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Objectives The purpose of the article is to explore public awareness of knowledge autism and the phenomenon of discrimination in the school environment, their social and legal aspects. The scope of the study included the identification of problems related to the knowledge of the child's functioning, affected by autism , diagnosis and psychological-educational and medical assistance, the role of institutions and the family, the attitude towards children at school and outside school, and respect for the rights of children with autism. Material and methods A survey was conducted using a survey questionnaire. The survey was addressed to parents of students from three elementary schools witch were chosen for their variation in academic performance. The ranking was divided into a national part and a summary for eighteen provincial cities, in which 10,306 elementary schools qualified. In addition, a face-to-face interview was conducted with school principals. Results The results of the study are disturbing and indicate limited public awareness and unsatisfacto-ry understanding by the public of the occurring problem regarding people affected by autism. Studies show that society is is quite negative about the parents of children with dysfunctions. Conclusions The results of the survey indicate moderate public awareness among respondents regarding those affected by autism. The results obtained can contribute to a deeper reflection and awareness of the disorders and functioning of the child, and the implementation of measures to better understand the issues related to the functioning of a student with this condition. The results of the study may help in the decision of the Polish school to promote the discussed issues.

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Copyright of Roads & Bridges / Drogi i Mosty is the property of Road & Bridge Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the face of the contemporary market for translation services, it is becoming increasingly apparent that translation pedagogy should holistically embrace the teaching and learning process by integrating as many in- and out-of-classroom activities as possible into the real-life experience of students, thus leading them to acquire broadly defined skills and competences that are vital in the translation profession (cf. EMT Competence Framework 2022). A holistic approach to translation teaching and learning may be also reflected in an attempt to reconcile the two extremes of ‘creativity’ and ‘automaticity’ in translation, i.e., the creative contribution of the translator as an intermediary in intercultural communication on the one hand, and the requirement to know and use the latest technologies (CAT tools, machine translation, terminology databases, etc.), on the other hand. A holistic approach may also be associated with socially engaged pedagogy and the application of Project Based Learning (PBL), based on constructivist premises that we acquire knowledge by participating in intersubjective interactions. The paper attempts to show how translation teachers may holistically respond to the above-mentioned needs by using PBL methods and socially relevant interdisciplinary content in their teaching of the art and craft of translation.

Introduction: The subject of this article is to examine young people’s awareness of the legal provisions in force in Poland regarding punishment for using physical violence against children. The research problem is an attempt to determine the degree of compliance, application and enforcement of legal provisions in Poland in the field of criminality of acts constituting physical violence against children. The initial thesis is based on the assumption that in Poland there is a low awareness of young people about the binding legal provisions prohibiting the physical punishment of children and about the harmfulness of all forms of physical violence. Method: The sociological method was used. They were students of secondary schools and a post-secondary school in Wrocław. The research consisted in analyzing the experience of individuals – students in order to determine how these problems are perceived by young people, how they deal with them and how they interpret the world around them and what they encounter, was the basic assumption of our research. Results: The results of the surveys indicate an urgent need for intensive social education on the harmfulness of beating children, including the elimination of seemingly harmless spanking as an educational form. The fundamental problem, in the context of the perceived consent to physical discipline of children in Poland, results from the traditionally understanding of the so-called non-statutory of educational punishment. Key practitioner messages: This text is intended to influence the further development of judicial decisions in the field of educational discipline.

