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Introduction: Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. There are two forms of bladder cancer: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive bladder cancer. A common treatment method for non- muscle invasive bladder cancer is intravesical BCG (Mycobaterium bovis) therapy after radical tumor resection. It is estimated that half of patients will have an insufficient response to BCG treatment. Patients using this type of therapy also report side effects more and more often. Aim of the study: The aim of this article is to discuss the latest discoveries in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer when BCG therapy is insufficient. Material and Methods: The paper was created based on the PubMed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the key words: „bladder cancer”; „BCG”; „treatment”; „side effects”; „novel therapies”. Results: The research shows that novel therapies are effective and safe compared to the use of BCG. In such patients, atezolizumab, metformin or intravesical magnesium sulfate infusions may be used as an alternative. An innovative solution is the use of HIVEC - heated chemotherapy administered intravesically. There are also drugs that potentiate the action of BCG, making the therapy more effective. These include: sasanlimab and rapamycin. Due to the side effects experienced by patients, the use of intravesical BCG is often replaced with intravesical infusions of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: The research shows that novel therapies are effective compared to the use of BCG. Unfortunately, more research is needed to standardize the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Introduction Ashwagandha, a traditional Indian plant, is gaining increasive attention from scientists worldwide due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its antibacterial and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of Withania Somnifera on antibacterial effect and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods: The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Google Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywards: ,,Ashwagandha”, ,,Withania Somnifera”, ,,antibacterial ”, ,,anticancer”, ,,side effects”, ,,breats cancer”. Results Studies have confirmed Withania Somnifera, exhibits significant anticacterial and anticancer effects. It inhibits the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Futhermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity, especially in breast cancer, by stimulating apoptosis, induction of cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells and increasing cell sensitivity to radiation. Conclusion Despite promising results, futher research on the benefits of Ashwagandha, particulary in the long term, is essential. There is growing need of more research of the potencial benefits of Ashwagandha in the treatment of various disorders including cancer and bacterial infections and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. The need for large randomized studies comparing long term clinical effectiveness is emphasized

Adverse drug reactions are still a growing practical problem in pharmacotherapy. Adverse drug reactions may occur during treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) or result in admission to the ICU, and in the latter case, pharmacotherapy should always be modified if it is a source of complications. From a practical point of view, observations from Polish ICUs indicate that the use of fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutics is not always rational. Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterials, also with good oral bioavailability and optimal distribution parameters. Their indications in the ICU include the treatment of urinary tract infections, pneumonia, gastrointestinal infections, and infections of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and joints. Fluoroquinolones may cause side effects with a different clinical picture, which in most cases are predictable and active prevention. The paper discusses important from the practical point of view complications that may occur during the use of fluoroquinolones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pain Research / Ból is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Zaburzen Metabolicznych is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and purpose: For all skin types, micro-needle radiofrequency (FMR) can be a safe and effective aesthetic medicine procedure for the treatment of various dermatological and aesthetic conditions. The aim of the study is to present the mechanism of action and assess safety, treatment efficacy, and possible side effects on the basis of a review of the scientific literature. Description of the state of knowledge: FMR uses micro-needles to penetrate the skin to a depth of up to 4.5 mm and deliver radiofrequency current in a fractional manner, producing the controlled fractions of micro-injuries in the dermis, inducing neocollagenesis, neoelastinogenesis, and angiogenesis. FMR has a wide range of positive effects such as skin rejuvenation, skin tightening, facial and body scar remodeling, and hair growth through transdermal collagen induction. Summary: Increasingly, patients are looking for minimally invasive methods of skin tightening and fat remodeling. In response, Aesthetic Medicine has proposed a combination of two techniques, micro-needling and radiofrequency. As more and more studies are showing the effectiveness and efficiency of this procedure, also emphasizing its safety, minimal risk of serious side effects, and ease of use, micro-needle radiofrequency is being proposed as an attractive answer to people's desires for a less invasive method of skin rejuvenation. However, further research in this area is needed to optimize the parameters of the treatment to achieve the best results.

