81.81 % of them required surgical treatment. Another group constituted 10.6 % (n=7) were the patients treated for bladder injury. Penis was injured in 6.06% (n=4), 75% of patients required a surgery. Urether has been injured only in 4.55%. Conclusions Kidney is the most frequent organ of genitourinary tract, affected by trauma, particularly during MVA's. Victims are usually treated conservatively. External genitalia injuries, especially male, are also very frequent. Mostly patients need a rapid surgical intervention but appropriate treatment allows the patient to recover completely without any lasting disability

Introduction Brugada syndrome is a rare disease involving genetic disorders of heart rhythm. The disease was discovered in 1992 by the Brugada brothers, Spanish cardiologists. This syndrome occurs with sporadic frequency in families with 5-66/10,000 affected worldwide, and 12/10,000 affected in Asia. Usually, the disease affects people between the age of 30 and 50 years of age. Brugada syndrome is responsible for 4-12% of all sudden cardiac arrests, and 20% of sudden cardiac arrest patients who have never had organic cardiovascular disease. The pathomechanism of this syndrome is not fully understood, but three types of factors can be distinguished: genetic, hormonal and environmental. The most common mutation causing Brugada Syndrome is the mutation of SCN5A gene. Brugada syndrome is characterized by the occurrence of syncope episodes and pre-osmotic states along with sudden cardiac arrest, which is a result of ventricular arrhythmias. The basis for the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome is the use of a 12-lead ECG and in some cases, pharmacological diagnosis, consisting of simultaneous monitoring of ECG and administration of a class I antiarrhythmic drug according to Vaughan-Williams classification. Treatment of Brugada syndrome consists of implantation of a cardioverted-defibrillator (ICD) in accordance with criteria (I, IIa and IIb), based, inter alia, on the patient’s state of health and course of cardiovascular arrest. Prognosis in asymptomatic patients is largely positive. Aim The aim of the study was to use the international ICNP® classification when presenting the problems in nursing care in patients with Brugada syndrome. Materials and Methods The nursing care model based on the international ICNP® classification was used. The diagnoses were based on symptoms and problems of patients with Brugada syndrome. Summary Although the Brugada syndrome is a rare disease entity, it should be taken into account when differentiating other factors which may lead to sudden cardiac arrest. Due to prodromal nonspecific symptoms, care should be taken into accurately diagnosing with 12-lead ECGs. The most common problems in patients with Brugada syndrome are palpitations (frequently occurring at night), fainting, and at the same time risk of falling and chest pain. Healthcare professionals caring for patients with Brugada syndrome should observe the patient for the first signs of fainting, prioritizing safety. Conclusions Brugada syndrome is a rare disease with nonspecific symptoms, which is why accurate diagnostic methods, including primarily tech 12-lead ECG are of great importance. Diagnostics, along with appropriate education of the patient and their families, allow effective care and prevention against the occurrence of negative effects of this disease.

Introduction: Family Medicine is a relatively new specialisation in Poland, that was created to increase availability of comprehensive medical care near the place of residence. Due to the major deficiency of human resources there is a huge need of educating medical personnel. Objectives: This study is an evaluation of knowledge level and attitudes towards family medicine specialisation of The Lublin Medical University Medical Faculty 5th year students, starting their family medicine classes. Results: Among the respondents 1.49% declared willingness to start family medicine specialisation, 40.89% is considering this career path, 39.03% is not considering this career path, 18.59% is definitely not considering this specialisation. Main factors, which are the reasons why students consider undertaking family medicine specialisationwere: flexible working hours (79.82%), wide range of patient’s ailments (78.07%), no on-call time (73.68%). On the other hand, students consider job in PHC as monotonous and hardly prestigious and 94.1% of respondents assessed that cooperation of family physicians with other specialisations is average at best. Only 13% correctly indicated what are the factors the amount of money per patient depends on. Majority of students correctly named family physicians’ responsibilities and medical examinations that family physician can perform under the agreement with National Health Fund. Conclusion: Research gathered in this document indicate on little interest in family medicine specialisation among students and at the same time on lack of certain knowledge about job in PHC. Thus, there is a need to create relevant educational programmes which would turn future doctor’s attention to general practice.

