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The lack of empathy towards disability is a significant societal issue that hampers inclusivity and understanding. Many struggle to comprehend the daily challenges and experiences faced by people with disabilities, leading to ignorance, prejudice, and exclusion. However, empathy plays a pivotal role in addressing this problem and serves as the foundation for developing and creating better products, services, and environments. This article explores the potential of developing virtual reality (VR) applications to enhance students’ empathy towards individuals with disabilities. By increasing empathy levels, students are expected to gain significant qualifications in universal design (UD). The full application development process covers the most suitable head-mounted display (HMD) set. The implementation methodology using the Unity programming platform, the approach adopted for conducting classes using the developed VR application, and the deployment stage. Testing was successfully conducted on a student population, receiving positive user feedback. Through the integration of VR technology, the authors thoroughly describe how to address the empathy gap and equip students with essential skills for inclusive and accessible design. The findings presented in this study provide valuable guidance for educators and developers interested in harnessing VR’s potential to foster empathy and advance universal design practices. With the presented methodology and proposed application, the authors demonstrate the effectiveness of VR applications in elevating students’ empathy levels, consequently enhancing their qualifications in universal design. Med Pr. 2023;74(3):199–210

Background Occupational health impairment of medical personnel manifested as a prominent problem in COVID-19. The aim of this study is to investigate the occupational physical injuries of front-line medical staffs in Hubei province during the fight against COVID-19. Material and Methods questionnaire survey was conducted among 476 medical staffs from 3 regions of Hubei Province, including general characteristics and the physical discomfort/damage suffered in the isolation wards during working hours. Results A total of 457 valid questionnaires were collected. The common physical discomfort/damage included skin injuries (22.76%), conjunctivitis (15.10%), falls (9.19%), intolerant unwell symptoms (8.53%) and sharp injuries (6.13%). Logistic regression analysis showed that: lack of protective work experience (OR = 2.049, 95% CI: 1.071–3.921), continuous working for 4 h (OR = 3.771, 95% CI: 1.858–7.654), and working >4 h (OR = 7.076, 95% CI: 3.197–15.663) were high-risk factors for skin injuries. Working continuously for 4 h (OR = 3.248, 95% CI: 1.484–7.110) and working >4 h (OR = 3.096, 95% CI: 1.232–7.772) were high-risk factors for conjunctivitis. Lack of protective work experience was a high risk factor for falls (OR = 5.508, 95% CI: 1.299–23.354). The high risk factors for intolerant unwell symptoms were continuous working for 4 h (OR = 5.372, 95% CI: 1.239–23.301) and working >4 h (OR = 8.608, 95% CI: 1.843–40.217). Working in a COVID-19 critical care unit (OR = 3.249, 95% CI: 1.344–7.854) and implementation of nursing (OR = 9.766, 95% CI: 1.307–72.984) were high risk factors for sharp injuries. Conclusions Occupational physical injuries are universal in the COVID-19 ward. Those who take up nursing, work in a critical care ward, with no experience in an isolation ward for infectious diseases, and work continuously for ≥4 h on the same day should get more attention. Med Pr. 2022;73(3):209–18

Background: The level of health behavior of physical education teachers and people preparing to perform this profession is important from the point of view of the need to play the role of a health promoter - an authority in the promotion of health culture. The aim of the study was to assess the level of teachers' health behaviors of physical education teachers and students, as well as to search for their determinants., Material and Methods: The research covered 127 teachers and 173 physical education students. Standardized questionnaire tools were used to assess the level of health behaviors ( Juczyński Health Behavior Inventory ) and physical activity ( International Physical Activity Questionnaire )., Results: Teachers demonstrate a higher level of health behaviors than students. Most respondents achieved an average level of the general health behavior index (HBI) (53.1% of teachers, 52.3% of students), while a high level - 26.8% of teachers, 19.8% of students and a low level - 19.9% of teachers and 27.7% of students. Female gender and teaching profession are significant predictors of HBI. Physical activity, both its current level and the level undertaken in the past, as well as the body mass index (BMI) do not determine HBI. In the regression model, physical activity is significantly associated with male gender, past sports activity and a lower BMI level., Conclusions: Research indicates neglect in the general area of health behaviors among men, while among women, physical activity needs to be more widely popularized. The teacher education system should be more focused on the development of self-development competencies in the context of health-promoting behaviors. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(4):355-365., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Background: Hygienic behavior as such belongs to health behavior, acquired at home, at school, at workplace or through the mass-media., Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of personal hygiene among different age groups and the sociodemographic factors related to hygiene behavior., Material and Methods: The author's questionnaire for children and seniors concerning selected hygienic behavior was used. The questionnaire was conducted in two groups: 200 primary school children in age: 8-11 years; 109 girls and 91 boys and 200 older people: young-old (60-74 years) and old-old (75+); 110 women and 90 men., Results: Girls longer than boys take morning hygiene behavior, but statistically boys spend more time on evening washing, cleaning and brushing. Seniors hygienic behavior depend on age: young-old are more likely take a shower every day (51.79%) than seniors in the old-old group (29.86%). The same statistically significant difference was noticed in case of washing hands before a meal., Conclusions: Children care more about personal hygiene than older people. Age, not gender, is a factor determining the frequency of hygiene practices among older people. Young-old care more about personal hygiene than old-old.

