Search

Quality of the analyzed data has a major impact on reliability of the results. Application of statistical methods allows to reduce some stages of chemist's work, for example classification of the numerous data sets. The statistical methods are applied for preliminary evaluation of the data quality. In this case it is necessary to verify that the raw data base does not include large errors or outliers, which could influence the result of experiment. Data analysis, which is performed by chemometric techniques, rely on finding the most correlated attributes. Chemometry is used towards creation of the mathematical model of relation between analyzed property and numerous sets of described variables (parameters which affect measure). Modeling requires calculations towards model identification, checking its relevance, evaluation of the adequacy and determination of model's prognostic ability. The obtained model of relation could be used for the system optimization in the technological process, forecasting the values subsidiary conditioned upon known values described, also for control of the analytical system. The statistical methods are applied in chemical studies for data collection and analysis of chemical compounds for more efficient management of flow of the information. They allow to foreseen physical and biological properties of chemical compounds. The statistical methods are also applied for quality management in chemical analysis of contaminants including pesticide residues in foodstuff.

The organic compounds (phenol, aniline, naphthalene, petrol) are the pollutants which are most frequently encountered in the natural environment. Even small amounts of these compounds may create the hazard to living organisms. The absorption methods are used to neutralize these pollutants and to prevent their dissemination. The objective of these paper was to evaluate the activity of organo-smectite compounds (with respect to phenol, aniline, naphthalene and petrol) using the silty minerals as sorbents. The silty minerals are known for their absorption capability of some organic compounds-mostly cations and base solutions. Only the trace amounts of non ionic compounds (phenol,benzene,dioxins) are absorbed by these minerals. Should the long chain ammonic cations with various length of hydrocarbon chain be introduced at the exchange site, the absorption capability of these compounds and their organophylic properties are greatly improved and their surface became organophylic. The bentonites and smectite silts (from Chmielnik, Milowice, Mecinka, Adamowa and Dylagówka) were used for preparation of sorbents. The laboratory tests had indicated that all smectites treated with ammonia salts create the organic-mineral compounds and that modification of smectites (increase of cation length) changes properties of their surface (hydrophilic character is changed to hydrophobic). The organic smectites have a very good sorption properties with respect to the organic compounds mentioned before.

With Ames assay there was examined mutagenicity of airborne particles that was sampled in summer and winter in centre of Wrocław; there were also examined fractions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds obtained from suspended matter extracts suspended with column chromatography. The strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 was used with metabolic activation with S9 mix fraction. The samples collected in winter was more mutagenically active than the one sampled in summer. Mutagenicity of suspended matter sampled in summer was determined by compounds that were of more polar character than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons soluble in hexane. There was observed a decrease in mutagenic activity of samples in summer due to metabolic activation. There were few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the dust sampled in summer and they did not display mutagenic activity. Mutagenicity of air particles sampled in winter was determined by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons soluble in hexane and polar compounds. There was observed an increase in their mutagenic activity due to metabolic activation. This demonstrates that among them there are present promutagens, which, in mammals, undergo enzymatic transformation to compounds of direct mutagenic activity. Fractions of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the examined range of concentrations did not display mutagenic activity neither in summer nor in winter, both with and without metabolic activity.