Introduction and purpose: Microneedle mesotherapy is a non-surgical method consisting in controlled micropuncture of the skin with very thin needles, associated with the insertion of active substances into it. It is used in many fields of medicine, diseases, as well as cosmetic defects associated with the symptoms of skin aging. The aim of this review is to summarize the side effects described in the literature that may associated microneedle mesotherapy. The review was based on the available data collected in the PubMed database searched using the keywords "mesotherapy", "adverse effects", "side effects". Description of the state of knowledge: Complications of mesotherapy can be divided into infectious and non-infectious as well as local and systemic. The most common and best known are bruises and swelling caused by local inflammation caused by certain substances. More serious complications include anaphylaxis, skin necrosis, granulomas, cellulitis, and infectious complications. Summary: Mesotherapy is a commonly performed procedure not only by doctors, but also by non-medical people. Both patients and operators tend to underestimate the potential side effects of this method. We hope that raising awareness and paying attention to the errors made will contribute to reducing the complications associated with this procedure, as well as to its standardization.

Introduction: Lithium is one of the longest used drugs in psychiatry and is currently a mainstay in the long-term prophylaxis of bipolar disorder, preventing recurrent manic and depressive episodes. It also remains an important drug in the treatment of acute episodes of mania and depression. Out of the normothymic drugs, lithium has the greatest effect in preventing suicidal behavior. It also exhibits antiviral activity and in recent years evidence has also accumulated of the drug's neuroprotective properties. Aim of the study: The aim was to collect and analyze publications on the use of lithium in affective disorders, dementia and viral diseases, as well as its effect on reducing suicidal tendencies. Materials and Methods: The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed, using the key words: "lithium"; "bipolar disorder"; "mania", "depression"; "suicidal risk", "side effects". Results: Chronic use of lithium in patients with bipolar disorder has an effect on preventing recurrence of manic and depressive episodes and can successfully last for 40 years or longer. Studies support the theory that long-term lithium pharmacotherapy has a significant impact on preventing suicidal tendencies among patients with affective disorders. In recent years, the antiviral and neuroprotective properties of the drug have also become known. Despite the rather high risk of overdose, as well as the occurrence of numerous side effects, lithium is still very often used in the treatment of affective disorders due to its high efficacy. Conclusions: Lithium has been one of the mainstays of psychopharmacology for several decades and is a precursor to mood-stabilizing drugs. In recent years evidence has also been collected for its potential use in non-psychiatric conditions. Conducting further research on lithium will certainly allow for wider use of the drug and a more thorough understanding of its mechanism of action.

Abstract Psoriasis is the most common, inflammatory, chronic skin disease, with possible systemic manifestations. It affects about 2-3% of the population and is equally common in women and men. Many factors, such as environmental, hormonal, genetic and immunological, play a role in the development of psoriasis. Interleukin 22 and 23 (IL-22, IL-23) as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The cause of psoriatic lesions is uncontrolled excessive proliferation of the epidermis, accompanied by parakeratosis and increased expression of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF). The treatment choice for psoriasis depends on the severity of the disease as assessed on available scales. In the first place, topical medications are used to treat this disease. More advanced external treatments include phototherapy (ultraviolet radiation type B - UVB) or psoralen plus ultraviolet radiation type A (UVA). A patient with severe psoriasis can be treated with systemic medications such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, and biological drugs. The decision to use biologics should be carefully considered, based on the clinic and the patient's individual risk profile. The types of biological drugs for the treatment of psoriasis are selected depending on the severity of the disease and comorbidities. The main indication for biological treatment is moderate to severe psoriasis. Groups of biological drugs have been distinguished on the basis of their mechanisms of action. These are: tumor necrosis factor α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α TNF-α) inhibitors, IL-17 / IL-23 p40 inhibitors, IL-17A inhibitors, IL-17 receptor A, IL-23 p19. The studies conducted so far indicate the well-documented safety and tolerability of biological drugs used in psoriasis. Biological therapy, despite the possibility of side effects, is considered a safe, well-tolerated and the preferred therapeutic method, especially in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.