This article is devoted to the issue of awareness of human trafficking and forced labor among Poles. The analysis is based on the results of social opinion polls conducted in Poland between 1998 and 2020. Although there have been several such surveys, there is so far no summary or commentary on them in the Polish literature. There is extensive empirical material, however, some of the studies raise serious methodological doubts. Finally, interpretation of the results sometimes causes considerable controversy. In professional writing, the problem of social awareness of human trafficking has been discussed much less frequently than such issues as the scale of this phenomenon, the effectiveness of prosecution or the situation of the victims. The narrative axis of this article is Amitai Etzioniʼs concept of an active society. This author argues that a sense of community comes down to the development of optimal responses to emerging social needs. Therefore, questions have to be asked about whether Polish society perceives the problem of human trafficking as important, and whether it has developed the kind of readiness that guarantees that it will "deal" with it in the best possible way. In light of the data collected, and the analysis carried out, the proposed answer is decidedly negative. The article demonstrates that a low level of awareness from citizens became one of the factors that negatively affected the process of building an effective system of eliminating modern slavery in Poland. A poorly informed, passive, and most of all undemanding society turned out to be a “convenient” partner for the state apparatus, which never considered human trafficking to be one of its priorities. Even more, the state has almost completely neglected its duty to build a collective awareness of the danger of this crime, or to support societal responsibility for its victims.

Abstract Health is the most precious value of every human being. Attitudes concerning health behavior are determined by many factors. Patterns of actions are passed on from the earliest years by parents and caregivers, which are copied or changed during the course of life. The adoption of health behaviors changes depending on age, gender, economic conditions, the influence of mass media, advertising, personality traits, socio-cultural factors. However, a person himself is responsible for the behaviors he undertakes that have a positive or negative impact on his health. The aim of this study is to assess the responsibility for one's own health and the health-promoting behaviors undertaken by the individuals surveyed. Material and methods The study involved 100 randomly selected residents of Przemyśl. It was conducted between December 2020 and the end of January 2021. The research was voluntary and anonymous. In this study, the method of diagnostic survey was used. The research tool was a survey questionnaire, which consisted of a questionnaire and the Juczyński Health Behavior Inventory, assessing behaviors in four categories: eating habits, preventive behaviors, health practices and positive mental attitude. A statistical significance level of p

The purpose of the research is to provide theoretical justification and practical development of the perceptually-emotive component of communicative techniques as the ways of making materials more context appropriate. The last one in a great degree influences on the development of emotional intelligence of the person. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. Emotions and perceptions in organizing a lesson of foreign languages were entrusted into many of the alternative and game techniques, pedestal and intensive ones. Heuristic learning is always open, which gives each teacher a space for creativity, develops and strengthens the pupils’ perception of the educational material, the perception of school and a lesson as a whole. The educational material is considered and presented as a heuristic one. Only under this condition when the assimilation of the material takes place simultaneously at the level of data of two spheres – emotional and perceptual – we can tell about actualizing the emotional intelligence of the person. At the same time, the actual educational material is supplemented with positive background information in order to combine associative relationships with the positive emotions and emotional experiences, in particular among teenagers. Emotional intelligence is the integrative concept and it includes a multitude of varied abilities, knowledge and skills, the importance and necessity of the development of which does not call into questions of psychologists and teachers. Researchers offer different variants of the structure of the emotional intelligence and conduct discussions about the components of this concept. Among the components of emotional intelligence, the authors singled out such abilities, as: 1) perception of emotions (identification of emotions by persons, in design, in music, in stories); 2) emotional assistance (transference of feelings, decision making on basis of emotions); 3) emotional understanding (definition of the subject of emotions, mixing the emotions, emotional transfer, emotional perspectives); 4) emotional control (managing one’s own emotions, managing emotions of others). Conclusions. In our research we proposed the following components of emotional intelligence: 1) self-consciousness (emotional self-consciusness, self-esteem, self-confidence); 2) social awareness (empathy, organizational awareness, self-orientation); 3) self-government (self-control, adaptability, initiative, orientation towards achievement); 4) social skills (leadership, influence, communication, actualization of personal changes, the behavior in conflict situations, the activity within micro-groups, link building). It was shown that there were absolutely precise ways of determining different types of cognitive activity. Each person peculiarly combines different types of cognitive activity, each child has his / her own individual type of knowledge, which must correspond to their style of learning. Therefore, the main attention when working on the basis of the heuristic approach should be paid not to determine the type of cognitive activity of each pupil, but to use such a style of learning, in which pupils will be involved into various types of cognitive activity. Before answering the teacher’s questions, the pupil must extract the information required for the answer. It can be in the form of visual, auditory and kinesthetic (based on muscle senses) images. These processes occur at the level of consciousness. Then perceived information should also be presented visually, auditory and kinesthetically. This is a conscious action.