The aim of the article is to present the case of the synthetic gasoline factory located in Police (near Szczecin), which played a significant role in the economy of the Third Reich during World War II. Rather than create a historical narrative of the Hydrierwerke and its related issues, the focus of the research problem is to provide potential methods of comprehending and interpreting „practicing the past,“ which involves the development of local historical knowledge or regional identity. The author is intrigued by the motions of collecting artifacts at the local „Skarb“ („Treasure“) Museum. She examines the identity-building and memory potential of the mentioned initiatives, as well as what a historical museum is and how it fits into the „rescue history“ paradigm. She also analyzes the possibility of constructing non-academic historical narratives, highlighting the advantages of a non-anthropocentric viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ketoacidosis is a life threatening condition caused by hyperglycemia. It affects approximately 15-70% of patients with diabetes. A patient with ketoacidosis requires intensive treatment, monitoring and constant nursing care. The aim of the study was to present the most important patient care issues associated with ketoacidosis based on the International Classification for Nursing Practice ICNP®.

Introduction. Only 50 - 75% of patients surveyed adhere to therapeutic recommendations in the treatment of chronic diseases. It is estimated that half of the patients discontinue therapy after one year from the start of treatment. Failure to comply with therapeutic recommendations often leads to complications of diabetes. New methods are now being sought to help diabetics adhere to the recommendations of the therapeutic team. According to the World Health Organization, interventions to improve adherence have a greater impact on health than the development of treatment. The aim of the study was to analyze the degree of adaptation to the therapeutic recommendations of patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and methods. 150 patients (96 women) 65.2 ± 11.8 years of age who were treated for exacerbation of type 2 diabetes were examined with their own questionnaire regarding compliance with the therapeutic recommendations and a standardized HBI (Health Behavior Inventory) questionnaire to assess health behaviors. Results. A high degree of compliance with pharmacological recommendations was presented by 30%, the average 42,7%, and low 27,3% patients. High level of adherence was presented by people aged 50-69 (p 7% (7.0 vs. 6.6). The level of adherence to recommendations was the lowest in patients treated with the combination regimen (tablets+insulin; p=0.024). High level of health behaviors was presented more often by women compared to men (108 vs. 103), older people compared to younger ones (age 60-69 HBI=109.1 vs. age up to 49 years HBI=93.3), pensioners compared to economically active people or unemployed (108.3 vs. 101.1 vs. 92.3). In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of adherence to pharmacological therapeutic recommendations are the absence of co-morbidities and older age (β=0.212, p=0.005). Conclusions. Patients with diabetes have a moderate level of adherence and the compliance with health behaviors. An independent predictor which has a positive influence on the HBI is the old age (the older the patient, the better the level of adherence). The predictor which reduced the level of adherence and the HBI was the absence of comorbidities.

Introduction Health behaviors shape throughout life. The family is the first educational environment of the child, in which health habits are created. Nutrition and nutritional status in childhood and early adolescence determine the health of an adult person to a large extent. Lack of physical activity can bring with it many negative effects, including overweight and obesity in children, metabolic syndrome, lack of motor coordination. Objective The aim of the study was to assess health awareness and attitudes of children from classes IV-VI of rural primary schools in the Lublin and Lodz voivodeships. Material and methods The study group consisted of 65 children from classses 4 to 6 attending primary schools in the Lublin and Łódź voivodships. There were 34 girls and 31 boys among the respondents. The diagnostic survey method used a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using the STATISTICA 12.5 program. Results Only 43.08% of respondents ate 5 recommended meals. As many as 55.38% of children ate sweets several times a week, and 7.69% - every day. 66.15% of respondents stated that they consumed fresh vegetables and fruits every day, and 24.62% - several times a week. The vast majority of children ate breakfast before going to school (73.85%). A very worrying fact is that over a quarter of children's physical activity was limited to physical education only. Children assessed their knowledge of the principles of a healthy lifestyle: 23.08% - great, 53.85% - good, 20% - average and 3.08% poor. Conclusions Sweats and sweet drinks were disturbingly common in children's diets. The frequency of children's consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits could be described as satisfactory. An important problem was the low physical activity.