Background: The aim of the study was to better understand the process through which recovery leads to teachers' exhaustion and performance. The direct and the indirect, i.e., mediated by teacher' work-related self-efficacy, effects of recovery on exhaustion and job performance were measured. To assessment of recovery, the Polish version of the Work-Related Rumination Scale (W-RRS) was developed. It measures detachment, affective rumination and problem-solving pondering. The psychometric properties of this tool constitute an additional contribution to the article., Material and Methods: The study was conducted among a group of primary and secondary school teachers (N = 503). The factor structure of the W-RRS scale was checked using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), its reliability by using of Cronbach's α measure, and its theoretical validity by means of correlation of main variables with criterion variables. Hypotheses related to direct and mediation effects were verified using structural equation modeling (SEM)., Results: The obtained results confirmed the criterion and construct validity and reliability of the W-RRS. It has been also shown that detachment is directly negatively associated with exhaustion (but not with performance), affective rumination is a predictor of higher exhaustion and lower job performance, and problem-solving pondering is related to job performance (but not to exhaustion). Self-efficacy mediates the effect of 2 (out of the 3) types of recovery on exhaustion and job performance, such that high levels of problem-solving pondering and low levels of affective rumination translate into high self-efficacy, which in turn leads to lower exhaustion and higher job performance., Conclusions: The recovery methods have various implications for functioning of teachers. While detachment and problem-solving pondering seem to promote it, affective rumination intensifies exhaustion and reduces performance. The mediator of the recovery-psychological well-being relationship is self-efficacy. The W-RRS questionnaire can be used to assessment of rumination among teachers. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(2):143-158., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Background: There are several techniques to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms that correspond to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classification of mental disorders. This study aimed at testing the reliability and construct validity of the Polish version of the PTSD-8. The results obtained in four professional groups of healthcare workers (physicians, nurses, paramedics, other occupations) were compared., Material and Methods: The PTSD-8 questionnaire includes questions on stress reactions manifested by intrusion (4 items), avoidance (2 items), or hypervigilance (2 items). Respondents were asked about their reactions to the traumatic work-related experiences occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nationwide survey conducted in 2022 included 2303 employees, among whom 746 had such an experience and completed the PTSD-8 questionnaire., Results: Based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results, it was shown that a single-factor model is acceptable, but under the condition of modification by correlation of random errors at selected observable variables. The reliability of this scale is very good (McDonald's Ω = 0.890), and the goodness-of-fit of the overall CFA model is confirmed by: CMIN/DF = 3.969, NFI = 0.982, RFI = 0.964, IFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.983, RMSEA = 0.063. The model estimated for female nurses has the best psychometric properties. In the study group of 2303 respondents, 16.76% met the criteria for PTSD, accounting for 52.74% of those who were traumatized by a work-related event. The PTSD-8 index is M±SD 20.01±5.55 pts (range: 8-32 pts). The PTSD-8 index is significantly higher in women than in men, and higher in nurses compared to other professions. However, the differences between professional groups are significant only for women, and the largest when comparing female physicians and nurses., Conclusions: The analyses confirmed the rationale of further implementation of the PTSD-8 questionnaire in Poland, both as a tool for identifying PTSD and for studying the severity of the syndrome, its determinants and health effects. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(1):45-56., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: Some studies suggest that homosexual identity, compared to heterosexual, may be associated with a reduced risk of premature ejaculation (PE). The aim of this study was to test this relationship and to investigate possible underlaying mechanisms., Methods: The present study drew on a database obtained from a cross-sectional online study of the sexuality of Polish heterosexual (HM; N = 1,121), gay (GM; N = 1,789) and bisexual (BM; N = 743) men. The dependent variable was the PE diagnosis based on the PEDT questionnaire. The explanatory variables were characteristics of sexual and partnership patterns, health and minority stress among GM and BM. Statistical one- and multifactor analyses were performed., Results: Homosexual identity proved to be an independent negative predictor of PE diagnosis. The preference for insertive penetration activity (including vaginal), performance anxiety and financial difficulties increased the risk of PE, while the experience of insertive and receptive forms of oral and anal sex but not vaginal sex, a higher level of education, better general sexual functioning and regular physical activity reduced such risk. The predictive meaning of homosexual identity has not been present in multifactor models for group of men in relationships., Conclusions: Homosexual identity is associated with a lower risk of PE diagnosis. This may be due to the differences in sexualities of GM and HM, as well as other psychosocial factors.

Objectives: To depict overall psychological well-being of a large group of students of different universities in Ukraine three months after the emerge of the full-scale war., Methods: A total of 1,142 participants were asked to measure their psychological well-being on a 0-10 scale before and after the onset of full-scale war. Mental health symptoms were measured with questionnaires targeting depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), sleep problems (ISI), eating disorders (SCOFF), alcohol abuse (CAGE), and PTSD symptoms (PC-PTSD-5). To evaluate the connection between variables a χ2 was conducted. Phi and Cramer's V coefficient were stated to demonstrate the power of the relationships. Additionally, machine learning (the XGBoost regression model) was used to build a predictive model for depressive symptoms., Results: Of all respondents, 66% screened positive for PTSD symptoms, 45% - moderate and severe anxiety symptoms, 47% - moderate and severe depressive symptoms. Regarding sleep, alcohol use and eating behavior, 19% of surveyed students had signs of moderate and severe insomnia, 15% reported alcohol abuse and 31% disordered eating. The severity of the aforementioned disorders varied depending on gender, year of study, social status, etc. According to the predictive model, lower initial psychological well-being, female gender, younger age, first years of study and any traumatic experience, including multiple trauma, predicted increases in depression score. Return to home after relocation was a protective factor., Conclusions: The study demonstrated the high prevalence of mental health symptoms among university students in Ukraine during the first months of the full-scale war. The psychological well-being pre-war was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms in the model.

Objectives: The paper describes the relationship between the symptoms of exercise addiction, behavioral strategies in situations of limited workout possibilities and mental health state in exercising individuals., Methods: The study included 391 participants, 286 women (73.1%) and 105 men (26.9%), aged 18 to 68 years. The respondents were surveyed online after 17-19 days of barriers to routine training due to greatest COVID-19 restrictions in Poland. Subjects completed the Exercise Dependence Scale, General Health Questionnaire - 28 (GHQ-28) and questionnaires enabling the collection of demographic and clinical data as well as data related to exercise behaviors., Results: The variables related to exercise addiction and some related to behavioral changes are predictors of mental health, especially in terms of anxiety, insomnia and somatic symptoms. All the introduced variables accounted for 27.4% to 43.7% of the variation in the mental health status of the subjects, depending on GHQ subscales. Breaking the restriction rules by outdoor training protected against symptoms of psychological disorders, especially in relation to somatic symptoms (Beta = -0.23; p< 0.001). Individual assessment of stress induction in a given situation was a predictor of results in all GHQ subscales, which was the strongest for symptoms of anxiety and insomnia (Beta = 0.37; p< 0.001)., Conclusions: Individuals with features of exercise addiction are at risk of deterioration of their well-being during forced abstinence. In addition, the subjective level of stress induction in a given situation is an important determinant that conditions psychological well-being, especially the aggravation of depressive symptoms. People who ignore restrictions and have low levels of stress, experience lower psychological costs.

Objectives: This study aimed to trace changes in the participation of Polish gamblers in online and offline (land-based) gambling caused by the temporary restrictions on access to land-based gambling venues imposed during the first national lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: Data from 585 respondents were collected using an online questionnaire. Those who declared they had engaged in land-based gambling before 15 March 2020 were included in the sample. Respondents were asked about their online and offline gambling participation in the period before the first lockdown (before March 2020), during the first lockdown (15 March to 10 May 2020), and six months after the end of the lockdown. The analyses also considered the severity of the participants' gambling disorder symptoms measured with the CPGI and the reasons for reducing or increasing gambling involvement., Results: The land-based gamblers most often maintained their gambling activity at the same level or reduced it during the lockdown (nearly 95% of gamblers). Motivations for less gambling included financial constraints and limited access to gambling. Increased offline gambling was explained by more free time, the need to relieve stress and to want to win money. Of the 394 people who had gambled only offline before the pandemic, 30 began to gamble online during the pandemic. The initiation of online gambling and increased online or offline gambling during the coronavirus outbreak was associated with greater severity of gambling disorder symptoms., Conclusions: In our sample, participation in gambling increased only marginally during the pandemic, and the increase was related to problematic gambling patterns.