Introduction:Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most popular and also one of the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide. In many conditions associated with excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, they are the first-line treatment. When they are used in a balanced manner in strict indications, they have a high level of efficacy and a favorable safety profile. The low rate of side effects refers mainly to their short-term use. With the over-the-counter availability of PPIs, increasing dangerous trend of their abuse has provided new evidence suggesting the presence of numerous, more serious side effects of long-term PPI therapy. Purpose:The purpose of this review is to summarize current reports regarding the potential risks and causal relationship of adverse effects occurring as a consequence of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Material and methods:This literature review based on the available scientific literature, published between 2015 and 2023 in the Pubmed database, searched using the terms, listed under "keywords”. Conclusion:PPIs are relatively safe drugs. However, they are not completely free of side effects. There are a lot of reports suggesting a potential connection between their long-term use and the development of complications, such as: various infections, decreased absorption of nutrients, kidney disease, liver disease, pancreatic disease, musculoskeletal disease, nervous system disease, cardiovascular disease, dementia, hypergastrinemia and even cancer. However, some of them are fraught with errors, and another often provide contradictory results. More precisely designed studies are needed to draw clear conclusions, especially in view of the ever-increasing abuse of PPIs worldwide. It is worth noting that patients with strictly defined indications for long-term PPI therapy, may benefit significantly outweighing the potential dangers.

Introduction: Laser therapy has been used in medicine for many years. One of the most willingly used is the fractional ablative CO2 laser. As a result of its use, the improvement of pigmentation, skin texture and signs of aging are achieved. Laser therapy owes its popularity to its low invasiveness and good, long-lasting effects of the procedure. Despite its important role in aesthetic medicine, we should not forget about its participation in the treatment of scars, often extensive, causing troublesome symptoms to patients, the source of which is not only a defect of a cosmetic nature. Purpose of the work: The purpose of the study is to present mechanism of action, assessment of safety, effectiveness in the treatment and possible side effects based on a review of scientific literature. Material and methods: The work was based on a review of available medical publications on the use of the fractional ablative CO2 laser. The literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was searched based on the following keywords: fractional ablative CO2 laser, mechanism of action, safety of use, side effects. Conclusion: The use of a fractional ablative CO2 laser causes the increased collagen production in the dermis. This effect contributes to the elevation of the quantity and level of collagen arrangement, and also to the reduction of the visibility of the effects of photoaging. As a result, the skin in the treated area becomes thicker, and thus firmer. The pigmentation and texture are also being improved. The procedure is relatively slightly invasive, and the side effects are self-limiting in the most cases.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method of noninvasive brain stimulation developed since the 1980s. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is one of the methods of noninvasive brain stimulation, which is increasingly used to treat psychiatric disorders. Recent years witnessed a dynamic growth in the number of sites offering therapy with rTMS and of the interest of patients in this method in Poland. This article presents the position statement of the working group of the Section of Biological Psychiatry of the Polish Psychiatric Association concerning the proper patients selection and safety of use of rTMS in the therapy of psychiatric conditions. Before starting to use rTMS, the involved personnel should undergo a period of training in one of the centers with relevant experience. Equipment dedicated to perform rTMS should be appropriately certified. The main therapeutic indication is depression, including drug-resistant patients. rTMS may also be used in obsessive-compulsive disorder, negative symptoms and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, nicotine addiction, cognitive and behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer's disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The strength of magnetic stimuli and the overall dosing of stimulation must be based on the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. The main contraindications are the metal elements in the body, especially medical electronic devices near the stimulating coil, epilepsy, hearing loss, structural changes in the brain, which may be associated with epileptogenic foci, pharmacotherapy, which lowers the seizure threshold, and pregnancy. The main side effects are induction of epileptic seizure, syncope, pain and discomfort during stimulation, as well as induction of manic or hypomanic episodes. The respective management is described in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacotherapy used in emergency medical services in the current model generates the risk of complications. In terms of drug-related complications that occur as a consequence of administering pharmacotherapy by paramedics, we can see repeated causes of drug-induced iatrogeny, the causes of which are easily modifiable in practice. Unfortunately, in Poland, no analyzes are conducted to evaluate the substance of the drugs used, which in turn does not allow for the monitoring of the most common errors and leads to the escalation of the problem instead of de-escalating it. One of the main causes of errors is the lack of practical application of contextual pharmacotherapy. The paper presents the most common errors in pharmacotherapy in emergency medical services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), along with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), are the first-line drugs in the treatment of depression. Pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders with SSRIs is widely practised. Although SSRIs are thought to be relatively safe group of drugs, it is worth to remember that particular SSRIs agents are related to unique secondary and side effects. Knowledge about basic differences between each medication in this group is essential to choose suitable treatment for every patient.

