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Air quality problems in cities are often a cause for worry. The air quality index is increasing daily, leading to an increase in cancer and many respiratory problems. Road transport in an urban area is a significant cause of air pollution. The vehicles must meet Indian emission regulations for which the emissions are measured using legally mandated standard driving cycles that did not accurately reflect real-world driving emissions because of varying traffic conditions, meteorological conditions, driving behaviour, vehicle power, performance, etc. This study focuses on real-time emissions of gaseous pollutants hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) from vehicle exhaust pipes under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The emissions were measured using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The PEMS used was an AVL MDS 450 analyser mounted on the vehicle, and on-road emissions were captured. The test sample consists of four passenger vehicles with varying engine sizes, manufacturers, and fuel. The test route comprises city and highway areas, and it was discovered that the emissions were reduced by 40 to 70% on highways compared to the city. In petrol BSIV and BSVI engines, the emission was reduced to 41.73% for CO, 46.90% for HC, and 64% for NO in the city area. Speed and emissions scatter graphs were plotted for the vehicles, and it was found that in the city area, the optimum speed for less emission is between 30-40 km/h, and on highways, the optimum speed is 80-90 km/h. The emissions were also sensitive to the rate and frequency of acceleration and decelerations. This type of study is very limited in India, and more such studies are required for the assessment of air quality in metropolitan areas and successful traffic management strategies, as well as for determining instantaneous projections of pollutant emissions.

Aerobic exercise training is recommended to prevent and control obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a twelve-week step aerobics or floor aerobics exercise program in improving the physical and psychophysiological health of obese men. Sixty male adults of mean age 18.92 (SD 1.54 years) and Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 were randomly allocated into three equal (n = 20) groups: Step Aerobics Exercise Training (SAET), Floor Aerobic Exercise Training (FAET), and a control group (which did not perform any exercise). The SAET and FAET training protocols were performed three days per week for 12 weeks. Health-related physical fitness, biochemical, physiological, and psychological variables were used as outcome measures and measured at baseline and at 12 weeks. There were significant differences in terms of physical and psychophysiological health parameters in participants who underwent SAET and FAET training compared with the control group (p < 0.05). SAET and FAET proved to be helpful in managing the physical and psychological health of obese adults. Schools and colleges should administer aerobic exercise sessions to adults for better health perspectives.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic disorder with an incidence rate of 3–10 cases per million per year, characterized by classically painful and aseptic ulcers, which may be associated with underlying systemic diseases. The pathergy reaction is seen in one-fourth of patients with PG. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial, as PG is known for its rapid progression. The management of PG is challenging and depends on its severity and rate of progression. An underlying systemic involvement should be sought even in spite of no symptoms. Herein, we report a case of giant pyoderma gangrenosum involving almost the entire left buttock with exceptionally raised c-ANCA levels, but no underlying systemic abnormality. The patient reported intense pain, rapid progression of the ulcers, an inability to perform daily activities, was significantly morbid and pathergy-positive. Aggressive and early management is required in cases such as this. A dramatic response was achieved with a combination of cyclosporine, dapsone, and methylprednisolone pulses.

Background: Verrucae or warts are benign epithelial proliferations that occur due to accumulation of keratinocytes induced by HPV. Immunotherapy is a new promising modality which uses the principle of activation of one’s own immunity against the disease. Materials and methods: The study included 40 patients with multiple cutaneous warts in two groups of 20 each. Assigned treatment was injected into the single largest wart at an interval of 3 weeks until complete clearance or for a maximum of 3 times. Results: A statistically significant difference (p=0.018) was seen in the therapeutic response when compared to that of the BCG. All 20(100%) patients in the MMR group showed >50% clearance while in the BCG group 14(70%) patients showed >50% clearance according to Physician’s Global Assessment scores. Conclusions: Intralesional immunotherapy with MMR and BCG vaccines are both safe and promising whereas the therapy with MMR stands out with statistically significant results.