Objectives: Numerous studies show that a high level of psychopathic traits in youth is related to the propensity to use various types and forms of aggression. The presented study focuses on the relations between psychopathy and aggression, both indirect (relational) and direct in this age group. The triarchic model of psychopathy was used, according to which psychopathy is described as a configuration of boldness, meanness and disinhibition. It was assumed that boldness would be a predictor for indirect aggression and disinhibition - for the direct forms of aggressive behaviors., Methods: The sample consisted of 200 older adolescents (108 boys and 92 girls), aged 16-19. Two groups were distinguished for comparison: juveniles from youth fostering centers and youth not violating legal norms. For the measurement of the variables the following self-reports were used: Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, Indirect Aggression Scale (Aggressor Version) and Aggression Questionnaire., Results: From among the dimensions of psychopathy, the strongest predictor for both forms of aggression (indirect and direct) was disinhibition. The study also revealed the differences in the intensity of psychopathic traits and aggressive behaviors with reference to gender and institutionalization. However, the hypothesis on the relationship between boldness and indirect aggression was not confirmed., Conclusions: The results showed that disinhibition and meanness can be considered as significant personality risk factors for aggressive behaviors and violence not only in adults but also in adolescents. The study supported also the heterogeneity of the triarchic model of psychopathy itself.

Objectives: The aim of the research was to present the Polish adaptation and validation of the Short Inventory of Problems (SIP-2L) by Miller et al. (1995). The SIP-2L is a popular selfreport measure used to assess the negative consequences of alcohol use in 5 domains with negative consequences: physical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, social and impulse control. The adapted version of SIP assesses lifetime consequences of using alcohol., Methods: A total of 256 participants diagnosed with alcohol dependence (71 women and 185 men) completed an assessment battery that included SIP-2L and Polish versions of AUDIT, MAST and KOEP-R, which is a modified Polish adaptation of CEAQ - Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire., Results: Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the hypothesized 5-factor model produced the best fit. Reliability of the entire method (Cronbach's α = 0.868) and for all factors was satisfactory, as was convergent validity., Conclusions: The results support that the Polish version of the SIP-2L has good psychometric properties and can successfully assess the consequences of drinking among patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence.

Background: The objective of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ)., Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 3 independent samples of 1582, 581 and 40 individuals employed as manual workers, social service and white collar workers. To test the IWPQ structure an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and invariance test were carried out among subgroups. The reliability was assessed by means of Cronbach's α coefficient (internal consistent) and test-retest (stability over time) method, with a 4-week follow-up. The construct validity of the IWPQ was tested by means of correlation analysis, using work engagement, positive and negative affect at work, and job burnout as the criterion variables., Results: The Polish version of the IWPQ displays very good internal consistency, theoretical validity, and test-retest stability. The results of the factor analysis confirmed a 3-factor structure of the questionnaire. Construct invariance across subgroups was confirmed. Task performance was negatively correlated with negative affect at work, job burnout and positively correlated with work engagement and positive affect at work. Contextual performance was negatively related with counterproductive work behaviors, negative affect at work and positively related with work engagement., Conclusions: The Polish version of the IWPQ - like the original scale - consists of 18 items and has 3 subscales. Despite certain limitations the Polish version of the IWPQ shows good psychometric properties and it can be used to measure individual work performance in Polish conditions. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;76(5):389-98., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Background: Work of a dental technician is associated with exposure to a number of harmful factors. We can distinguish: chemical, biological, physical and psychophysical factors. They contribute to many diseases, but not all of them are classified as occupational diseases. The main aim of the study was to assess the health hazards that occur in the workplace of a dental technician and their prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic., Material and Methods: An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted. A self-created questionnaire form containing 28 questions was used. The link to the survey was shared on social groups associating dental technicians. Participation in the study did not require logging in. During the data collection, the respondents' personal data were not collected and processed., Results: 148 dental technicians participated in the study. The largest group were participants aged 21-25 (32%), the smallest group were people over 50 (6%). The most frequently occupied position was acrylic and plaster. More than 1/3 of those surveyed reported having allergies, most often to acrylic or metal. More than 20% of technicians reported experience of mechanical injuries several times a week or more. 17% of technicians declared professional burnout. 80% of technicians used protective clothing. Personal protective equipment was always used by only 22% of technicians, and as many as 29% of respondents never used the listed protective equipment., Conclusions: Not all dental laboratories were equipped with the necessary personal protective equipment. The most commonly used personal protective equipment included: disposable gloves, disinfectant liquid and extract. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a change in disinfection procedures in more than 1/3 of the respondents. 35% of them started using disinfection only after the outbreak of the pandemic, while most of the changes concerned the improvement of existing procedures. The length of work experience of technicians had an impact on exposure to stress and occupational burnout. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(4):289-99., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine whether individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia differ in personal hygiene (PH) from controls and to assess the importance of gender, clinical characteristics, and body self (body experience and body image) for PH., Methods: Eighty-two subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in stable mental state and 82 control subjects were studied. All subjects completed the Personal Hygiene Scale (PHS), the Body Self Questionnaire, and answered the questions in Cenestopathy Interview. To confirm the validity of patients' replies, PHS was also completed by medical staff., Results: Subjective assessment of PH correlated with ratings made by medical personnel. The patient group subjects rated their PH worse than controls. Men rated their PH worse than women. In the case of male patients, hygienic deficits were associated with numerous disturbances in body experience (cenestopathy, disturbances in interpreting and regulating body states, and disturbances in body identity) while in the case of women with schizophrenia they were related only to difficulties in interpreting and regulating body states and negative symptoms., Conclusions: Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a stable mental state manifest deficits in personal hygiene that are related not so much to negative body image as to a disturbed body experience. The determinants of hygiene deficits in schizophrenia are gender-dependent. The study did not include individuals with severe illness, which helps to understand the lack of correlation between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and PH in the male study group.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess attitudes towards people with mental disorders., Methods: The survey was carried out in a group of 93 students of the fifth year of medical studies (medical faculty) including 59 women and 34 men, aged 24.34 ± 1.28 years., Results: In the conducted research, personal contact with a psychiatrist due to problems with their own mental health was declared by 23% of respondents. The choice of psychiatry as a field of specialization was declared by 19% of students. In the analysis of the questionnaire on beliefs, as many as 83% of respondents considered that mental illness is a cause for shame. Analyzing the attitude of the respondents to treatment, it was shown that as many as 80% of people believed that compulsory hospitalization is a right procedure. It should be emphasized that only 31% of the surveyed students believed that people with mental disorders should decide to have offspring, and 36% of people thought that mentally disturbed people would not be good as parents. As many as 30% of respondents believed that people with mental disorders more often commit crimes than healthy people, and 42% of students showed a lack of determination in this aspect., Conclusions: The results of the research suggest the necessity of expanding knowledge and shaping appropriate attitudes towards people with mental disorders among future doctors.

