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Sterile leukocyturia is an important and difficult clinical problem in children. In this paper, we described the most common nephrologic causes of sterile leukocyturia, including infectious, non-infectious and extrarenal etiology. We stressed an the importance of appropriate urine collection for urinalysis. There is a need for treatment of inflammation and also for diagnosis of potential anomalies of urethral orifice as causes of sterile leukocyturia in children.

Aim: The purpose of the study was the estimation of late aesthetic and functional results after the treatment of hypospadias. We also analysed the hypospadias impact upon the patients' social and psychological lives., Material and Methods: The research was conducted on 50 individuals of 18 to 36 years of age after surgery of hypospadias in the childhood. The following parameters were evaluated in the patients: medical documentation, detailed appearance of penis, micturition and sexual functions. The level of agreement of doctors' estimation and self-assessment of examined individuals and the hypospadias impact upon their social and psychological lives was taken under consideration based on Mureau questionnaire modified. It was compared with control group in a similar age and without hypospadias., Results: Abnormal position of urethral orifice was present in 48% of patients and narrow meatus in 18%. There was fistula in 28% and curved penis in 14% and abnormal shape of prepuce in 86% of patients. Dysfunction of micturition was reported by 24% and sexual dysfunction by 18% of examined individuals. There was no correlation between the authors' assessment and self-assessment of the patients. Lower level of education and professional qualifications and higher rate of unemployment and being in police records was observed in examined men. The sexual dysfunctions and abnormal micturition was greater in comparison with control group., Conclusions: Numbers of noted complication is proportional to the severity of the hypospadias and independent of surgical method. The treatment of several stages in a long-term date and noted complications has significant negative effect on psychosexual development. Regular checkups until age of maturity and constant psychological care are necessary in order to achieve good results and improve self-assessment and social relations of patients.

BPH is responsible for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Pathogenesis of prostatic overgrowth is multifactorial. It has been suggested that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may also be involved. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of the ANS activity in pathogenesis of BPH. The study was done in 13 men with LUTS secondary to BPH. ANS activity was assessed based on heart rate variability (HRV) measurement in resting conditions and after simulation with deep breathing (DB test) and the tilt test. LUTS (with IPSS scale), quality of life, waist-hip ratio and objective measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), were evaluated. Correlation for LF/HF ratio vs. BPH variables was calculated. Results of the study showed sympathetic overactivity and impaired parasympathetic response to stimulation in both DB and tilt test.

The objective of the paper was to assess the quality of life in women with advanced cancer of urinary bladder, who had undergone cystectomy and intestinal bladder substitution. To accomplish the objective, 10 women with intestinal bladder substitution (at the mean age of 61) underwent laboratory, radiological and urodynamic control in the period of time from 3 to 107 months (average 39.5 months) after surgical procedure. The quality of life was assessed on the basis of the self-developed questionnaire (valuation from 1 to 5 points), answered by the patients. The cancer recurrence was not reported. Death caused by cancer was reported in one of three cases. We obtained the high acceptance of this surgical procedure. Good urinary continence, psycho-physical fitness, self-independence, particularly in the familiar life had great impact on achieved result.

Aim: The aim of study was analysis of type 1 diabetes mellitus symptoms at admission to hospital., Material and Methods: Thirty-seven patients (21 boys and 16 girls) aged from 1.87 to 19.75 years with admitting diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the year 2000 (the greatest count of patients) were analyzed. In statistical analysis the t-Student test was used., Results: The most frequent symptoms was dry sensation in mouth 95% of patients, polydypsia 84%, polyuria 65%, lose on weight 49%, nocturia - 27% children. Nine children were admitted to hospital in serious ketoacidosis. Twenty-eight children were admitted to hospital in good condition. There were not essential abnormalities in the blood. Observation period in poor general condition group was shortest for children living in the country - on the average 9 days versus patient from cities - 18 days. There was not difference in good general condition group. HbA1c, pH, HCO3 values were statistically significant. In 3 cases diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was preceded by an eliminating others diseases. In 2 children hyperglycemia was established by chance., Conclusion: 1) Ketoacidosis symptoms and serious state was observed in 1/4 patient admitted to hospital. 2) It is necessary to take diabetes mellitus into consideration more often in differentiation in pediatric practice. 3) Short observation period of severe ketoacidosis symptoms in-patient from country origin and dismiss preliminary diagnosis may indicate insufficient healthy education - especially in the field of diabetes mellitus. 4) Less than half of patients report to family doctors.