Introduction Diabetes affect constantly wider group of people around world. Multicenter observational studies performed in Poland predicted diabetes prevalence as 6.7-9.8% and in Lublin region as 4,3% of total population. Diabetes is a diseases to some extent preventable, as constantly arising data confirm that lifestyle has even decisive influence on diabetes development. Thus, knowledge about diabetes and awareness of its risk factors and complications is very important. Individuals who are conscious about modifiable variables increasing the risk of developing diabetes may start to improve their everyday behaviors. Objective The aim of this study was to examine knowledge and awareness of diabetes among Lublin inhabitants. Material and methods There was 92 people included in the study. They were Lublin inhabitants. The analysis was based on questionnaire constructed by the authors. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as percentages. The obtained results were also statistically analyzed using the STATISTICA 13 program. The significance of intergroup differences was verified with Pearson chi-square test. Results Analysis of participants answers revealed relatively good level of knowledge on diabetes risk factors and complications. Awareness of treatment strategies, diet of suffering patients and opinions on diabetes severity were also evaluated. Conclusions Participants of the study showed relatively satisfactory level of knowledge on diabetes mellitus. They were aware of many disease risk factors, but smoking and advanced age were rarely considered to raise the probability of diabetes development. Furthermore, they had adequate level of knowledge on diabetes complications, except for ischaemic heart disease. According to results of the study, there is a need for convincing social information campaign to raise constantly an awareness of diabetic risk factors and its consequences.

Introduction Alcohol use disorder is a very common problem in many societies. It produces vast problems in the area of health of individuals, relations in families, public healthcare costs and danger to other community members. In Poland, 11.9% of Polish residents can be included in the general category of alcohol abusers, in which 2.4% of people meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol addiction. Thus, even every family doctor meets in his practice patients who drink alcohol excessively and identification of patient suffering from alcohol-related problems is crucial as simple interventions are very effective. Objective To present methods of assessment and screening for alcohol use disorder. Results Screening for alcohol use disorder is complex process. Family doctor should carefully look for such symptoms as bloodshot eyes, reddish, swollen face with dilated facial capillaries and hand and tongue tremor. Patients may report some social problems. Laboratory tests may reveal elevated aspartate gamma glutamyl transferase levels and raised mean cell volume. Apart from clinical assessment, general practitioner should use standardized questionnaires like AUDIT, AUDIT-C, CAGE or MAST to identify patients with alcohol use disorder, Conclusions The problem of excessive alcohol consumption is very common in the primary care. Assessment of alcohol use disorder occurrence in patient is absolutely important and should be multifarious. General practitioner should perform careful physical examination and history taking, as some symptoms and signs may be indicators of problems with drinking alcohol. Obtaining results of simple laboratory tests can be a diagnostic tip as well. Screening also involves use of diagnostic instruments, preferably AUDIT (or AUDIT-C) or MAST, CAGE tools.

Introduction Primary healthcare in Poland plays a key role in the whole public healthcare structure in Poland. Professionals employed in this sector meet not only health needs of patients but also psychological and emotional ones. Primary health care also contributes to the social and economic development of the society. The one of strategic goals of primary healthcare in Poland is to provide satisfaction with its services, which is strictly related to patients expectation towards general practitioners. Objective The purpose of this study is to present how expectations of patients towards general practitioners are depicted in professional literature. Results Analysis of presented studies showed that patients of Polish primary healthcare practices mainly expect discussion about the health problem and comprehensible information on how to deal with their illness. On the other hand one large-group study revealed that patients await on the first place effectiveness of treatment, professionalism of the practitioner and the solution of the their problem. Although, explaining and informing was also very frequently chosen answer in the questionnaires. Polish patients of general healthcare services relatively rarely expect emotional support, but seeking some kind of psychological help may be even the main reason for visits of patients over 65 to a primary care physician. This is crucial issue as many patients who met general practitioners with their complaints are from geriatric age group. Conclusions A satisfactory exploration of the patients' expectations in primary health care conditions seems to be pivotal for an good communication with patients and providing adequate healthcare. Lack of understanding of the patient's needs and lack of coping skills with patients who primarily expect to be able to talk to their doctor and receive comprehensive information, explanation of medical problem and emotional support, may be a source of dissatisfaction with the visit of both the doctor and the patient.

