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The issue of presence of doctors of Jewish origin in Polish medical community is the subject of research presented in this article. The author describes the most important personalities originating from this national group, who had the biggest contribution to Polish modern times medical life. The process of Jewish minority assimilation to Polish culture in 18th and 19th centuries is outlined, as well as its effects in reborn Poland. Also, the Jewish minority situation during the Second World War is describes, and the harm they suffered then. Against this background the author shows the anti-Semitic trends visible in Polish political life in times of Polish People's Republic, especially during the 1968 upheavals, which greatly contributed to the fact that many doctors of medicine of Jewish origin emigrated from Poland for political reasons.