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The phenomenon described by Henryk Bereza as the peasant trend in literature was something unique within Polish literature. Thanks to authors originating from the provinces, such as Julian Kawalec, Tadeusz Nowak, Wiesław Myśliwski, Edward Redliński and Marian Pilot, the countryside gained representation in the mainstream culture and literature of 1945–1989. However, among the texts of the peasant trend, it is also possible to identify themes that did not find representation or found it rarely. Among the works belonging to the peasant trend it is possible to notice a small representation of women, both among female authors and women characters equally important to men. Najada (1970), Diabły (1971) and Gorczyca (1981) are rare examples of works focusing on the female perspective of provincial life. The expressive characters of mothers, daughters and wives complement the male perspective, which seems to have dominated the peasant trend. The picture of life portrayed in literature will be contrasted with the accounts of rural women sent to the competition of the Institute of Rural and Agricultural Development of the Polish Academy of Sciences, published in 1975–1976 in three collections in the series Wspomnienia kobiet wiejskich: Czyste wody moich uczuć (1975), Rola przeorana, dom piękny (1975) and Być w środku życia (1976). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Wiejskie is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perspectives on Culture / Perspektywy Kultury is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives The topic of the article is social media considered in the context of women's attitudes and purchasing decisions. The authors' intention was to assess the importance and use of social media in women's decision-making process. In particular, the focus was on identifying women's activity in social media, taking into account their age. The ability of women to make a decision to purchase a product in connection with the content on brand profiles in social media was also assessed. Material and methods The article presents a research approach based on literature studies and empirical research. Starting from the characteristics of a woman as a consumer, the determinants of women's purchasing decisions regarding the purchase of cosmetics were demonstrated. Empirical research was carried out using the diagnostic survey method using a questionnaire. The research results were analyzed statistically. Results The research results confirm the importance of social media in the purchasing decision-making process of women. This impact is also related to women's age. Factors such as content usefulness, perceived value of information, influencer's recommendation, and opinions of other users play a special role here. Conclusions The research results clearly indicate the role of brand communication in the social media space, regardless of the channels, methods and forms of this communication.

Relatively 1Cor 11:10 received the most attention from those of the early Church writers who dealt more extensively with the “woman’s question”. The questions of the veil for women was analyzed in the social, religious and cultural contexts of antiquity. St. Paul’s text encouraged Christians to seek strict religious arguments to justify the practice of wearing the veil by women, placing it in the context of a theological choice. Ancient Christian writings confirm this view, but many authors choose the path of reflection impregnated with elements of angelological doctrine. However, there was no shortage of other interpretative contexts. In the ante-Nicene Fathers, it was possible to discover the hermeneutical links of the Pauline text with Gen 6:1-4. The range of “angels” referred to in the Pauline pericope was quite broad. They were identified not only with celestial beings but also with the fallen angels, the celebrants in the liturgy and its participants. It could also have been the strangers who observed the rites. In the later period, the issues were different. In reality, the doctrine of the Church and the social reasons, customs, as well as practices in liturgical assemblies have been consolidated. The veil became a symbol that invoked a positive image of women. The imposition of the veil (velatio) became synonymous with the consecration to God by the virgins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Breast cancer in women in Norway currently accounts for 23% of all cancer cases and is also the most common cause of death in this population. Thanks to the availability of preventive tests and the implementation of tests, many cases of the disease are diagnosed at an early stage, which has a positive impact on the prognosis. The introduction of new technologies and treatment methods in oncology has given many women a chance for longer survival and even complete recovery. The aim of the study was to present the epidemiological situation of women with breast cancer in Norway and to identify factors that may be important for the incidence, duration of survival and mortality due to this cancer. Material and methods. The work uses a review and analysis of the literature from the Norwegian online database Kreftregisteret Cancer in Norway (from 2019-2022) and a review of data published by: Norwegian Ministry of Health and Welfare and Statistics Norway. Results. Breast cancer in Norway is the most common cause of death in women under 65 years of age. In 2022, 4,197 new cases were recorded, i.e. more than in previous years, and the average age of women at diagnosis was 62 years. The incidence rate of breast cancer in the female population aged 50–69 was also higher and clearly associated with the more frequent use of hormonal treatment during menopause. The effects of treatment of this cancer in Norway are satisfactory, because nine out of ten women diagnosed with breast cancer survive 5 years after diagnosis. Conclusions. Breast cancer among women in Norway is still a serious health and social problem, but the functioning of the health care system and the attitude of women themselves allow for satisfactory treatment results. Evidence of significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of women diagnosed with breast cancer is the fact that over 90% of patients with this cancer can be considered cured.