Objectives: Current research studies reveal many protective and risk factors for relapse among patients with schizophrenia. The main aim of this study was to make an attempt at identifying the relationship between sense of coherence, self-influence on the disease course and quality of life determined by patients' suffering from schizophrenia current state of health., Methods: The study involved 50 patients, diagnosed with schizophrenia by the ICD-10 criteria, who were/ were not suffering from relapse in 2-year period from last hospitalization. In order to measure sense of coherence, self-influence on the disease course and quality of life, patients were asked to complete: Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29), Brief Measure to Assess Perception of Self-Influence on the Disease Course - Version for Schizophrenia and Sense of the Quality of Life Questionnaire., Results: Statistical analysis revealed no differences in sense of coherence, perception of self-influence on the disease course and quality of life among patient with relapse or during remission. Nevertheless, the relation between sense of coherence and quality of life was observed in both groups. Patients who were suffering from relapse had their metaphysical (spiritual) quality of life also correlated with perception of self-influence on the disease course., Conclusions: This pilot study leads to conclusion that sense of coherence - along with its manageability and meaningfulness components - may be closely related to psychophysical, psychosocial and subjective quality of life for patients suffering from schizophrenia, both in long remission and currently experiencing a relapse.

Objectives: This study assesses 13-year changes in self-reported emotional and behavioral problems of Polish adolescents. Even though we already assessed time-related changes in emotional problems of Polish 16-year-olds, a comparison covering more age groups has been lacking., Methods: Youth Self Report (YSR) questionnaire was used to assess emotional and behavioral problems. We compared median scores and ran regression models to see whether age and gender influenced the observed changes. We ran a logistic regression analysis for deviant scores., Results: We found that median scores on most scales were higher after 13 years albeit the differences were quite small. We found that gender moderated the effect of age on scale scores. Score on the deviant range in attention problems and thought problems were 1.5 more frequent in the 2013 group., Conclusions: We did not detect significant differences in self-reported emotional and behavioral problems of Polish adolescents between 2000 and 2013. We detected different coping strategies for boys and girls: boys reported more problems with delinquency and more externalizing behaviors whereas girls reported more problems on each scale.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare satisfaction with care in patients with schizophrenia in two CMHT models: traditional and pilot program group with concurrent assessment of symptom severity and social functioning., Methods: Ninety patients with schizophrenia treated in Community Mental Health Teams were included in the study, 60 in the traditional model and 30 in the pilot-program model.A demographic data questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS-54), the Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), the Social Network Index (SNI),and a scale measuring loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale) were used., Results: The pilot-program group was characterized by significantly lower age of subjects (p=0.048), less psychiatric medication use (p=0.027), higher total(p<0.001) and positive (p<0.001) symptom severity in PANSS, smaller social network (p=0.003), less role activity in social network (p<0.001), higher level of loneliness (p=0.001) and higher level of disability (p<0.001). The pilot-program group had significantly higher satisfaction with involvement of families in the therapeutic process(p = 0.024)., Conclusions: In the pilot-program group, younger, more severely ill patients with higher severity of symptoms and worse social functioning were included in the treatment with no differences in the number of hospitalizations between the groups. It can be concluded that CMHT in the pilot-program Mental Health Centers (MHCs) protects this group of patients from hospitalization. There was also higher satisfaction with family involvement in the therapeutic process in the pilot-program group. A valuable continuation of the study would be to evaluate the treatment outcomes in all CMHTs operating under the pilot-program MHCs.

Objectives: Research conducted in transgender and gender diverse individuals focused mainly on the challenges and health disparities affecting this population. One reason for this situation is the lack of questionnaires capturing positive aspects and experiences related to being a transgender person. The Transgender Positive Identity Measure (T-PIM) is one of a very few measures designed to explore such experiences. The aim of the study was to investigate the structure, reliability and validity of the Polish translation of the T-PIM questionnaire., Methods: A group of 89 transgender and gender diverse participants completed an online survey including the T-PIM questionnaire, resilience measurement scale (SPP-25) and depression (CESD-R) measures. Hierarchical item clustering method (ICLUST), Horn's parallel analysis and Velicer's minimum average partial test (MAP) were employed to investigate the structure of the questionnaire., Results: The analyses showed that the Polish translation of the T-PIM questionnaire was characterized by a 5-factor structure consistent with the original publication (Authenticity, Intimacy, Community, Social Justice, Insights). Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's lambda-6 reliability coefficients reached satisfactory levels for all five factors and for the whole questionnaire., Conclusions: The Polish translation of the T-PIM questionnaire is characterized by satisfying psychometric properties and can be used in studies on transgender and gender diverse communities.

Objectives: The study aimed to present the Polish version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-PL) by W. Schaufeli et al. and to assess its validity and reliability. The tool measures the core symptoms of burnout (BAT-C): exhaustion, mental distance, cognitive and emotional impairment, and its secondary symptoms (BAT-S): psychosomatic complaints and psychological distress., Methods: The participants were 255 nursing staff members. The construct validity was assessed with a one-point job satisfaction scale, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale by Schaufeli et al. and the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale by van Katwyk et al., Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported an assumed bi-factor structure. This applies to both BAT-C as the four core symptoms and a general factor and BAT-S as a set of two secondary symptoms and a general factor. Both scales were strongly correlated with one another and differed from other measures of job-related well-being (job satisfaction, work engagement and negative emotions). The values of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability indicated BAT-PL as a reliable measurement tool., Conclusions: BAT-PL by W. Schaufeli et al. has good psychometric characteristics to be used in research on burnout and further validated in clinical practice.