Introduction: The count of psychiatric patients is growing. The same trend it is observed among cardiovascular diseases and metabolic like diabetes. Many people take drugs which may affect on mental state. On the one hand that drugs could have pleotropic mechanism of action which are beginning to use in treatment of psychiatry. The other hand is showed undiscovered field of impact on brain working. Methods and Aim: Shown the psychiatric aspect, like side effects and unusual use, of the most used cardiological drugs. To do this, research of articles was done with the help of deta bases such as PubMed and Google Scholar.Results: The most used cardiological drugs are beta blockers, calcium canal blockers, ACE inhibtors, ARBs, nitrats, cilostazol, amiodarone and clonidine In this article it was shown current known about those drugs like mechanism of action and a report of psychiatric clinical trials. Beta-blockers are the most commonly used group of cardiological drugs as the one that significantly affects mental health. Their therapeutic importance has been noted in diseases such as: PTSD or stage fright. It was also long believed that they could make depression worse, but the latest research strongly contradicts this. A positive effect in the treatment of depression can also be obtained by usage of inhibitors of the RAA. Calcium channel blockers are another group of cardiac drugs that are important in the regulation of mood in bipolar disorder. To sum up, a large proportion of cardiac drugs can influence the flow of psychiatric diseases, and the use of them may be clinically desirable in patients with both - cardiac and psychiatric problems.

Introduction: There are 4 groups of LPs divided according to the mechanism of action. They act on the brain by modulating monoaminergic systems, causing a series of side effects such as insomnia, sedation, anxiety, and a problem of a sexual nature. By appropriately selecting the drug and its dose, the negative effects of the therapy can be avoided.Aim : Comparison of the mode of action of a drug from a given group of antidepressants and description of its side effects.State of knowledge : An example from the first group of drugs with a receptor mechanism of action is trazodone - it acts on many receptors. The combined effect of the drug on all three receptors will significantly improve sleep in all its phases. It is as effective a drug as TLPD, and due to the lack of anticholinergic and cardiotoxic effects, it has a better tolerance and safety profile. It works quickly and improves sleep parameters, which is responsible for faster improvement of the patient's mental state. An example of a drug from the second group of drugs with a different mechanism of action is agomelatine. It is a synthetic analog of melatonin. The simultaneous agonist action on one receptors and antagonist action on the other causes a number of changes in the CNS, which are responsible for the antidepressant effect. The effects of the treatment can be seen after 2 weeks of use. The drug of the third groupneurotransmitter reuptake inhibitorsthere is bupropion. It intensifies the dopaminergic transmission. It does not disturb the sexual sphere, but increases insomnia as a side effect.Summary : By selecting the appropriate LP and its dose, side effects can be avoided.