Introduction Advanced age of a large part of society is associated with many health as well as social and economic consequences. Among them, disorders of mobility and falls of elderly have important place. The pathophysiology of falls among elderly is complex. It includes visual impairment, vestibular disorders, dementia, sarcopenia and use of many drugs. Screening for falls risk is essential part of everyday primary healthcare provider practice. Critical review of medications, management of chronic diseases may prevent falls. Apart from this, there are some professional functional assessment instruments available. Objective The objective of this work is to present reasons of elderly falls and functional assessment instruments suitable to assess risk of falls. Results Among analyzed instruments Timed Up-and-Go test, Elderly Fall Screening Test, Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility and Berg Balance Test were chosen to be described, due to the best characteristics according to needs of primary care. Conclusion Falls are important health problem in elderly. Frequently, falls result in serious injury and following disability. Consequences of elderly falls may be even fatal. Thus, healthcare providers should pay attention especially to modifiable risk factors of falls. Among them is polypharmacy and use of selected drug groups. The burden of coordination of patient treatment, critical review of administered drugs and systematic screening for increased falls risk lays on family doctors. The most suitable for primary healthcare setting instrument designed to address this aim, seems to Timed Up-and-Go test. Tools as Elderly Fall Screening Test, Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility and Berg Balance Test can be used as well.

Arterial hypertension is classified as a chronic disease. It belongs to the group of disease that increase the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular complications, which if left untreated can lead to sudden death. It is estimated that in Poland currently 32% of the population suffers from arterial hypertension. Despite great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, it is still a huge medical-socio-economic problem. Increasing the emphasis on patient education can significantly affect self-control, adaptation to recommendations and, consequently, in the future perspective will reduce the mortality rate among patients with this disease. The aim of this work is to draw attention to the still present problems of patients with hypertension by presenting the currently valid definition, epidemiology, etiology of the disease, complications and methods of treatment.

Arterial hypertension is a chronic condition that currently affects about 32% of Poles and increases annually. The main factors conditioning the success of treatment is patient-doctor cooperation and adaptation to therapeutic recommendations. Aim of the study was to assess the impact of knowledge on the adaptation to pharmacological recommendations of patients with hypertension. The study involved 102 patients with hypertension. Survey consisted of 38 self-prepared questions and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and Hypertension Knowledge - Level Scale (HKLS). The group of patient was dominated by people with low levels of adherence. The average level of adherence was reached by 34% of respondents, and the high level was 30%. Women showed a higher level of adherence than men. Patients with low levels of adherence were significantly less likely to have a self-control diary than patients with medium and high levels (p=0.040). The higher level of adherence is, the more participants agrees to the dates of medical appointments. Patients with a high level of adherence never gave up on any of the hypertension drugs. Weakness, as a symptom of too low pressure, was more often mentioned by patients with a high level of adherence than patients with a low level. Patients with medium-level adherence mentioned stroke as a complication of hypertension significantly less frequently than others. The influence of adherence level on hypertensive patients has: gender, keeping a self-control diary, compliance appointments, weakness as a symptom of too low pressure, stroke as a complication of hypertension. There was no significant difference in the level of knowledge of arterial hypertension in groups of patients with different levels of adherence.

Introduction Self-medication is a phenomenon that has been accompanying people for centuries. Nowadays, it is gaining strength due to increasing health awareness and greater availability of medicines. Self-medication significantly relieves the public health care system and can be considered as a positive phenomenon of public health. However, it involves threats such as polypharmacy, drug interactions or delayed diagnosis of serious diseases, especially dangerous for the elderly. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of self-healing among patients of one of Lublin's hospitals and their determinants. Material and methods The research was carried out between May and August 2014 among 140 aged over 65 years patients of Hospital of Jan of God in Lublin and members of their families. The study used methods s diagnostic survey and a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using the STATISTICA 13.0 program. Significance of intergroup differences was verified using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results 79.29% of respondents admitted that they buy over-the-counter drugs. The ailments that were the cause of self-medication were the common cold (32.14%), pain (29.29%), weakness of the body (19.29%), gastrointestinal complaints (12.14%) and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract ( 9.29%). Conclusions Self-medication among seniors is a very common phenomenon. Nearly half of the seniors surveyed change their medical recommendations, most often shortening the time of using drugs only to relieve symptoms or taking medications selectively. Therefore, there is a need for intensive education of patients regarding self-medication with the use of over-the-counter drugs.