Aim: This article presents the results of radon concentration measurements performed in selected residential buildings using PicoRad carbon detectors. In addition, the need to provide information on the risk of exposure to radon radiation and the possible ways to minimise that risk is also emphasized. Project and methods: Measurements were performed in the rooms which are the most exposed to ionizing radiation from radon: in basements and on ground floors, with PicoRad carbon detectors being used to that end. The detectors were provided to a selected and properly trained group of students who had the task to place them in the studied atmosphere for 48 hours. After the measurements had been taken, the detectors, once hermetically closed and foil-enveloped, had to be sent immediately to the indicated address. Results: The average concentration of radon in the air in Poland is about 10 Bq/m3. The results of the research carried out in residential buildings show that the mean radon concentration value in the studied rooms was 30 Bq/m3. The obtained value, although it was higher than the average concentration, did not exceed the values specified by the applicable radon concentration standards for residential buildings. No significant differences between the basements and the ground floor were noticed. Conclusions: The measurements revealed that the average concentrations of radon in the studied rooms were relatively low, within the limits of 12–85.5 Bq/m3. However, it is worth taking into account the fact that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the risk of lung cancer development increases proportionally to the increase in exposure to radon. It grows by 16% per a 100 Bq/m3 increase in the average long-term radon concentration. WHO handbook on indoor radon: A public health perspectiveˮ recommends to set the national average concentration level of reference to 100 Bq/m3, but if this level cannot be reached, the reference level should not exceed 300 Bq/m3. The highest radon concentrations obtained through the measurements were only slightly lower than the average reference level recommended by WHO, reaching 85.5 Bq/m3. This indicates that such measurements of radon concentrations should be performed in buildings in Poland. Information on the possibility of performing such measurements, on specific countermeasures, and also on the threats posed by high levels of radon should be given to the public in order to raise the general awareness and minimise risks. This appears particularly important from the point of view of strengthening the community’s resilience.

Schizophrenia is one of the most severe mental disorders. It is called the “royal disease” due to the wealth of sensations and experiences of the patient. In a so-called “healthy” society there is very little tolerance for otherness, nor space for people with mental disabilities. This is primarily for fear of what is incomprehensible and unfamiliar. Oftentimes patients are marginalized and stigmatized. This article is an attempt to “undemonize” schizophrenia in the general public consciousness. The author does this by describing the disorder itself as well as affected individuals who through their artistic creativity let us into their world, making it more accessible and understandable.

Palliative and hospice care is about improving the quality of life of patients who face a life‑threatening illness through pain management, treating other symptoms and providing psychological, social and spiritual support to the patients and their families. Engagement of an interdisciplinary team of specialists provides the opportunity to identify the needs of the patient and his or her family and to implement appropriate interventions to prevent and alleviate suffering. Promoting the idea of palliative and hospice care is important because it increases the chances that people in need of specialist support at the end of life and their loved ones will know what help they can get and where. The aim of this article is to analyze the findings about levels of knowledge and belief of palliative care in different countries (including the United States, Ireland, Italy and Poland), which indicate that there is still much work to be done on building public awareness. An attempt will be also made to answer the question: why do people know so little about palliative care and what can be done to change this situation?

The article discusses the issue of peasant's social and national awareness in Galicia in the first half of the 19th century. An important factor in peasant's awareness was the feeling of loyalty towards the monarch and state duties. Peasants did not consider themselves a part of a larger community, either a state or national one. They were "imperials" or "locals." "Imperiality" was expressed by loyalty towards the monarch and belief in his care and protection. "Locality" meant belonging to a local community-a family, a gathering, a parish, etc. Peasants were aware of the economic system they functioned in. They knew the regulations of inventories, the common law and new legal acts. They noticed the significance of a document, especially one that verified financial transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]