The safety of pharmacotherapy in ICU is a very important practical challenge. The specificity of pharmacological treatment in ICU and rapidly changing clinical parameters and the pharmacokinetic profile of hospitalized patients necessitate an individualized approach to therapeutic strategies in order to escalate the effectiveness of treatment and minimize the risk of side effects. Rational pharmacotherapy in ICU conditions must be contextual with regard to the patient's clinical condition and its residual features. It must take into account the risk of side effects and drug interactions. An important element in the prevention of adverse events is also the method of ordering pharmacotherapy and carrying out these orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The types of COVID-19 vaccines have been distinguished, ie vector viral vaccines, mRNA, subunit vaccines. These include traditional approaches - inactivated, live-attenuated and protein / adjuvant-based, as well as novel, as yet unlicensed - viral vectors and nucleic acids. There are scientific publications showing the safety and possible side effects of vaccines from various companies. Purpose of the work : Analysis of the safety of COVID-19 vaccines on the basis of scientific publications published on the PubMed scientific platform. Publications have been published in the last 12 months. The safety and adverse effects of vaccines were assessed in the course of clinical trials. Results: Among the main side effects so far were mild / moderate pain at the injection site, redness, hives and rash. Allergic reactions to vaccines are - apart from pronounced local reactions (> 10 cm) at the injection site - very rare and are usually caused by the vaccine's allergy to the components of the vaccine. In addition, there may be swelling or tenderness of the lymph nodes in the armpit, headache, pain in the muscles and joints, nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: Regardless of the concern, these vaccines are characterized by similar mild, systemic side effects, which indicates the similarity in the safety of these vaccines. Severe adverse reactions occur in extreme cases. More patients only experienced side effects after the second dose. Keywords: vaccines; coronavirus; COVID-19; safety of COVID-19 vaccines; side effects

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in clinical practice. Their easy availability and usefulness in the treatment of frequent, troublesome and non-specific ailments such as pain and fever causes their wide application both in symptomatic treatment and the targeted one due to their anti-inflammatory effect. Like other drugs, NSAIDs are not free from their side effects such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal complications. Their use also involves the risk of unpredictable hypersensitivity reactions. This work aims at looking broadly at the usefulness of NSAIDs in everyday clinical practice and at considering possible side effects in the aspect of optimal therapy selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Research into quality of life has become very important recently, since quality of life is increasingly used to characterise diseases and estimate the efficiency of therapeutics. The aim of this study was to determine significant factors that are associated with the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia accommodated in social welfare institutions. Material and methods: The study was conducted at the Institution for the Accommodation of Adults “Male Pcelice,” Kragujevac, Serbia. It was designed as a cross-sectional study. The quality of life was measured by using five distinct scales. The data on factors that might be associated with the quality of life were obtained from case records and the patients’ questionnaires. The association of every single factor was evaluated by using comparative analysis and the method of multiple linear regression. Results: Multiple linear regression shows that EuroQoL Five-dimensions – Five-Level scale score was associated with gender (B = −0.059 ± 0.021; p = 0.006) and daily dose (B = −0.051 ± 0.015; p = 0.001); Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire score was associated with the patient’s level of education (B = 2.873 ± 1.054; р = 0.007); the number of prescribed antipsychotics was associated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score (B = 3.150 ± 1.111; р = 0.007); the physical domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF was associated with the year of disease onset (B = −0.142 ± 0.055; р = 0.011) and the daily dose (B = −2.335 ± 0.787; р = 0.004); the psychological domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF was associated with gender (B = −2.686 ± 1.216; р = 0.029); the social relationship domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF was associated with the level of education (B = 3.109 ± 1.289; р = 0.017) and the number of prescribed antipsychotics (B = −3.297 ± 1.516; р = 0.031); the environment domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF was associated with the number of prescribed antipsychotics (B = −1.420 ± 0.653; р = 0,031). Conclusion: The quality of life of patients with schizophrenia was higher in males with a university degree, when the duration of the disease was shorter, negative symptoms were less pronounced, and with fewer side effects. Efforts to improve the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia accommodated in social welfare institutions should be made that could contribute to the prevention of adverse outcomes.