The Middle Ages are considered a very misogynistic era. However, the case of Hildegard of Bingen shows that even then women could excel in independence. The list of terms that describe Hildegard of Bingen is long: mystic, visionary, prophetess, artist, poet, theologian, Sibyl of the Rhine are just some of them. She was an extraordinary person. She fascinates us with the breadth of her interests that go beyond the times in which she lived. She was the only woman of the Middle Ages to teach publicly and the first to obtain the Pope's permission to write theological works. She was characterized by leadership qualities, stubbornness, determination in pursuing the chosen goal. She assigned herself the role of a vassal carrying out the mission entrusted by God. She instructed the rulers and disciplined the popes in the most misogynistic of the epochs. She had a lot of strength to go against the will of her superiors and to carry out her plans. On the occasion of the eight hundredth anniversary of her death, John Paul II called her a light for people who shines brighter today than ever, and in 2012 she was proclaimed a doctor of the Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society, Education, Language / Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język is the property of Akademia Mazowiecka w Plocku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fabrica Litterarum Polono-Italica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and objective Breastfeeding is undoubtedly the most natural healthiest and most beneficial way of feeding newborns, infants and small children alike. The aim of the study was to analyse the determinants of women’s attitudes towards breastfeeding. Material and methods The study was conducted among 400 pregnant women by the method of a diagnostic survey using questionnaires. The research tools were: the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale (IIFAS), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and a standardized interview questionnaire. Results The mean IIFAS score was 61.11 (SD = 9.88) [95% CI (60.14; 62.08)]. A positive attitude towards breastfeeding was observed in 21.5% of the respondents, 68.0% showed a neutral attitude, whereas 10.5% of the women had a positive attitude towards feeding their infants with formula. The mean satisfaction with life score was 22.97 (SD = 5.75) [95% CI (22.4, 23.53)]. A positive correlation was found between the attitude towards breastfeeding and respondents’ age (r = 0.170; p = 0.001), and between their attitude towards breastfeeding and satisfaction with life (r = 0.109; p = 0.030). Women who were married (p < 0.001), those who had a very satisfactory socio-economic standard (p = 0.016), were professionally active (p = 0.024), and had children (p < 0.001) presented a more positive attitude towards breastfeeding. Conclusions A relationship was found between socio-demographic factors, such as age, marital status, socio-economic standard, having children and professional activity, and women’s attitude towards breastfeeding. The higher the level of satisfaction with life, the more positive the attitude of women towards breastfeeding. Women giving birth for the first time were less positive about breastfeeding, compared to women who have given birth vaginally or via a Caesarean section.

Copyright of Social Work / Praca Socjalna is the property of Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im Marii Grzegorzewskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Family Upbringing / Wychowanie w Rodzinie is the property of Family Upbringing Editorial Board / Redakcja czasopisma Wychowanie w Rodzinie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article concerns Aleksandra Zielińska’s novel Sorge. The author focused on relationships beetwen women – mothers, daughters and sisters in perspective of women’s mourning and also uses cathegory of trauma, abnormal grief and unresolved grief. The author analyses Sorge as (post)pandemic reinterpretation of legend of Pied Piper of Hamelin and examines contemporary forms of mourning in perspective of social quarantines.