Objectives: Irritation of lower urinary tract--bladder and urethra--is seen as a common risk factor for radiotherapy treatment. Is it possible to reduce miction disorders and urinary incontinence?, Design: Functional assessment of the lower urinary tract in women treated with surgery and radiotherapy., Materials and Methods: Authors evaluated 25 patients diagnosed with uterus neck cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy during 1998-2001. Urodynamic assessment was based on uroflowmetry, residual urine volume measurement and cystometry results., Results: Lower urinary tract ailments were present in all 25 patients, in 2 of them they were only temporary--during recovery after surgery. During miction symptoms were reported by 23 patients, 20 patients reported symptoms between mictions. During and after treatment all patients reported the increase in symptoms and changes of urodynamics parameters., Conclusions: Function of the lower urinary tract are disturbed whilst radiotherapy treatment of uterus neck cancer. Functional diagnostics is important in oncological treatment design and should be evaluated separately for each patients.

Urinary dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) has already been described, however its incidence, urodynamic pattern, dependence on the severity of parkinsonism as well as improvement with levodopa treatment are not exactly known. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of urinary disturbances in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and their relationship to treatment with levodopa. The investigation was carried out on 41 IPD patients aged 37-84 (mean 61.6) years. The neurological examination, including evaluation of parkinsonism according to UP-DRS scale was conducted together with the urological tests, including uroflowmetry and cystometry. Patients with infection of the urinary tract and with prostate hypertrophy were excluded from the study. 32 (78%) patients had urinary symptoms: frequency in 27 cases (65%), urgency in 9 cases (21%), urge incontinence in 1 case and dysuria in 1 case. Disorders in urodynamic examination were found in 26 cases (63%); they were: detrusor hyperactivity in 21 cases (51%), prolonged time of micturition in 18 cases (44%) and decrease of maximum flow rate in 19 cases (46%). Detrusor hyperactivity was more frequent in patients with extended parkinsonian motor signs. The results of the examination indicate frequent urinary disturbances (70%) in IPD, which improve during treatment with increased dose of levodopa.

The aim of the study was to assess the clinical picture of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to investigate the long term effectiveness of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). 170 subjects were investigated with Mesam 4 screening device. Full polysomnography was performed in suspected patients confirming the diagnosis (AHI > 10) in 72 cases (69M, 3F), mean age 46.7 +/- 8.4 yrs, mean weight 110 +/- 19 kg. Snoring (100%) apneas (96%), excessive daytime sleepiness (98%) and nocturia (73%) were the most common symptoms. Application of CPAP therapy resulted in elimination of apneas, improvement in sleep architecture and in arterial blood oxygen saturation. Apnea index decreased from 63 +/- 22 to 4 +/- 4. First night compliance to CPAP was about 95%. OSA symptoms rapidly regressed. Follow-up examination was performed in 45 patients who used CPAP for more than 1 year. All subjects presented with improvement in quality of life, all but one were using CPAP almost every night (mean 6.6 +/- 0.9 night per week). The most common side effects of CPAP were uncomfortable nose mask (42%), throat dryness (27%) and eye irritation (24%) We concluded that CPAP treatment in OSA occurs to be effective, long term compliance is high, side effects are benign and mostly due to poorly fitting mask.

Six patients are described, including five women with a history of many years of refractory dysuria symptoms caused by neurosis. Four patients were elementary school teachers. In none patient changes were found in numerous general and bacteriological urine analyses nor in urography and cystoscopy, and in women also in gynaecological examination. The removal of neurosis producing factors caused a regression of dysuria symptoms in three patients.

The authors present 11 patients operated on for metastatic tumours of the vertebral canal. The main symptom was pain lasting for from 3 weeks to 8 months prior to the development of spinal cord compression. The primary focus was diagnosed and treated primarily surgically in only 2 patients. In all cases laminectomy was done for removal of the epidural or intravertebral body part of the tumour and in 3 patients posterior spondylodesis was done additionally. The fate of 3 patients is unknown. Three patients died. The results of the treatment of 5 patients were assessed from 3 to 40 months after operation. The authors review in the light of the pertinent literature the modern methods of management which depend mainly on the location of the tumour.

Data concerning 604 girls up 18 year old were analysed. On the basis clinical symptoms and results of culture of various biological materials on selected media--the monofocal Trichomonas infection concerning the most often vulva and vagina, rarely urethra or other regions of urinary organ as well as the multifocal Trichomonas infection, particularly complicated by mycosis were proved. It was found the convergence statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.5) of the invasion of T. vaginalis with some symptoms of inflammation of genital and urinary organs; the highest values of Pearson-Bravais coefficient was obtained in Trichomonas infection of genital organs and vaginal discharges, pain of vulva and vagina, the picture of colpitis maculosa, but in the multifocal one also with itching and pain in urethra and dysuria. T. vaginalis without symptoms occurred very seldom in the girls.

A case of the young female patient is presented. The patient was treated for urolithiasis for several years. The disease was diagnosed with urography only revealing urinary retention. The use of a contrast enabled to diagnose disorders of the vascularization of kidneys causing urinary retention. It is worth mentioning that atypical localization of pain in the right epigastric region additionally complicated the diagnosis.