Objectives: An attempt to assess the impact of dual diagnosis - mental illness and addiction on the occurrence of sexual dysfunctions, and evaluation of problems with sexual functioning in men treated in a psychiatric ward., Methods: 140 psychiatrically hospitalized men (mean age 40.4 ± 12.7 years) with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, addiction and double diagnosis (schizophrenia and addiction) took part in the study. The Sexological Questionnaire, developed by Professor Andrzej Kokoszka, and the International Index of Erectile Function IIEF-5 were used in the study., Results: The occurrence of sexual dysfunctions in the study group was reported in 83.6% of patients. The most common was reduction in sexual needs (53.6%) and orgasm delay (40%). Depending on the research tool used, erectile dysfunction appeared in 38.6% of respondents (according to Kokoszka's Questionnaire) and 61.4% of patients (IIEF-5). Severe erectile dysfunction was more common in the group of patients without a partner (12.4% vs. 0; p = 0.000) compared to people in relationships and in the group with anxiety disorders (p = 0.028) compared to groups with other mental disorders. In the group of people with dual diagnosis (DD), sexual dysfunctions were observed more frequently in comparison to patients with schizophrenia (p = 0.034). Treatment lasting over 5 years was more often associated with sexual dysfunctions (p = 0.007). In the DD group, lack of orgasm and excessive sexual needs were more frequent in comparison to people with one diagnosis (p = 0.0145; p = 0.035)., Conclusions: Sexual dysfunctions are more common in patients with DD in comparison to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Lack of a partner and the duration of psychiatric treatment over 5 years is associated with more frequent occurrence of sexual dysfunctions.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the links between parental incarceration and the level of behavioral and emotional problems in children of incarcerated fathers, based on the information provided by parents., Methods: The subjects were a group of prisoners' children and two control groups. The criterion group consisted of prisoners' children (N = 72) brought up in families with an increased level of dysfunction and problem behaviors. The first control group (I) was composed of children (N = 76) brought up in complete families; the level of problem behavior in these families and the level of these children's resiliency was similar to that of prisoners' children (i.e., the criterion group). The second control group (II) was composed of children from complete families (N = 98). In these families, problem behaviors were not present at all or their level was very low, and the children's level of resiliency was significantly higher compared to prisoners' children and children from control group I. To measure behavioral and emotional problems, the version of Thomas Achenbach's questionnaire that is meant to be completed by parents: namely, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used., Results: The level of behavioral and emotional problems in prisoners' children turned out to be significantly higher in all categories of problems compared to their peers from complete families., Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that parental incarceration is an additional factor increasing behavioral and emotional problems. The results of our study make it reasonable to suspect that parental incarceration affects girls more strongly than it affects boys.

Background: Contemporary work psychology indicates that improving the functioning of employees and organizations takes place not only through the prevention of harmful factors but also through the development of positive attitudes towards work. According to the job demands-resources model, it can be assumed that resources are an important factor leading to work engagement. However, the authors of this concept also suggest that the role of resources is also to meet needs. In turn, according to the self-determination theory, the key to the development of intrinsic motivation and thus also work engagement is the satisfaction of basic needs. Therefore, hypotheses argue that resources in the form of the influence at work, possibilities for development, and social community at work are positively related to work engagement. And also that the satisfaction of basic needs, respectively autonomy, competence, and relatedness, are the mediators of these relationships., Material and Methods: Data were collected among 200 workers aged 18-35, employed to work in direct contact with customers. Job resources were measured with the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ II) subscales. Basic psychological need satisfaction was measured with the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale at Work . Work Engagement was measured with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale ., Results: Regression analyses with mediation effects were performed for 3 models. It has been shown that Influence at work is a predictor of Work engagement and this relationship is mediated by Autonomy satisfaction. Possibilities for development are positively related to Work engagement, in this relationship, the mediator is Competence satisfaction. In the relationship between the Social community at work and Work engagement, the mediator is the relatedness satisfaction., Conclusions: The results have confirmed hypotheses regarding the mediating role of need satisfaction in the relationship between job resources and work engagement. Despite the limitations of the study, the results obtained confirm and develop the job demands-resources and self-determination theories. Med Pr. 2022;73(5):407-16., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was thus to assess the stress level among dental students, characterizing the factors that induce it and describing which students are most susceptible., Methods: Two international, independent and validated to polish language and environment stress questionnaires were used: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Perceived Medical School Stress Instrument (PMSS). The present study received approval from the Jagiellonian University Bioethical Committee (no. 1072.6120.290.2020)., Results: A total of 272 students from all five years of the dental undergraduate degree at Jagiellonian University Medical College were enrolled to the study, including 197 female and 75 male respondents. The overall response rate was 85%. The PSS-10 score for all dental students was 22.14±6.65. A total of 182 (66.91%) respondents had high levels of stress. Female students had significantly higher stress levels than male students, accordingly 22,9±6,51 and 20,12±6,69. Moreover, first and fifth year students had the highest stress level. In the case of PMSS the total score for all dental students was 36.84±8.65., Conclusions: Perceived stress among Polish dental students is generally high. These findings suggest that support services should be made widely available to all dental students. Such services should be targeted to the specific needs of male and female students as well as to those in specific years of study.

Objectives: MDMA is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Clinical studies are currently being conducted around the world on the use of this substance in the treatment of PTSD and alcoholism. However, little demographic information is available on users who use the substance for recreational purposes. The aim was to determine basic demographic and helath characteristics with validated tools., Methods: The authors prepared an original questionnaire on the demography of MDMA users and combined it with the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The survey was sent to Polish MDMA users via the Internet., Results: 304 responses were received from people over 18 years of age. MDMA is widespread among young adults, in many different places of residence and regardless of gender. The users take MDMA in both pill and crystal form and very rarely test drugs bought from a dealer. Most users feel that MDMA has had a good impact on their lives., Conclusions: MDMA is rarely used as the only psychoactive substance. MDMA users rate their health higher than people using other psychoactive substances.

Background: This article presents the verification of the factor structure and validation of the Polish version of the Short Version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (SVOSES), developed by Rigotti et al., Material and Methods: The study was questionnaire-based and took place in a "paper-and-pencil" format. They were conducted on 2 independent samples of 1261 and 205 employees, respectively. The factor structure of the tool was checked by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Its reliability was calculated using 2 methods - Cronbach's α measure (internal consistency) and test-retest method (temporal stability). The theoretical validity of the scale was estimated using correlation analysis in which the criterion variables were: meaning of work, job satisfaction, general self-efficacy, psychological stress symptoms, somatic stress symptoms, and burnout., Results: The univariate structure of the scale was confirmed, consistent with the original version, as well as the theoretical validity and reliability., Conclusions: The Polish version of the SVOSES can be used as a diagnostic instrument for research in the field of mental health at work, as well as in practical activities, e.g., career counseling, recruitment, selection or screening. Med Pr. 2022;73(4):325-36., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: Comparison of the functioning of families of teens (13-16 years) with the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)., Methods: Assessment using the Family Assessment Questionnaire in three groups of adolescents growing up in biological families: (1) ADHD/ODD group (n = 40), (2) ADHD group (n = 40) and (3) group C (control group) adolescents (n = 40) who have not used psychological or psychiatric care in the past or at present., Results: Mothers, fathers and adolescents from the ADHD/ODD group scored significantly lower in all important aspects of family functioning compared to the control group. In the ADHD group, less favorable mother's and father's assessment was shown for all areas of family functioning compared with the control group. Adolescents' assessment in the dimension of "Role performance", "Emotionality", "Affective involvement", and "Control" was also lower. The ADHD/ODD group participants and their parents rated the functioning of the family lower compared with the ADHD group: mothers - in all described areas, teenagers - in most of the described areas except the dimension of "Control", and fathers - in most areas except the dimension of "Emotionality"., Conclusions: The functioning of families of patients with ADHD and ODD, and families of patients with ADHD significantly differs in all or most of the examined dimensions compared with families of people without diagnosis, while the functioning of families of patients with ADHD and oppositional defiant patients can be described as more abnormal than that of families of ADHD patients.