Patients treated for COVID-19 are exposed not only to the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also to adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. A more severe course of infection affects mainly patients with risk factors, including multi-morbidity, which is also a risk factor for drug-induced side effects and drug interactions. Therapy carried out in a patient, also due to the dynamically changing pharmacokinetics of drugs resulting from the changing clinical state, must be properly planned so as not to generate unnecessary risks resulting from medical errors in pharmacotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pain Research / Ból is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chloroquine is a prototype antimalarial drug, widely used in several branches of medicine. Antimalarial drugs are used in the treatment of various dermatological, immunological, rheumatological and infectious diseases. Examples of off-labelled indications for chloroquine analogues use include dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis, polymorphous light eruption, disseminated granuloma annulare and porfiria cutanea tarda. There is a relatively small number of adverse effects related to chloroquine analogues used in standard doses, such as gastrointestinal disturbances, headaches, skin reactions, hypotension, convulsions, extrapyramidal symptoms and visual disturbances. Psychiatric side effects of chloroquine seem to be rare, but may manifest in a wide range of symptoms, such as confusion, disorientation, ideas of persecution, agitation, outbursts of violence, loss of interest, feeling sad, suicidal ideas and impaired insight. There is also a report of a manic episode with psychotic features in the course of bipolar disorder, and another case report of persecutory delusions, anxiety, derealisation and visual illusions triggered by chloroquine. The duration of psychiatric symptoms usually ranges from one to two weeks, and symptoms usually disappear within several days following cessation of chloroquine usage and starting psychiatric treatment where indicated. This article reviews the case studies of patients diagnosed with mental disorders resulting from the use of chloroquine, and discusses the management in such cases.

At any stage in the development of the cancer process, the patient may experience pain that should be treated as intensively as the underlying disease. For most patients, pain can be alleviated by using the recommended and commonly known and available painkillers. Opioid analgesics allow good control of moderate to severe pain. The range of drugs belonging to this group has significantly increased in the last few years, thanks to which it is possible to adjust the opioid individually for each patient, taking into account the patient's general condition, the location, intensity, and nature of pain, as well as comorbidities and possible side effects. The article presents the management of pain in a patient with tonsil cancer, who, due to lack of treatment effectiveness and intolerance of side effects, used three strong opioids in succession, before satisfactory levels of analgesia and good tolerability of treatment with tapentadol were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica / Klinika Oczna is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pain Research / Ból is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of tumors with use of cytotoxic agents which affect the whole organism destroying cells tumor cells which divide quickly. These medicines damage also healthy tissues of the organism causing some side effects in different systems of organs. Objective The objective of this study is to review the most common side-effects of drugs used in chemotherapy based on the available literature. Methods 22 publications published between 2005-2016 concerning side-effects of drugs used during the chemotherapy of the cancer were analyzed. Results and discussion Majority of the side-effects of chemotherapeutic drugs are symptoms from the digestive tract, bone marrow, cardiovascular system and kidneys. A systematic review of medicines responsible for these symptoms was accomplished. Conclusions Majority of patients treated with chemotherapy experience its’ side effects. The most noticeable ones are those of the digestive tract, like diarrhea or vomiting, which cause considerable discomfort and arouse the urgent need for the doctor’s help. However, the most dangerous effects, which directly threaten a patient’s life are severe cytopenias and unexpected failure of the cardiovascular system.

Background: Oral isotretinoin is the only drug which promotes prolonged remission or cure of severe acne. The aim of our study was to estimate the isotretinoin exposure and to evaluate the effectiveness of the Polish and Romanian pregnancy prevention. This is a comparative study of two groups of women. Methods: A retrospective, comparative study of 569 women with acne vulgaris. The study included two groups of randomly selected women during treatment and follow-up. Group I with rigorous prevention of pregnancy; Group II without this rigor. Results: We did not register any pregnancies. 1.93% used oral contraceptives, 92.79% used a condom during sex, and 7.21% of women abstained from sex. The analysis showed significant differences (p

Admission. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most popular medicinal substances in the world, characterized by analgesic and antipyretic properties. This pharmacy is issued without a prescription and can be purchased not only in pharmacies. Easy accessibility and lack of full control over its sales lead to the abuse of paracetamol, creating a risk of side effects. Purpose of work. The aim of the study is to present adverse reactions in paracetamol treatment, with particular emphasis on the risk of hepatotoxicity. Paracetamol (up to 4g / day) may cause nausea, diarrhea, skin lesions and haematological disorders during therapy. The most serious side effect of paracetamol is, however, a hepatotoxic effect that can cause acute liver failure leading to total hepatic necrosis. If paracetamol poisoning is observed (at doses above 8 g / day), antidote treatment should be considered: N-acetylcysteine and liver transplantation. Unfortunately, many times patients die. Summary. The social conviction of low harm of paracetamol and the high availability of preparations containing this substance make the side effects an important aspect of therapy with this drug. Acute poisoning with paracetamol, which often results in liver failure, is an important problem for modern toxicology.