Background: Non venereological diseases of genitalia can be a diagnostic dilemma to a dermatologist and also a cause of considerable concern to the patient because they tend to get misdiagnosed with venereal diseases. Aims: To study the pattern and clinico-epidemiological profile of non-venereal dermatoses of male genitalia in Hadoti region of Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: We conducted this prospective, descriptive study in 250 male patients with non venereal dermatoses in Rajasthan from January 2015 to July 2016. The demographic profile and clinical findings of the patients were recorded and appropriate investigations and histopathological examination were done as and when required. Cases having venereal diseases were excluded from the study by clinical examination, serological and microbiological tests for venereal diseases. Results: The age of the patients ranged between one to 70 years, with mean age being 27.1 years. The most common dermatosis was nodular scabies 54 (21.6%) followed by sebocystoma multiplex 24 (9.6%), fixed drug eruption 19 (7.6%), tinea genitalis 17 (6.8%) and genital psoriasis 14 (5.6%) cases. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of diagnosing non-venereal dermatoses for both correct treatment of the patient as well as to alleviate the anxiety associated with venereophobia and cancer phobia.

Background: The incidence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among patients with Lichen planus (LP) varies considerably. There is also lack of data in Indian population. Due to these variation, this study is to assessing the prevalence of HCV infection among patients with CLP in Hassan Karnataka. Methods: 135 clinically diagnosed cases of Lichen planus more than 18 years of age will be included as cases.147 patients having skin diseases other than lichen planus will be included as controls. Details of the patients personal history and family history,medical history and blood transfusion history will be collected. Detection of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Anti-HCV antibodies were found in 3(2.2%) patients of the case group and 1(0.7%) in control group. P value is 0.274, not statistically significant. Conclusion: Currently, there is no evidence confirming the relationship between HCV infection and CLP in Hassan Karnataka. However, there is a need for further research on larger groups of

Background: The lack of knowledge, stigma and misconception are the major barrier in leprosy control program.This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge and behavior towards the leprosy after the awareness session conducted for the patients visiting the out patient department of dermatology. Materials and Methods: Aquestionnairebasedcross sectional study was conducted on patients to evaluate knowledge and attitudes towards leprosy before and after the awareness session. Results: Total 177 subjects between age group 18 and 60 years were included. After the awareness program,knowledge about leprosy, it’s cause, course, complications, treatment and attitude of the patients towards leprosy was changed positively. The difference was significant (P

Background: Skin lightening products (SLP) are widely used cosmetics among people that may result in lightening of skin complexion and may damage the skin. There seems to be a strong demand for lighter skin tone that is shared globally and promoted by the media. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and use of SLPs and its social and psychological correlation among people in a south Karnataka district Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey, 2000 individuals irrespective of age and sex from a district in south Karnataka responded to a questionnaire. Results: This study explored SLPs use among 2000 individuals irrespective of age and sex in Hassan, Karnataka using a questionnaire. A total of 33.8% of the sample reported currently using SLPs, with women being two times more likely using these products. Among current users, 12.8% reported past experiences of adverse side effects. “Friends” and “Family” were the most common influence for using fairness products, followed by “Advertisements”. Discussion: Cosmetics market is flooded with skin lightening products and rampant use of the same has become a major public health concern in all countries along with the reinforcement of racism and social disparities. Side effects for skin lightening products are less reported which is similar to other studies. This could be the reason why there is no regulation of the products or the ingredients in the products. Conclusion: A high prevalence of SLP use was found in a sample of population in south Karnataka, and several social and mental health-related risk factors were found that may help in guiding interventions.

Porokeratosis (PK) are a group of keratinizing disorders clinically characterized by atrophic plaques with peripheral hyperkeratotic ridge which gradually spread in a centrifugal manner. The sites of predilection are trunk or extremities and facial lesions are rarely reported. We report a sporadic adult-onset case of porokeratosis of a 20 year old female with a solitary, asymptomatic, persistent classical plaque confined to the ala of nose. On reviewing the literature, nasal and perinasal area has been found to be exclusively involved in many cases of facial porokeratosis. Such cases have unique yet common epidemiological and clinical profile thereby deserving a separate category while being classified.