Objectives: The analysis of the extent, sociodemographic and clinical predictors, and consequences of disclosing mental health problems for people with psychotic disorders., Methods: 147 individuals with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder (ICD-10 categories F20-F29) were examined with questionnaires to assess the extent and consequences of their disclosing of mental health problems to others, as well as their social functioning, depressive symptoms, and the global severity of psychopathological symptoms., Results: The majority of respondents talked openly about their mental health problems to their parents, spouses or life partners, as well as physicians and other non-psychiatric health care professionals, while a substantial minority (less than one-fifth) talked about these issues to casual acquaintances, neighbors, teachers and lecturers, co-workers, police officers and municipal guards, representatives of the court system, or public officials. Multiple regression analysis showed that the older the respondents were, the less willing they were to disclose their mental problems to others (β = -0.34; p <0.05). In contrast, the longer they were ill, the more inclined they were to disclose their mental health issues (β = 0.29; p <0.05). Disclosure of mental health problems had varying effects on the subjects' social relationships, with a significant proportion reporting no difference in the way they were treated by others, while others reported either deterioration or improvement in this area., Conclusions: The results of the study provide clinicians with practical guidance on supporting and assisting patients with psychotic disorders in the process of making informed decisions about "coming out".

Objectives: The aim of the study was to develop the Polish version of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL-48) of Linehan et al. The questionnaire is a self-descriptive tool designed to measure six factors protecting against committing suicide: "Survival and Coping Beliefs", "Responsibility to Family", "Fear of Suicide", "Moral Objections", "Fear of Social Disapproval", "Child-Related Concerns". The original version of the method was characterized by good psychometric properties., Methods: A sample of 431 adults (236 women and 195 men), aged 18-65 years (mean age was 33 years, SD = 11.33), was recruited as a non-clinical group from various regions of Poland. The Beck's Depression Inventory, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised and Positivity Scale were also used to evaluate the construct validity of the RFL-48., Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported an assumed six-dimensional structure of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.70 ("Fear of Suicide") to 0.95 ("Survival and Coping Beliefs") and amounted to 0.92 for the total score., Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Polish adaptation of the RFL questionnaire by Linehan et al. has good psychometric characteristics and can be used in both research and clinical practice.

Objectives: The aim of the research is to look for similarities and differences in the dimensions of perfectionism, perceived by the subjects with a diverse structure of anorexia readiness and isolated on the basis of cluster analysis., Methods: As part of the research project, the following research tools were used: the Food Attitude Questionnaire by Ziółkowska and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) by Frost et al. translated and developed by Tucholska., Results: In the study of the results of empirical research, cluster analysis based on k-means enabled isolation of 3 clusters (adapted group, egocentric group and anorectic group). Isolated clusters differ in the intensity of features constituting anorexia readiness. Tukey's post hoc analysis showed that at the level of perfectionism dimensions there are no statistical differences between 2nd and 3rd clusters. At the full-dimension level, it showed that Clusters 2 and 3 achieve higher means than cluster 1 in all dimensions of perfectionism., Conclusions: Summarising the results presented in this work, it can be pointed out that: (1) three groups have been distinguished: adapted, egocentric and anorectic; (2) the anorectic group obtained the highest score in all dimensions; (3) the isolated groups do not differ from each other in the structure of perfectionism; (4) the profile of mean scores on the dimensions of perfectionism in all three isolated groups is very similar.

Objectives: The aim of this article is to present the motives for using new psychoactive substances (NPS) among users in Poland and to evaluate the relationships between motives and consumption of different types of NPS., Methods: The fieldwork was conducted in four locations: in Warsaw, Krakow, Poznan, and Tricity. The study involved a total of 596 users of new psychoactive substances. Among them were: nightlife users, using NPS recreationally (N = 172), socially marginalised users (N = 86) and users active on the internet (N = 338). The technique used in the study was a self-filled questionnaire., Results: As assessed by all respondents, enhancement of mood was the most frequently indicated motive for using NPS. Among nightlife users, the NPS were most often used for the purpose of having more fun at parties. Among the marginalised users, the most common motive for using the new psychoactive substances was the desire to get intoxicated, which is a motive belonging to the group of motives related to enhancement. In the group of people active on the Internet, the most common motives for using these substances were those related to expansion., Conclusions: Identifying motives for using new psychoactive substances may contribute to reducing the use of NPS. The recreational and marginalised users have different motives for using substances. The same conclusion applies to the use of the individual NPS. The motives of using them vary. Thus, preventive, educational and therapeutic programs should be judiciously adapted to the needs of the users as well as to the kind of substances they use.

Objectives: The presented study aims at checking and demonstrating the psychometric characteristics of the new tool - the Problem Drinking Scale (PDS), which is used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of alcohol use disorders conceptualized according to DSM-5., Methods: 08 adults with different levels of alcohol consumption were examined, including 91 individuals recruited in addiction treatment clinics. The remaining persons, with different socio-demographic characteristics, were recruited using the snowball method. Validity of the scale was assessed by correlating the obtained results with the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), while reliability was assessed by internal consistency analysis., Results: The presented analysis demonstrates high validity and reliability in most areas, which means that the PDS is a tool that can be used in clinical practice. Criterion validity was calculated by correlating PDS results with the AUDIT (r = 0.88, p < .01). The results in particular areas range from r = 0.86 (Difficulty in controlling drinking) to r = 0.77 (Pharmacological dependence). Reliability was calculated using the split-half method, individual values of Cronbach's alpha coefficients with the Spearman-Brown correction vary in specific areas from 0.89 (Difficulty in controlling drinking) to 0.65 (Risky use of substances). In none of the areas the results were lower than 0.60., Conclusions: The PDS is a useful research tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of alcohol use disorders. This scale is helpful in making a full and accurate clinical diagnosis taking into account the severity of the disorder and in monitoring changes in the treatment process.

Objectives: The article presents the results of a research project on the evaluation of changes during the process of systemic family therapy in a clinical group comprising adolescent psychiatric patients., Methods: The evaluation was conducted using Polish version of the SCORE-15 tool. The analysis was performed on a sample of 109 families who completed the questionnaire before their first session. Before the fourth session, the questionnaire was filled in by 73 families; and after the last session it was completed by 28 families., Results: Consensual qualitative research method revealed changes in family's description of the family as well as in description of the problem. Statistical analyses of the results of the SCORE-15 questionnaire identified significant changes between the first, fourth and the final session. Changes were identified in the SCORE Total as well as in the VAS scales. The RCI showed 5 improvements and 2 deteriorations after three sessions, and no deterioration and 13 improvements at final one., Conclusions: Obtained results point to many significant changes in the researched areas after completion of the systemic family therapy by families. The research also indicated that a coherent qualitative analysis of the descriptive material can be highly informative and can enrich both the understanding of the therapeutic process as well as the manner of providing feedback about the changes in the therapy to families.