Introduction The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is growing globally. It is expected to observe 253.4 million sufferers in geriatric population in 2045. In this time, also 131.5 million of people is going to have dementia and other cognitive problems. In people aged over 65 these two diseases are concomitant quite often. What are the connections in the area of etiology and treatment? Aim The purpose of this study is to present links between dementia and diabetes are depicted in professional literature. Results Diabetes and dementia are associated on many levels. These conditions have common risk factors. Diabetes may contribute to cognitive impairment in many ways, promoting development of atherosclerosis, brain vessel damage and vascular dementia. Alzheimer disease may be promoted by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. On contrary also hypoglycaemia, often met in elderly diabetic patients has negative impact on cognitive function. Dementia seriously affects treatment of diabetes. The main problems are not satisfying adherence and diabetes self-management. Conclusions Prevention of diabetes and dementia risk factors can be performed simultaneously as the are common for both diseases. Enhancing physical activity, reducing saturated fats consumption, levels of cholesterol and body mass are considered to be beneficial in the context of described conditions. Furthermore, treatment of diabetes is strongly affected by cognitive dysfunction. Management of dementive diabetics requires individualization and using long-acting drugs. It is crucial to reduce risk of life-threatening hypoglycaemias and to create wide team to take care of these patients.

Introduction Global and local societies experience problem of changes in demographic structure. The demographic transformation will be associated with increasing number of health, social and economic problems. One of them is dementia, commonly diagnosed among people over 65 years of age. Screening for dementia allows earlier diagnosis and treatment of disease, providing better long-time effects. General practitioner is one of the healthcare professionals most commonly seen by patients with their everyday health problems. Thus, doctors from this branch of medicine are mostly entitled to perform screening for many diseases including dementia. There are many dementia screening tools available. Objective The objective of this work is to present dementia screening tool suitable to use in general practice environment. Results The most widely used is Mini Mental State Examination test. It is used both for initial assessment and for tracking the dynamics of changes over time. Other test as Montreal Cognitive Assessments test or Clock Drawing Test, Short Test of Mental Status are screening tools for detecting mild cognitive impairment. In general practices some other tools as GPCOG, Mini-Cog and MIS can be used. They are recommended due to simplicity of performance and short time required to perform examination. Conclusions Many tests are recently developed to perform screening for dementia. In general practice environment only tests with high reliability and short time of performance can be implemented. MMSE is the most widely used questionnaire in clinical setting. Apart from this tool, it is suggested to use GPCOG, Mini-Cog, MIS as time of their application is highly adjusted to conditions of general practice and have high sensitivity and specificity.

Introduction Breast cancer, with an estimated 1.67 million new cases diagnosed in 2012 (25% of all cancers), is the second most common neoplasm worldwide. It is also the most frequent proliferative process among women. Objective Evaluation of the level of students’ knowledge concerning risk factors and prophylaxis of breast cancer. Material and methods The study was conducted among randomly selected students of high schools from Lubelskie region between April and June 2017. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. The study group consisted of 137 students. The study used the method of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using the STATISTICA 13 program. The significance of intergroup differences was verified with Pearson chi-square test. Results The vast majority of students indicated the following main risk factors of breast cancer: family history, genetic predispositions, smoking and advanced age. In the respondents opinion, palpable tumor, changes in the size or shape of the breast and enlargement of axillar lymph nodes were the main symptoms of breast cancer. The Internet was indicated as the main source of breast cancer knowledge. Conclusions Interviewed students showed relatively low level of knowledge concerning problem of breast cancer risk factors. Young people use Internet as a main source of information about breast cancer and its prophylaxis. According to the results, it is necessary to mobilize health professionals, to promote rules for the prevention of breast cancer among young women. There is a need of new, wide, persuasive social campaigns from the area of breast cancer prevention.