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Introduction: The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and inmates’ the sense of loneliness.Method: The research was carried out using the diagnostic survey method. Two standardized research tools, adapted to Polish conditions, were used: the COVID-19 fear scale of D.K. Ahorsu et al. (Adaptation - A. Lewicka-Zelent, W. Czerski) and the Sense of Loneliness Scale de Jong Gierveld. (adaptation - P. Grygiel, G. Humenny, S. Rębisz, P. Świtaj, J. Sikorska). The group of respondents consisted of 429 people staying in six penitentiary units - 6 prisons and 2 pre-trial detention centers, randomly selected by the Central Board of the Prison Service.Results: The results of own research show that inmates do not feel a strong fear of Covid-19, and their sense of loneliness is of moderate intensity. The correlation between them is weak and positive. This means that as the fear of the coronavirus intensifies, the sense of loneliness increases in people imprisoned in solitary confinement.Implications: The obtained research results indicate the need to continue the research undertaken in a situation where sanitary restrictions related to minimizing the risk of falling ill with COVID-19 are reintroduced. Inmates should take additional measures to prevent negative consequences resulting from the high level of fear of COVID-19 and inmates’ the sense of loneliness. It is not even about wide-ranging impacts, but rather targeted at individual people who experience increased fear of the coronavirus and loneliness, despite being with other inmates in prison. It means the necessity to make a detailed diagnosis in this regard among persons deprived of liberty.

Objectives Coronavirus leads to multiple tragic consequences not only in the dimension of people’s physical functioning, but also in the psychological dimension. Due to the increased risk of morbidity among the older people, the researchers put the emphasis on the elderly. Nonetheless, it is unacceptable to disregard it in the group of young people who become ill with it and observe its consequences with respect to their close relatives. Accordingly, it is so important to undertake studies pertaining to mental health of children and that of youth during the pandemic. Prior to initiating the research, the adequate selection of research tools of high psychometric properties should be made. Material and methods Our objective was to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale to Polish conditions. The study involved 380 randomly selected students aged 14-18 who were placed under the several months’ national quarantine, i.e. they were taught online without the direct contact with peers. Results The obtained data point to a low intensity of the fear of coronavirus, but the moderate intensity of: satisfaction with life, depression symptoms, state anxiety. Moreover, the confirmation has been provided of high psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in the Polish version. Conclusions The adapted scale can be successfully used in the comparative studies of the youth in Poland and in other countries (thanks to different linguistic versions of the scale) for the preventive and therapeutic measures.

Undoubtedly, a pandemic is a crisis, which means that the lives of those who experience it will never be the same as before. It is certain that many people will suffer negative consequences, although observation alone does not provide sufficient evidence to confirm their occurrence. Therefore, it was decided to conduct research aimed at understanding the differences in the psychosocial effects of the pandemic between Poles in early, middle and late adulthood. Almost 300 people (n = 298) participated in the study conducted with the use of several research tools: The Fear of COVID-19 Scale in the Polish adaptation of Lewicka-Zelent and Czerski, the DJGLS Scale (in the Polish adaptation of P. Grygel, G. Humenny, S. Rbisz, P. witaj and J. Sikorska-Grygiel), the General Mood Scale and the Wojciszke and Barya Emotions Questionnaire, as well as the questionnaire by A. Lewicka-Zelent. The conducted analyzes proved that there are statistically significant differences between the compared groups of adults, especially in the severity of fear of COVID-19, experienced mood and emotions.

Objectives Since the end of 2019 the COVID-19 pandemic has been determining the ways in which nations, institutions, and individuals function. As of now, despite a growing body of research, little is known about the effects of the pandemic in the area of psychosocial functioning of an individual. An analysis of the results of the studies conducted so far implies that the feeling of loneliness, caused or exacerbated by pandemic regimes, may increase fear of COVID-19. To provide effective psychological support to persons suffering from fear of the coronavirus relationships between the feeling of loneliness and fear of the COVID-19 must be understood. Both clinical experience and research results show that generalized mood may be a mediator in the postulated relationships. The present work studies the relationship between loneliness and fear of COVID-19, and the generalized mood as a mediator in this relationship in adults. Material and methods The studies were performed on a sample of 298 adults from Poland, aged 20 to 90. The mediation analysis with bias-corrected bootstrapping method confirmed that the relation between loneliness and fear of COVID-19 is mediated by generalized mood. Results The results show an indirect effect of loneliness via generalized mood on fear of COVID-19. Conclusions The feeling of loneliness and depressed generalized mood are risk factors for fear of COVID-19. Health care and welfare workers should be aware of health threats to socially isolated adults and those with a depressed mood. It is important to develop, as soon as possible, a simple, universal counseling package aimed at improving the clients’ generalized mood, a package that would be conducive to the development of social relations and would include education in adapting to the COVID-19 situation.

Introduction. In Poland, persons found to have committed a crime may serve their sentence in the electronic supervision system (ESS). Therefore, publications in this field appear on the publishing market, most often are in the mainstream of legal considerations. However, there is a lack of research reports involving people who can share their experiences of serving a sentence in this way. The aim of the research is to indicate selected conditions of readiness to change in prisoners who have been subject to ESS in the past. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2019 in 8 penitentiary units among 229 inmates. The diagnostic survey method and two research tools were used: the Readiness to Change Questionnaire and the Resilience Measurement Scale. In order to answer the formulated research problems, the following were used: descriptive statistics, r-Pearson correlation, Student's t-test and regression. Results. People participating in the study obtained a result indicating their high readiness to change and moderate resilience. Persons who have never served their sentence in ESS rated their ingenuity higher than inmates who have had personal experience with it. In the group of prisoners who were in ESS in the past, it was found that the longer they were subject to ESS, the lower their readiness to change was. Moreover, the more inmates who have not experienced the effects of ESS tolerate their failures, the more readily they are to change. The older they are, the less they are ready to change. Implications. In practice, it is worth conducting more studies with the participation of people who were subject to electronic supervision in order to identify predictors of their readiness to change. Ultimately, it is about indicating as many factors as possible conditioning the process of social readaptation of inmates, which should be taken into account at the level of ESS adjudication, striving to increase the effectiveness of serving a sentence in it.

Możliwość wykonywania pracy przez osoby skazane jest regulowana przez prawo danego kraju. W polskim prawie karnym wykonawczym praca jest jednym ze środków oddziaływań na skazanych, których zadaniem jest realizacja indywidualno-prewencyjnych celów wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności. W polskim systemie penitencjarnym, w miarę możliwości istniejących na rynku pracy, zatrudnia się osoby skazane zakładając, że pełni ona wiele ważnych funkcji. W badaniu ankietowym wzięło udział 452 skazanych z siedmiu wylosowanych zakładów karnych z całej Polski. Celem badań było poznanie opinii osób pozbawionych wolności na temat aktualnie wykonywanej przez nich pracy. Posłużono się autorskim kwestionariuszem ankiety. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą o tym, że skazani dostrzegają korzyści wynikające z podejmowanej przez nich pracy, m.in. zmiany w swoim zachowaniu, lepsze samopoczucie oraz poprawę relacji z innymi. Praca stanowi ważny czynnik urozmaicenia ich życia w izolacji. Czynnikiem, który w największym stopniu przyczynia się do niezadowolenia więźniów z pracy, są zbyt duże potrącenia z pensji.

Introduction: The time of pandemic poses a considerable challenge for the people of the whole world. They are afflicted with physical and mental ailments affecting life satisfaction, which iscontingent upon multiple factors. Research Aim: The objective of authors’ own research was to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and, subsequently, to identify the selected determinants of life satisfaction – the state anxiety and the fear of COVID-19 – of the young Poles in the time of pandemic. Method: During the lockdown in Poland (May and June), 236 individuals aged 19–35 were subjected to research. To this end, an online survey consisting of the three research tools of high psychometric properties was applied: the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: The reliability and validity of the FCV-19S has been analysed in addition to the analysis of the correlations, variances and regression of the selected variables. Conclusions: The obtained data prove that during the pandemic the young Poles feel greater life satisfaction both the higher the intensity of the fear of COVID-19 is and the lower the state anxiety is. It is highly likely that they appreciate different values from the ones preferred prior to the pandemic. With account taken of the period of the conducted studies, it may be assumed that the relationship with close relatives, with whom the young Poles were spending their time, or from whom they were forcibly isolated, was of no significance.

Violence is present in various environments, in various social groups – wherever there is a disproportion between people in terms of physical or mental strength, social or economic status. A prison is a specific place due to it’s a total character and an isolating nature, as well as the presence of people who have committed crimes. Therefore, the aim of the article was to analyze the phenomenon of violence occurring in conditions of prison isolation. A comparative analysis was carried out based on statistical data obtained from the Central Board of the Prison Service for the years 2004-2019 in terms of the incidence of violence in the prisoner-officer and prisoner-prisoner relationship.

Conflicts are an integral part of people’s lives, regardless of their age. This aspect of life evokes many negative connotations. Nevertheless, the advantages of confl icts are now often exposed, providing that they are solved in a constructive way. The adolescent period is a stage of life that undoubtedly favours the frequency and intensity of diffi cult interpersonal situations. Therefore, the researchers decided to analyse which confl ict resolution styles are favoured by youth. The research was conducted in a group of one hundred and twentytwo secondary school students, half of whom were minors. A diagnostic opinion poll was applied. To be precise, it was the Confl ict Mode Instrument of Thomas and Kilmann. From the data obtained it stems that the minors, in comparison to the youth who are not under the supervision of a probation offi cer, are less likely to give up their own needs and interests on behalf of their partner in confl ict. However, equally often, people from the comparison groups solve confl icts by competing, looking for a compromise, using escaping mechanisms as well as cooperating with the confl ict partner. This means that it is worth applying negotiation and mediation as a preventative measure to prevent the escalation of the symptoms of social maladjustment.

In the subject literature it is emphasised that completion of the penalty of deprivation of liberty is not an effective way to prevent former convicts from committing subsequent offences. Thus, an endeavour is being made to find the alternatives to isolation penalty, at which point electronic supervision on the convicts is indicated. Although the provisions of law pertaining to such solution are quite clear, the data pertaining to its effects are not so extensive. In connection therewith, the research was undertaken to reveal the opinions of men serving the penalty of deprivation of liberty on the issue of effectiveness of supervision imposed on them in the past. As part of the research, both diagnostic survey method and author’s own questionnaire were used. It involved 229 men who had been previously under the electronic supervision and are in the conditions of penitentiary isolation at the time of research. The obtained results of the study confirm the advantage of positive opinions of the convicts about the supervision carried out. This subjective assessment, however, does not fully coincide with the objective one, carried out in the perspective of returning to prison and the relatively low nuisance of electronic supervision which is treated as a punishment. They encourage to reflect on the detailed diagnosis of the accused persons being conducted prior to the imposition of electronic supervision pursuant to court decision.

Constructive confl ict-solving methods have become increasingly common in Poland. Mediation as one of such methods is no longer applied solely to cases concerning minors, as it used to be in its beginnings in the Polish nation. Due to its multiple positive aspects, it is introduced in various areas of people’s life in Poland: politics, religion, education, etc. Researchers seek also an answer to the question as to whether it is reasonable to apply mediation in matters involving people deprived of liberty. It seems that in the case of certain off ences it is substantially less applicable than in others. For instance, considerable controversy surrounds participation of perpetrators of domestic violence in mediation, which is why the objective of the article consists of exploring both the possibilities and barriers of their participation in mediation meetings, both in the civil and penal cases. Accordingly, the term “domestic violence” is defi ned and the specifi c character of confl icts accompanying violence is discussed. Nevertheless, the emphasis is put on the analysis of mediation in civil matters – family and penal matters with participation of persons deprived of liberty in accordance with Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code.

Praca stanowi jedną z najważniejszych aktywności człowieka, zważywszy na wiele jej walorów. Dlatego dąży się do tego, żeby osoby pozbawione wolności mogły podjąć pracę lub kontynuować ją, przebywając w warunkach izolacyjnych. Jednak aranżując skuteczne oddziaływania związane z zatrudnieniem osób skazanych, warto poznać ich opinie na ten temat. Jednostronny obraz zjawiska może być zakłócony i dlatego postanowiono poznać opinie wychowawców penitencjarnych i ich podopiecznych na temat pracy wykonywanej przez osoby pozbawione wolności. W badaniach przeprowadzonych na przełomie 2018 i 2019 roku wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego. Narzędziami były autorskie kwestionariusze ankiet: dla osób skazanych (N = 396) oraz dla wychowawców zatrudnionych podczas odbywania kary pozbawienia wolności (N = 326). Przeprowadzone analizy statystyczne ujawniły dużo różnic istotnych statystycznie między opiniami porównywanych grup osób, zwłaszcza związanych z przyczynami i skutkami wykonywanej pracy przez osoby pozbawione wolności oraz ich zaangażowaniem w nią.

Kompetencje mediacyjne są dyspozycją jednostki pozwalającą jej na konstruktywne rozwiązywanie konfliktów. Warunkują także sprawne psychospołeczne jej funkcjonowanie. Głównym celem badań własnych było ustalenie, które z kompetencji mediacyjnych stanowią dla osób pozbawionych wolności zasoby umożliwiające im znalezienie rozwiązania konfliktu satysfakcjonującego obie strony tej niekorzystnej interakcji społecznej. Grupę badanych osób utworzyło 95 mężczyzn osadzonych w zakładach karnych. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z wykorzystaniem Kwestionariusza Kompetencji Mediacyjnych autorstwa A. Lewickiej-Zelent. Uzyskane wyniki badań własnych świadczą o tym, że badane osoby cechują się niskim poziomem kompetencji mediacyjnych. Jednakże najwyższe wyniki uzyskały w zakresie kompetencji udzielania pomocy oraz kompetencji pragmatycznych, co należy wykorzystać w aranżowanych oddziaływaniach resocjalizacyjnych, w których jednocześnie będą minimalizowane posiadane przez nie deficyty w tym zakresie.

Zagadnienia prezentowane przez autorów w niniejszym artykule skupiają się na ukazaniu istoty funkcjonowania Funduszu Aktywizacji Zawodowej Skazanych oraz Rozwoju Przywięziennych Zakładów Pracy, który odgrywa kluczowe znaczenie dla działań wspierających społeczną readaptację skazanych prowadzonych przez Służbę Więzienną. Szczegółowo omówiono zasady jego funkcjonowania w świetle długoterminowych trendów zatrudnienia osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności w Polsce, prezentując je w sposób graficzny na schemacie. Autorzy zwrócili uwagę na uniwersalne znaczenie pracy w resocjalizacji oraz w życiu każdego człowieka, szczególnie pozostającego w sytuacji uwięzienia, jako jednego z zasadniczych elementów jego prawa do godności.

The situation of a child not being brought up jointly by both parents is extremely difficult both psychologically and legally. What is absolutely certain is that the child is experiencing a crisis, one that the child is very often unable to overcome without the support of other people from outside of the family circle embroiled in the conflict. One such person designated for providing support for the child is a court custodian, defined as a person worthy of trust. As such, the aim of the article is to review legal acts regulating the issue of court custodians’ involvement in the relations between parents and children, acts constituting the basis for reflection and, in the future, corrective actions in this regard. These issues are discussed in the context of the draft for a new Family and Guardianship Code from the Ombudsman for Children, in which a court custodian involved in relations with a child becomes an active entity.

Mediation viewed as a constructive method of resolving conflicts is becoming increasingly popular in society. Attempts are also being made to employ it in resocialization work with prisoners. Nevertheless, in order to adapt this method to conditions of isolation, penitentiary workers should first have knowledge of the subject and be positive about the idea of restitutional justice. Therefore, the main purpose the research was to collect the opinions of professional penitentiary educators on court mediation – in criminal cases, family cases and after the verdict. The research was conducted using a method of a diagnostic survey. The research tool was the author’s questionnaire. The study group consisted of 50 educators. Exploratory research shows that most educators have basic information about mediation and following this knowledge, they are not convinced of the benefits of its use in a penitentiary institution.

Young people are at risk from acts of aggression both at school, in the family and from their peers. Frequently, the victims themselves begin to manifest aggression as a result of experiencing it from other people. Another determinant of the level of aggression is the mass media or negative role models (eg. making use of humiliating images and words). Empathy is a skill which enables one to recognise another person’s inner states and processes when coming into contact with the person. Thanks to it, one is able to share the emotions of the other person, which reduces the risk of aggressive behaviour. Therefore, it is vital that activities aiming at the development of empathy and reduction of aggression be included into working with young people. Such activities may include sensitizing training, aggression substitiution training, relaxation training or psychoeducational workshops. The aim of the study was to determine the level of emotional and cognitive empathy of aggressive victims as compared to young people experiencing or using aggression.

The daily use of multimedia brings a number of advantages and threats, especially for the development of school-age children, who more and more frequently move their real life to the virtual world. Hence, the aim of the research was to determine the importance of telephones and computers for children. The research was conducted among pupils from Class III and IV in two primary schools in the Lubelskie Voivodeship. The results of the research indicate the need to carry out preventive actions in the field of preventing cyber-dependences, with particular emphasis on the function of family relationships in the process of shaping the proper development of children.

Copyright of Paediatrics & Family Medicine / Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the centuries, the views on rehabilitation adults have been changing. The retributive justice paradigm began to be accompanied by another based on the principles of restorative justice, in which restoration is the main ingredient. Due to inadequate research in this field, the aim of the study was to determine the level of preparedness of prisoners for compensation to victims. The main research question was: "What level of readiness to redress emotionally materially and through services do the prisoners?" For this purpose a diagnostic survey method was employed as well as an own Redress Readiness Scale. The performed statistical analyses led to the conclusion that prisoners have significant deficits in readiness to restitution to injured persons.

Mediation proceedings in juvenile cases are held with the participation of the youth infringing legal norms. They provide compensation to the victims, and at the same time avoid placement in social rehabilitation facilities, as well as obtain forgiveness, and decrease the level of shame and guilt. The aim of the studies was to learn the opinions of minors on the subject of judicial mediation. Hence, minor boys from the Probation Centre No. 3 in Świdnik were subject to these studies. The “A” and “O” scales of K. Kmiecik-Baran and questionnaire of own work on the subject of mediation were used.

Copyright of Polish Journal of Social Rehabilitation / Resocjalizacja Polska is the property of Pedagogium Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Social Rehabilitation / Resocjalizacja Polska is the property of Pedagogium Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Family Upbringing / Wychowanie w Rodzinie is the property of Family Upbringing Editorial Board / Redakcja czasopisma Wychowanie w Rodzinie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Hypogammaglobulinemia in infancy and early childhood is an important clinical, diagnostic and prognostic problem. Aim of the study. To determine the scale of hypogammaglobulinemia concerning children diagnosed towards immunodeficiency and to analyze the prevalence and type of concomitant infections and diseases, mainly allergies. Material and methods. A total of 51 children were screened for primary immune deficiencies. Results. Hypogammaglobulinemia assessed in 39 children was transient in 6 (15%) cases. In 11 cases it correlated with quantitative abnormalities of the lymph cell subsets in peripheral blood. The majority of children suffered from recurrent respiratory, gastrointestinal and cutaneous infections and the most frequently observed concomitant disorders, present in 41% of patients were allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and alimentary allergy. Conclusions. Broadening of the spectrum of immunological diagnostic methods, including evaluation of the lymph cell function, innate immunity and engagement of immunogenetics contributed to the precise establishment of a definitive diagnosis of the immunodeficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]