The woman as the embodiment of desire in the writings of Algirdas Jeronimas Landsbergis (1924–2004) – a Lithuanian expatriate playwright, novelist, editor, and literary and theatre critic – is not an ordinary literary character but symbolises the unique relationship between the rational world of consciousness and the instinctive, primal needs expressed in creative fantasies. The image of the woman-fantasy appears in the author’s short stories. It allows us to explore the inherent egocentricity of desire, the experience of lust that constrains subjectivity. C. G. Jung’s philosophy is used to classify fantasy images and identify their characteristic features, while E. Husserl’s phenomenology of consciousness is applied to the description of the protagonists’ experiences in the process of unique emotional occurrences. Short stories “Duet for Female Voice and Violin in Venice”, “A Long Night”, and “The Second Mountain Range” are analysed as expressions of the experiencing consciousness and the creating unconscious. The desires and fantasies of the protagonists materialise into a woman who is seen as a creation of lust; her body is reified by demonstrating power. However, a phantasmatic metamorphosis of characters is powerless to solve their dilemmas and inner confusion, as lust is based on one-sided, searching, and striving relations with the world in the absence of any answer.

Copyright of Er(r)go: Teoria, Literatura, Kultura is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanistyka i Przyrodoznawstwo is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subject and purpose work: The study analysed the role of women in the development of the rural areas of the municipality of Skenderaj and its agriculture. Despite the fact that the women in agriculture in this municipality are highly influential and contribute to its economic development, gender equality in the area is not at the desired level.

Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines when mandatory clerical celibacy was instituted in the Czech lands. At first it was only demanded of candidates to become bishops while other priests regularly had wives and children up to the 12th century. The Papal Curia first intervened in favour of celibacy in 1143 through a mission by Cardinal Guido when married clerics were removed from their posts. Another came with Cardinal Peter in 1197 when he (unsuccessfully) demanded that those being ordained also take a vow of purity. Celibacy was then enforced after the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215.

Marguerite Duras focuses on a rejected individual on the margins of society. Her literary characters oppose being perceived as devoid of autonomy, contesting the fixed model of a submissive and passive woman. On the contrary, they reject the social order and the traditional system of values, claiming the right to freedom and thus demonstrating transgressive female behaviour. Duras' heroine, a mysterious, crazy person who is looking for love and is aware of her otherness and alienation, appears as a kind of femme fatale or a witch. This image of a "different" woman - a disturbing, unhappy, lost, borderline person experiencing a specific crisis - is best illustrated by a beggar. She identifies, par excellence, with the wandering to the lands of perdition and its various readings. Her journey is, at the same time, a sign of dereliction, an attempt at liberation and a quest for identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burials and burial customs themselves are among the best sources of information about the "gender" structure of the surveyed society. The characteristics of "gender" in the Linear Pottery culture (LPC) are generally most often associated with everyday activities, in which both men and women played an irreplaceable role. However, the prevalent opinion in the scientific literature is that women and children had a lower social status than men, due to the smaller amount of grave goods, moreover "gender"-atypical, in case of women and their more frequent burial within settlements. The aim of the paper is to verify this hypothesis and a subsequent attempt to trace the potential "gender" specificity of the female grave inventory on selected sites of LPC using statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to present one of the varieties of biography, here tentatively defined as lunar biography. The specificity of this subgenre is relativity understood as a feature that shapes the way the characters - here the protagonist - are presented, consisting of the fact that the person is described as if the story about him or her was reflected in countless mirrors, or was possible only due to agency, that is, stories told about others. Kowalska. Ta od Dąbrowskiej by Sylwia Chwedorczuk is the subject of those multiple reflections. The characterization of this biographical text, on the one hand aims at presenting a detailed portrait of the author of Safona, and on the other hand, indicates how strongly it is linked to her relationships with others. Portraying Kowalska was conducted to better analyse the play between facts, opinions, or the peculiar paucity of Kowalska's own voice. An empathetic biographer, trying to depict the individualism of her chosen heroine, often forgets that too much contextual information blurs the individuality of the writer from Lviv, and leads to situating her too strongly in the perspective of references to others. It results in in her story being hidden in stories of persons close to her, which may cause the loss of her individuality, or at least, it reveals Kowalska through a sum of biographies which do not belong to her. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In 1987, sport was known in the literature as an area representing a traditional male power, strength and violence. In 2020, women's sport became recognized as the mainstream, which only confirmed similar conclusions made over the past years. One of the challenges in the area of sport over the next years was women’s sport activation and reaching them through sponsorship communication. This has been facilitated, inter alia, by the development of women's sport and its marketing potential. The study aims to present the image of a woman in marketing communication based on sports motives. The selected aspects subjected to analysis will help to define the role of women in advertising sports communication and verify the declarations of the companies that achieve their goals using this level of communication. Another aim is to investigate whether the belief in the feminization of sports fandom and involvement of women in the fan culture finds confirmation in advertising. Method. The author has analysed selected TV, cinema and internet advertising campaigns (audio-video format) containing sports accents. Communications of 1,270 films representing 254 brands was analysed. The analysis covered seven different areas: characters, image and product advertising, share of sports disciplines, sports accessories used, the woman’s attitude, an area of the sports involvement, and the values presented. Results. The analysis allowed to obtain an image of a woman being aware of her strength, who can derive great joy from sport. She believes that this is an important and popular area which has a beneficial effect on health and guarantees a shapely figure and great fun. She is a woman being aware of a number of values that come with sport, as she can see how much she benefits in the spiritual, physical and emotional dimensions. However, she feels her emotions much more often through the way to success and fighting for the position of a leader rather than cheerleading.

Copyright of Szkoła - Zawód - Praca is the property of Kazimierza Wielki University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work presents the basics of St. John Paul II's reflection on women, their dignity, nature and vocation, pointing to motherhood as the key to the development of the Pope's teaching, organizing his statements. An analysis of the writings of John Paul II shows that, regardless of his reflections on human dignity, he supports his reflections on women by emphasizing their ability to physical motherhood, assuming the impact of this ability and the possibility of its realization on the tasks and obligations of women towards all humanity. An analysis of the Pope's writings shows that he did not devote the same amount of attention and space to reflection on the meaning of masculinity and the vocation of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne is the property of Ksiegarnia Swietego Jacka and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, the image of Russian Orthodox woman is reconstructed. Based on the thoughts of Renata Grzegorczykowa, who looks for causes of failure in the definition of religious language in the specifics of the religious life − which, in her opinion, cannot be clearly and decisively separated from the secular activities – the author postulates an extension of studies on the sacred language in the categories of the linguistic view of the world, i.e. the point of view and perspective in the understanding of Jerzy Bartminski. Acceptance of a particular point of view affects the choice of the content and the form of the concepts presented. The analysis of the concept of a woman is carried out using the material from the Orthodox bi-monthly magazine “Славянка”. The reconstructed image consists of two primary facets: mental features and relationships with family members, as well as four secondary ones: professional activity, education, social activity and appearance. The results of the analyses show that this is a traditional image – a woman is seen as an assistant to her husband, whose task is to support the man in all his activities. The most important value for a woman is the family and its well-being rather than her own aspirations.

With the expansion of the knowledge about the physiology of pregnancy is changing the recommendation for safe management during its duration. More and more often talk about the need for physical activity due to maintaining or even increasing cardiopulmonary capacity, muscle strength, range of joint mobility, especially the hip and spine. And the right conduct and selection of exercises not only guarantees the development of the child, but also prepares the future mother for active participation in childbirth. Regular gymnastics and properly selected exercises, as part of pregnancy care with a physiological, uncomplicated course, are widely recognized. It is important that such awareness also have women expecting a child, while gaining additional motivation to exercise. In this article, we have tried to present and justify the valuable effect of the mentioned gymnastic exercises, which a pregnant woman can do without medical contraindications.

The author attempts to answer the question about the ontic basis of human sexuality: Is sexuality an indispensable element of being human, or is it just an element of human cultural diversity? In his search for an answer, he applies the structure of the medieval quaestiones disputatae including objections, counter-objections, solutions and responses to objections. In his discussion of solutions, the author refers first and foremost to the metaphysical method (which consists in pointing out the objective factors that ultimately explain the examined fact of human sexuality), but also to theological and neurological methods. The whole of the analysis is aimed at proving that the human soul is inherently sexual and, therefore, that being a man or a woman is a proper mode of the existence of a human person.

The analysis covered interesting, in terms of kind, fiction, language, and above all narration, prose texts of Sylvia Chutnik and the last novel by Krzysztof Varga. The winner of the “Polityka Passport” combines the high with the low – what is full of acute seriousness and authenticity with what is gaudy, vulgar, cheap and sensational. From the collision of contradictions arise portraits of women, people of Warsaw streets, daily and festive situations, sketched with humor and seriousness, distance and irony. Whereas “Massacre” by Varga in a satirically-ironic form, feature as to its spirit and marked with distance, diagnoses contemporary Polish afflictions focused as in a lens in the Warsaw area. The main context are poetic issues of the literary work, which is why the centre of gravity was placed on the most interesting, in the case of these novels, way of telling the story and presenting the main characters. It is clearly visible, on the one hand, that they are rooted in traditional storytelling techniques, mainly Bakhtin’s dialogism, but on the other hand, the novels, within the meaning of the author, set new trails, new possibilities of organising the narrator’s and characters’ utterances. Technical measures, involving the combination of “voices”, their partial merger, mutual influence and other trans- formations result, paradoxically, in a breakup. The predominant effect, resulting from the application of these measures, related to the use of “someone else’s speech”, is even greater stratification of consciousness and languages, their atomisation and separation, without the possibility of participating in the real, not illusory dialogue. In effect, an image is created of a socio-linguistic magma with separated, although apparently linked consciousnesses – a cacophony of voices.

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper attempts to analyse the international success of the Danish televisual series Rita (TV2 Denmark - Netflix, 2012-2020). It places the production in a wider cultural and historical context and treats it as an exemplification of, what the author deems, a recent shift in representations of teachers in visual media narratives. The author’s argumentation is premised on three principal assumptions. First, Rita demonstrates that after the genre’s decline at the turn of the twentieth century, the school-centred audio-visual narratives are back in favour. The trend is connected to the growth of the post-network television and the so-called over-the-top services (OTT). Second, the substantial part of Rita’s wide appeal is related to the show’s innovative application of the conventions known from the earlier Scandinavian productions and themes from serials about “difficult women”. This particularly concerns the show’s adept exploration of the resilient and anti-heroic female lead character. Third, Rita is regarded as an early indication of the shift in the ways school life and teachers are represented in the media today. The author stipulates that the show may augur the emergence of many similar complex televisual images of teachers in the near future.

Higher education for women in Europe became public after The First World War and the October Revolution. Before this time women had to really make effort to obtain it. Nevertheless women were taking part in scientific conferences especially philosophical ones. There are no data how many women finished philosophy courses in Europe. To find it out, one would need to visit every single university separately, analyse lists of female graduates and then aggregate it. This article shows that women not only studied philosophy in the XIX century, not only translated philosophical litrature in native languages, not only run philosophical publishing houses, but also gave philosophical lectures. At the same time this article shows, that women took part in scientific and philosophical life at the same level as men. Therefore they participadet in conferences and philosophical congresses. Until 1918 there were four global philosophical congresses: in Paris (1900), in Geneva (1905), in Heidelberg (1908) and again in Bologna (1911). In this paper we analyse women's 1 Der Text wurde als Ergebnis der Arbeit an einem vom National Science Center Poland finanzierten Stipendienprojekt erstellt: „Zweiter Plan: Frauen in der russischen Philosophie“ vertragsgemäß (UMO Nr. 2017/25/B/HSI/00530). 2 speeches in these congresses and present their short intelectual biographies. We rely on published Books of Papers.

The article reviews the research and critical analysis of the status of women in social (family and professional) life, referring to the theoretical concepts dominating in social sciences in recent decades. One of the important problems of the contemporary society seems to be the still culturally conditioned, unequal access of women and men to socially valued goals, which is exemplified by scientific careers of women, the specificity of which is presented in the final part of the article.

The body of Eva in Thomas AquinasThe constitution of the first female body or the body of Eva presents several physical and metaphysical problems, problems that have gone through the centuries and reach the present, generating social and cultural consequences for women. The non-existence of parents demands from Aquino answers that go beyond the anthropological and biological and lead to the search of philosophical answers intertwined with the theological ones. Thomas Aquinas provides rational answers although the background is of faith, and even, with literal interpretations of the Sacred Scriptures now abandoned. The Aquinate makes an intellectual effort to find answers in a rational field because the matter of the body of the first woman brings difficulties for its elucidation and understanding. As in other parts of his extensive work, Thomas Aquinas, follows the biological and physical works of Aristotle. Although the Aristotelian background is in line with Christian thought, Aquinas shows his extraordinary capacity for synthesis between the faith received and reason argued, between revelation (and especially the Holy Scriptures in this case) and the principles of reason.

The aim of this article is to present one of the varieties of biography, here tentatively defined as lunar biography. The specificity of this subgenre is relativity understood as a feature that shapes the way the characters -- here the protagonist -- are presented, consisting of the fact that the person is described as if the story about him or her was reflected in countless mirrors, or was possible only due to agency, that is, stories told about others. Kowalska. Ta od Dąbrowskiej by Sylwia Chwedorczuk is the subject of those multiple reflections. The characterization of this biographical text, on the one hand aims at presenting a detailed portrait of the author of Safona, and on the other hand, indicates how strongly it is linked to her relationships with others. Portraying Kowalska was conducted to better analyse the play between facts, opinions, or the peculiar paucity of Kowalska's own voice. An empathetic biographer, trying to depict the individualism of her chosen heroine, often forgets that too much contextual information blurs the individuality of the writer from Lviv, and leads to situating her too strongly in the perspective of references to others. It results in in her story being hidden in stories of persons close to her, which may cause the loss of her individuality, or at least, it reveals Kowalska through a sum of biographies which do not belong to her. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of the private illness diary at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth century relates to the turn to privacy at that time as well as th progress in the medical sciences, changes in patient care and the popularisation of knowledge of the human body’s functions, hygiene, health and illness. Doctors such as Franz Leopold Lafontaine (1801) advice their patients’ closest relatives to record the course of the illness day by day, even hour by hour. These records, about a dozen pages long each, testify to the writers’ desperate attempt to maintain objectivity while systematically describing changes in the patient’s appearance and mental state and making a note of every physiological function until the patient’s death. These texts represent an overlooked aspect of the emerging private diary, which presents a strongly medicalised description of the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to analyse the image of a woman in the II Eclogue written by Nemesianus. Moreover, the text describes somatic symptoms used in the evidentiary proceedings in the case of loss of virginity and leading to the accused woman's isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to analyse the relationship between the writer, her text and imagination that is influenced by the image of death. In Gruszecka’s novels this is revealed mostly by the way in which the author presents her heroines, whose existence is uncertain, phantom­‑like. In reference to the works of Hélène Cixous and Jerzy Grotowski, the author of the article considers how the body is presented (regarded as a certain type of an archive) as a source of the text existing between life and death. In this context ‘writing (with) the body’ could be understood as a mode of ‘stillness as to give way to the life that comes (also from the past and memory) in a momentary experience of self­‑mortality.

The article presents the evolution of the heroes in Polish cinema after the Second World War, as well as while showing the characters that influenced the social awareness of Poles, it reveals those which have been created in response to the social needs. Although the Polish postwar cinema for decades used to be exclusively masculine, lately this tendency changed, and thus for, the author shows that the features and attributes of male characters have been transferred to the female characters by the scenarists and film directors.

Gender theory concerns most areas of woman‘s existence in a society and an artistic text is one of many subject manifestations, which may and is likely to influence public opinions. After the period of literature dominated by heroines fighting for the rights, the woman­‑provocateurs came to set free not only their bodies, but also their souls. Apart from the male–female relations (gender theory), Olga Tokarczuk’s short story Najbrzydsza kobieta świata (tr. The Ugliest Woman of World) reveals various aspects of women’s writing, in particular – the aesthetics of ugliness. Within this milieu, the ugliness is locked in two stands: 1. the direct characteristics of the ugliest woman in the world and 2. the shocking element of the suffering aesthetics, namely, the exposure of woman by the others.

The aim of the article is to present recent fundamental changes in thinking about poetry. Authors of books published in the years 2010–2016 are much more aware of the political and social situation than those who were debuting right after the year 2000. They are also aware of the context of artistic creation and aesthetic criteria. They seek to redefine the production and distribution of poetic works and react (as their predecessors did) with resistance to social and political oppression.