Objectives: Comparison of the frequency of childhood traumatic events between agroup of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy persons., Methods: The study included 35 patients (10 male, 25 female) with BD, hospitalized in the Department of Adult Psychiatry in Poznań, the Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Kościan and the Medical Centre in Milicz, as well as 35 patients (9 male, 26 female) with BPD under the care of the Józef Babinski Hospital in Kraków. Seventy-one healthy persons (22 male, 49 female) constituted a control group. The Polish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used., Results: In both clinical groups, no gender differences as to the CTQ indexes were found. Patients from both groups hadmorefrequentchildhoodtraumacomparedwith controlsubjects. Patients with BPD showed significantly higher CTQ indexes than those with BD. ., Conclusions: The obtained results indicate significantly more frequent experience of traumatic events in childhood in patients with BPD compared with BD. This is discussed in the context of the pathogenesis and treatment of both conditions. It is probable that in BPD childhood trauma plays the biggest role among all psychiatric disturbances.

According to theWorld Health Organization (WHO), 4.3% of the global population exhibits symptoms of depression. In Poland, 1.5 million people suffer from this illness. Treatment of depression generates significant costs calculated in billions of zlotys. According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems, depression is characterized by: reduced mood, reduced psychomotor drive, loss of interest (axial symptoms), as well as low self-esteem, pessimistic attitude, weakness of concentration, sleep disorders, and loss of appetite (additional symptoms). The aim of this research was to review and evaluate studies on the impact of sport climbing as a complementary form of treatment on reducing depressive symptoms. This is the first literature review undertaking a collective assessment of studies on this subject. The appropriate studies were selected in a three-stage process. PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases were searched. Finally, 4 studies were qualified for the review and then assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool developed by Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences. Analysis of the research gives grounds to consider introducing an additional form of treatment for depression in the form of boulder climbing. The evaluation according to the QUADAS - 2 questionnaire indicates a low possibility of making mistakes in all assessed works.

Objectives: Trauma disclosure is one of the key concepts of the social-interpersonal model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to present the Polish adaptation of the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire (DTQ)., Methods: The study was conducted among 120 participants (51 females and 69 males) aged 18-58 years (M = 34.52; SD = 9.95). The reliability of the DTQ was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. The validity of the DTQ compared to the scores acquired with the PTSD Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis., Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 for reluctance to talk subscale, 0.74 for urge to talk subscale, 0.85 for emotional reactions subscale, and 0.85 for the total DTQ questionnaire score. The intraclass correlation coefficients were high: 0.83 for reluctance to talk, 0.71 for urge to talk, 0.77 for emotional reactions, and 0.76 for the total DTQ questionnaire score. The factorial structure of the DTQ was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The DTQ subscale scores correlated positively with the severity of PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms, as well as the lack of social acknowledgement, as expected., Conclusions: The observed empirical results confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of the DTQ. This inventory may be useful for a broader understanding of how trauma disclosure is related to the social context of dealing with traumatic events.

Objectives: This study presents the Polish version of the Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 GST2PL) and describes the scale's psychometric properties (reliability and validity). The scale is mainly intended for research of older people., Methods: A total of 685 (female =464, male =221) older adults (60-85 years) participated in the study. The following psychological methods were used: Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 authored by L. Tornstam, Psychological Well-Being scale by C. Ryff, and the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale by J.D. Webster., Results: An exploratory factor analysis of the Polish version of the GST2 revealed the same three-factor structure of gerotranscendence (containing the dimensions of the Cosmic, the Coherence, and the Solitude) as had been reported by Tornstam. The GST2-PLconsists of 10 items, including 8 diagnostic ones. The factor structure of the GST2-PLwas confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis., Conclusions: These findings provide support for use of the GST2 in assessing the signs of gerotranscendence not only for older adults in Sweden, Japan, USA, and Taiwan but also for older adults in Poland.

Background: The purpose of this research was to examine the relationships between selected personality dimensions and occupational burnout among professional and volunteer firefighters. Difficult conditions are the cause of loss of not only health but also life. Such working conditions may cause occupational burnout consisting of employee's exhaustion., Material and Methods: The group under examination consisted of 164 firefighters, including 76 volunteers aged 19-61 years (M = 32.49, SD = 9.21) and 88 professional firefighters aged 20-49 years (M = 33.85, SD = 10.05). This research employed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Gough and Heilburn's Adjective Check List along with the Personality and Axiological Model (MOA) (competences, relations, autonomy)., Results: The results of the conducted research indicate differences between the examined groups of firefighters in personality dimensions (Ord: t = -2.739, p = 0.006; Mls: t = -2.159, p = 0.032; competences t = -2.390, p = 0.017). The research also enabled assessing the correlations with occupational burnout. The greatest relationship with occupational burnout in the group of volunteer firefighters concerns succorance (Suc) and total occupational burnout, and the greatest relationship with occupational burnout in the group of professional firefighters pertains to the competence dimension from the MOA model., Conclusions: The results of the conducted research should be related to the cognitive aspect (the application of the new MOA model in this professional group) and attention should be paid to the personality differences between the groups of volunteer and professional firefighters. The application value for more effective work of psychologists with this professional group is also important in terms of the results obtained. Med Pr. 2021;72(5):509-19., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the level of chronic fatigue in the group of psychiatric nurses and to determine the relationship between working environment conditions and temperament, and the chronic fatigue syndrome in the group of psychiatric nurses., Methods: 85 nurses from psychiatric treatment centers were subjected to the study. In this study a revised version of the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour - Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), CIS 20R (Checklist Individual Strength) Questionnaire, and a personal questionnaire regarding the working environment characteristics were applied., Results: In the most numerous group of patients, the occurrence of chronic fatigue was found to be moderate (48.23% of respondents) and high (47.05%). Endurance as a trait of temperament is important for analyzing differences in chronic fatigue in the group of psychiatric nurses. In the studied group, difficulties in relations between nurses are correlates of reduction in concentration, reduction of motivation and they affect the overall result of chronic fatigue. The frequency of receiving contradictory instructions from staff and the state of information flow in the team are correlated with the reduction in concentration., Conclusions: The results indicate a high prevalence of chronic fatigue. Factors related to the working environment that concern cooperation and communication among the staff perform asignificant role in the development of chronic fatigue in psychiatric nurses. Further research on this issue is necessary in view of observable problems in the psychiatric care organizational structures.

Objectives: The basic aim of the research was to analyze the associations between the traits of psychopathy in the triarchic model (boldness, meanness, disinhibition) and the level of psychological resilience and preferred style of coping with stress in the group of adolescents violating legal norms. The author assumes that the key symptoms in this relationship would be played by the symptoms of psychopathy included in the dimension of boldness., Methods: The group of participants consisted of 111 girls and boys aged 16-18 years staying in youth correctional facilities. The Polish adaptation of the TriPM questionnaire was used to measure the severity of psychopathic traits in juveniles (Patrick, 2010, Pilch at al., 2015). The structure of psychological resilience and styles of coping with stress in the studied group were measured with the use of self-report methods: Skala Prężności Psychicznej/SPP-18 (Polish scale to measure resilience in children and adolescents, Ogińska-Bulik, Juczyński 2011) and the CISS questionnaire respectively., Results: The general level of psychological resilience proved to be a mediator between boldness and task-oriented coping style. Boldness as a component of psychopathy was also associated with all psychological resilience scales. The disinhibition dimension of psychopathy negatively correlated with psychological resilience and was associated with more frequent occurrence of an emotion-oriented stress coping style. There were differences between sexes observed in the severity of meanness and emotion-oriented coping in a stressful situation., Conclusions: The research supports the treatment of psychopathy in youth as a complex and multidimensional construct. The data also confirm that certain features of psychopathy may be associated with indicators of good adaptation.

Objectives: The Indirect Self-Destructiveness Scale (ISDS) was developed as a measure of individual tendency for self-destructive behavior. The aim of the article is to propose its abbreviated version (ISDS-25) and to present the psychometric properties of this instrument., Methods: The analyses were carried out on aggregated data (N = 670) obtained from adult individuals. The procedure of shortening the ISDS scale took into account both statistical criteria (values of discriminatory power coefficients and factor loadings of items) and content criteria (degree of item representativeness and comprehensibility). The psychometric properties of the shortened scale were determined by analyzing its reliability and validity (factorial, convergent and differential)., Results: The short version of the ISDS scale consists of 25 items and is characterized by satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.81; ω = 0.88). The obtained factorial structure (bifactor model), gender differences, and correlations with the scores of other scales confirm the tool's theoretical validity., Conclusions: The obtained results justify the conclusion that the short version of the Indirect Self-Destructiveness Scale (ISDS-25) faithfully reflects the original construct and can be successfully employed in empirical research on the phenomenon of chronic self-destructiveness.

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between eating patterns, body image and emotional dysregulation among individuals with excessive and normal body weight., Methods: A total of 298 participants completed the online survey. The following four questionnaires have been used in the present study: the Body Attitude Test, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Mindful Eating Scale., Results: In both groups (excessive weight versus normal body weight), higher levels of body dissatisfaction have been foreseen based on the higher levels of uncontrolled eating and lower levels of mindful eating. However, among patients with overweight and obesity, the relationship between these variables was stronger and there was an additional significant predictor in the regression model (emotional eating). This model explained the body dissatisfaction variances to a larger extent (excessive body weight: 59% versus normal body weight: 49%). In addition, the mindful eating was of aparamount importance among patients with excessive body weight. The evidence of this was the significant moderating effect of mindful eating in the relationship between body dissatisfaction and restrictive eating as well as emotional dysregulation but only in an overweight and obese sample., Conclusions: To sum up, in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment of body image disorders, abnormal eating patterns and emotional dysregulation among patients with overweight and obesity the therapeutic processes should put emphasis on mindful eating skills.

Objectives: The objective of the study wasto determine the impact of synthetic cathinonesusage on depressive symptoms and oral behaviors among recreational users., Methods: Users of online drugs-related forums were asked to fill in a questionnaire via Google Forms Platform. The questionnaire contained questions about patterns of drugs use, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC), and questions about basic demographic data (age, gender)., Results: 150 participants (75 in the study group, 75 in the control group) took part in the study. In the study group (aged 15-28), all participants used cathinones and other psychoactive substances. 42 participants used cathinones during last month. Statistical analysis showed a correlation between amount of drugs types used and level of depressive symptoms for both groups (study group and control group), as well as a statistically significantly higher mean value of the OBC scores in a group of cathinones users than in controls. Correlation between the BDI-II and OBC results was statistically significant for both the study and control groups., Conclusions: Considering easy access to synthetic cathinones, widely spread intoxications and young age of participants of this survey the subject needs to be widely researched. Psychoactive substances can predispose to development of depression and various forms of parafunctional oral behaviors.

Objectives: The pilot study aimed to determine the Anorexia Readiness Syndrome severity in a population of children aged 10 to 17 years according to general and sport class attendance., Methods: The following instrumentswere used: the Anorexia Readiness Syndrome inventory (SGA-12), to identify anorexic tendencies in adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, the Eating Disorders in Youth - Questionnaire (EDY-Q) inventory by Hilbert and van Dyck (the results of work on the Polish version of the instrument - in preparation) to assess eating disorders in children, and a questionnaire to obtain the respondents' details such as the date of birth, gender, chronic diseases, height and weight., Results: In the study sample, a higher ARS severity was observed among the girls compared to the boys. Higher levels of anorexia readiness were seen in physically active subjects with a lower body mass index. The SGA-12 inventory does not correlate with the EDY-Q-PL, but factor I "anorexic tendencies and statements" demonstrates important relations to the total score of the EDY-Q-PL., Conclusions: It seems that the SGA-12 inventory can help identify ARS children and adolescents (including boys) to a greater extent than the previous tool (Questionnaire for testing individual attitude towards food); it helps determine the severity of anorexic behaviours within two factors and suggests the areas of intervention aimed at psychoprevention.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the role of emotional eating and body mass index (BMI) in the relationship between the desire to consume chocolate and avoiding social situations related to food and body exposure in women with normal weight., Methods: The direct effect, the indirect effect, the buffer effect, and the moderated mediation model were tested. The study involved 311 women. The mean age was 25.56 years (SD = 8.99), and the BMI was 23.19 kg/m2(SD = 1.80). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Attitude to Chocolate Questionnaire and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire were used in the study., Results: The results show that asignificant weak positive relationships exist between: (1) emotional eating and BMI, (2) emotional eating, BMI and avoiding social situations related to food and body exposure, (3) avoiding social situations and the desire to eat chocolate. However, asignificant moderate positive correlation is observed in the relationship between emotional eating and the desire to consume chocolate. The relationship between body mass index and the desire to consume chocolate is insignificant. Emotional eating is also an important complete mediator of the relationship between avoiding social situations related to food and body exposure and the desire to consume chocolate. However, it does not moderate the relationship between these variables. With reference to the moderated mediation model, BMI at the statistically significant level interacts with the avoidance of situations related to food and body exposure and the proposed model proves to be significant., Conclusions: Our results prove that emotional eating is significantly associated with chocolate consumption and avoiding situations related to eating and body exposure.