Mesenteric fibromatosis is a part of the clinical-pathologic spectrum of deep fibromatoses. We report this rare case of primary mesenteric tumor that was diagnosed to be a mesenteric fibromatosis on histopathological examination. In majority of patients it may remain asymptomatic and the management of these tumors depends on histopathological examination. Postoperatively, patient was well and subsequent followup showed normal recovery.

Progressive hemifacial atrophy (PHA) of the face was first described by Caleb Hillier Parry in 1825 and Moritz Heinrich Romberg in 1846, hence the name Parry Romberg Syndrome was coined. It is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by progressive atrophy of the skin and tissues lying underneath like subcutaneous fat, muscle and bone. It is more common in females. Various etiologies have been proposed like autoimmune, hyperactivity of nervous system, infections etc., but none can fully explain its pathogenesis. Here we report a case of Parry-Romberg syndrome in a 70-year-old male which is the oldest case to present with this syndrome to the best of our knowledge.

Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial mycosis affecting the skin. It is caused by malassezia species of fungi. Common sites of involvement are chest, neck and shoulders. We report a rare case of pityriasis versicolor affecting both arms and dorsum of both hands but sparing the commonly involved sites and masquerading vitiligo.

Darier’s disease (DD) is a rare acantholytic dyskeratotic autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by the presence of warty, brown papules and plaques affecting the seborrhoeic areas. Frequent bacterial, fungal and viral particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections complicate DD. Bell’s palsy is an acute onset, idiopathic facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction anywhere along the peripheral part of the facial nerve. Reactivation of HSV is considered to be the main cause of Bell’s palsy. This case represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of DD presenting with Bell’s palsy. This case underlines the importance of recognizing HSV infection in DD.

Chronic cutaneous lupus erythmatosus (CCLE) and Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) are two separate diseases with some overlapping features. Upto 28% patients with CCLE are susceptible to develop SLE. But in some cases patients may present with CCLE with systemic features without developing SLE. Here, we present a case of Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus with systemic symptoms simulating SLE with no positive immunological markers to support the diagnosis of SLE.

Introduction: Previous studies from India concluded that the incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis has fallen from 2% to 0.15%, whereas more recent reports suggest that cutaneous tuberculosis is again becoming more prevalent. Aims: To study the patterns of clinical presentation of cutaneous tuberculosis, to correlate them with histopathology, Mantoux reactivity and BCG vaccination status in the north-west region of Punjab. Methods: Analysis of the records of patients with cutaneous tuberculosis who attended the hospital between Jan 2009 to Dec 2012. Results: A total of 36 (0.02%) of dermatology patients had cutaneous tuberculosis. The type of cutaneous tuberculosis in decreasing order of incidence was lupus vulgaris 16 (44.44%) followed by tuberculosis verrucosa cutis 10 (27.77%), scrofuloderma 7 (19.44%) and tuberculids 3 (8.33%). There were no cases of erythema nodosum or miliary tuberculosis. Multiple sites were involved in 17 (47.22%) patients. Face and neck were the most common sites affectedMost of the patients (52.77%) presented with single lesion. Active tuberculosis in other organs were observed in 8 (22.22%) patients. Mantoux test was positive in 23 (63.88%). BCG scar was present in 23 (63.8%) patients. 29 cases (80.55%) showed characteristic histopathological changes of cutaneous tuberculosis. Conclusions: The incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis in the present study was found to be 0.02% which is far lower as compared to previous reports. Reason for this observation could be the effective implementation of the National Program for tuberculosis at primary and secondary level leading to early diagnosis and treatment, hence lesser number of cases reaching to a tertiary center. This study also depicts the histopathological correlation evident in 80.55% of the histopathological specimens which is highly significant.

Herpes zoster is a neuroectodermal viral infection which afflicts one or more closely grouped, spinal or cranial nerves, resulting in unilateral radicular pain and vesicular eruption limited to a dermatome innervated by that nerve [1]. Bilateral involvement is rare, bilaterally symmetrical involvement is extremely rare. We hereby report a case of bilaterally symmetrical herpes zoster in an old immunocompetent female.