The article discusses the issue of possible postoperative complications following chronic steroid therapy. The most frequent use of steroid medications and common side effects were described. It was discussed the necessary supplementation of steroids in the perioperative period, as well as their negative impact on the process of wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After an organ transplant, all patients need to take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection. However, it should be remembered that the chronic use of immunosuppressants is associated with numerous side effects, including carcinogenesis. In this article we presence a case of 24 year old patient with laryngeal tumor, who took immunosuppressive drugs after kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agents introduced into therapy of type 2 diabetes in the last few years are still the subject of numerous clinical and experimental studies. Although many studies have been completed, we still do not know all aspects of these drugs' action, especially the long-term effects of their use. Most questionable is their impact on the processes of cell proliferation, on the cardiovascular and immune systems, on lipids and uric acid metabolism. A summary of the most important observations on the use of three groups of new drugs - analogs of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2) - has been made, based on a review of the literature over the past five years (2010-2014). The information included in the present review concerns the structure and activity relationship, therapeutic efficacy, side effects and the observed additional therapeutic effects, which can determine new standards in therapy of diabetes and also facilitate the development of better antidiabetic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that pain in a patient with neoplastic disease occurs in 50% of patients, in the advanced stages of the disease even 80%. The purpose of analgesic therapy is to obtain maximum analgesic effect while minimizing side effects. Among them, nausea, vomiting, sleepiness and confusion tend to keep clear as far as the duration of opioid treatment, which is associated with the development of tolerance to these symptoms within 5-7 days of starting treatment. In contrast, very troublesome symptom, which does not develop tolerance is constipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estrogens are widely used in hormone replacement therapy, gynecology, urogynecology and rarely in dermatology. Non-therapeutic use of estrogens is very widespread. Estrogens are used as contraceptives, which cause a lot of serious side effects. A common clinical problem is skin hyperpigmentation (melasma), occurring mainly in women who take contraceptives with high doses of estrogens. But low doses of estrogens may also cause skin side effects. The mechanism of melasma development is very complicated and not fully understood. It is very likely that UV radiation and genetic background can affect melasma development. Effective therapy should lead to prevention or alleviation of relapses. Treatment should also reduce the area of lesions and improve the appearance of skin. There is no effective and universal pattern of treatment, in which only one substance or method is used. A combination of different methods is used to optimize the therapy. An important role is attributed to prevention, especially protection from UV radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Sports Medicine / Medycyna Sportowa is the property of Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress Sp. z o. o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of the GAPP (Global Asthma Physician and Patient Survey) study aimed to estimate the asthma perception by the adult asthmatics and their doctors were presented and analysed. GAPP survey including 16 countries from all over the world took into account mainly the patients' anxiety about the side effects of corticosteroid therapy. The results of that observation indicate the necessity to further improve patients' compliance and safety of anti-asthmatic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sublingual immunotherapy is an efficient and safe method of treating atopic allergic diseases. Patient's self-immunotherapy is associated with the risk of wrong dose and incorrect drug intake timing, which can be dangerous to patient's life. This paper reports a case of 16-years old girl who developed anaphylactic shock after overdosing of sublingual allergen vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pareneteral manifestations of Crohn's disease (ChLC), apart from the most common skin and joint symptoms include also complications from the respiratory system. In addition chronic pharmacotherapy of ChLC, especially 5-aminosalicylic acid or anti-TNF- α drugs, is associated with possible pulmonologic side effects, sometimes difficult to differentiate. In this study, we describe a patient with ChLC, with a history of pneumocystic pneumonia, who was diagnosed with exfoliative institial pneumonitis as a result of chronic use of mesalazine. This disease is characterized by accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the lumen of the alveoli and intrabepticular septum. The most common etiologic factor is exposure to tobacco smoke. Our patient, non-smoker, was finally diagnosed after lung biopsy and histopathological evaluation. The gradual clinical improvement after mesalazine was an additional factor confirming the etiology of the disease. This side effect of mesalazine is not common but it should be considered in all patient treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid.