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A typical place of localization of chondroma is the cartilaginous tissue of the auricle, which rarely develops and most often in people at a young age. Existing treatment methods are effective and widespread, however, any injury to the tumor accelerates its growth. Therefore, significant development of chondromas is observed after a trial excision or incomplete removal. Cryosurgical treatment refers to gentle, less traumatic methods. Тhe authors describe a case from practice: removal of the chondroma of the outer ear using a СAO-2 cryoapparatus with an individual polyethylene cap, which allows for accelerating and simplifying the process of thawing and re of the instrument. This intervention is outpatient and does not require special preparation. Taking into account the undesirable complications after cryotherapy (swelling, pain due to increased tissue turgor, local deterioration of blood circulation) on the one hand, and taking into account the antitoxic, calming, relaxing, and analgesic effect of magnesium on the body as a whole, the authors used balneotherapy in the form of a course of applications with a natural balneological agent with a high content of magnesium chloride on the zone of cryotherapy, as well as its drinking course consumption. The observation showed that the intervention using a cryoapplicator is a gentle method, slightly damaging the surrounding tissues, minimizing the possibility of intraoperative bleeding, allowing to accelerate the operation process and healing time, and, accordingly, reducing the patient's incapacity for work. Applying the results in clinical practice will significantly reduce the likelihood of deformation of the outer ear and maintain its primary functions.

Introduction The aging of society leads to an increase in the occurrence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). BCC includes both superficial and nodular lesions with a good prognosis as well as foci that are difficult to treat and require a multidisciplinary approach. There are two basic methods of treating BCC, surgery to remove the tumor and cryosurgery. The paper presents a case of an 82-year-old female patient suffering from BCC in a non-advanced stage of the disease with the presentation of subsequent stages of treatment. Aim of the study An attempt was made to confront an alternative method of BCC treatment by cryosurgery with the first-choice procedure - surgical excision of the tumor with a margin of healthy tissues. Description of the case An individual clinical case study including the patient's medical records. Conclusions The work emphasizes the importance of comprehensive care for a patient diagnosed with BCC. Individualization of the diagnostic and therapeutic process is the basis for dealing with the elderly patient.

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Background: Cryosurgery is the well-aimed and controlled destruction of diseased tissue by application of cold. It has been shown to be effective and efficient in various skin diseases. We studied the indications and outcome of this modality of treatment in our set up. Materials and Method: All patients who were subjected to cryosurgery for different clinical indications were included in the study. Results: There were total of 133 patients. Commonest age group presentation (between 16 to 25 years) constituted about 42%. 52% of patients were students. There were total of 91% who were from Kathmandu remaining 9% were from outside of Kathmandu Valley. Cryosurgery was indicated commonly in warts for 82% patients followed by 12% for keloid & hypertrophic scar, benign conditions in 4% and in premalignant conditions for 2% patients. Number to treatment (or sessions) for indicated disease with resolution of disease was single in 81% patients followed by between 2 to 5 treatment session in 14% and more than 5 treatments was necessary in 5%. Side effects like pain was seen in 64% patients, erythema in 8% and blistering 4%. 24% patients did not have any side effect. Conclusion: Cryotherapy is considered as one of the effective modality of treatment for various skin conditions with various limitations. Further prospective clinical trial with large population group should be carried out.

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Introduction: Pharmacological treatment of both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis is not always effective. The aim: Assessment of the effectiveness of treatment of patients with allergic and non-allergic vasomotor rhinitis using cryoablation procedures., Patients and Methods: Material and methods: The study involved 60 patients, including 28 women and 32 men, aged 17-76 years (the average age 39) with rhinitis. All participants were assigned into two groups: I group - 18 patients with chronic allergic rhinitis; II group - 42 patients with chronic non-allergic vasomotor rhinitis. The research methodology included: anamnesis, otolaryngological physical examination, rhinomanometer test, performed before and 3 months after the procedure. The cryoablation of nasal turbinates was performed under local anesthesia,with a 1% xylocaine solution using the Cryo-S device from CryoFlex Poland., Results: Results: After the cryoablation treatment, in both groups the statistically significant improvement was observed both in the subjective assessment of symptoms of nasal obstruction and in the mean rhinomanometry of air flows through the nasal passages during inspiration and exhalation., Conclusion: Conclusions: Cryosurgical treatment is not the first-line treatment for the treatment of allergic and non-allergic vasomotor rhinitis, it does not remove the causes of the disease. However, it may be an effective method of treatment for some patients and a supplement to existing treatment.

Two cases of frequent ventricular ectopy are described. Case one: a 49 year-old woman with post myocarditis extrasytoles (34 000/24 h). The ectopic focus was located on the tricuspid annulus - directly in the area of largest and sharpest His bundle potential and where direct His bundle capture was observed during all pace mapping attempts. Case two: a 15 year- -old men with idiopathic, very frequent premature ventricular beats from septal aspect of the mitral annulus. The area of earliest activation during the spontaneous ectopy with 12/12 pace map match showed obvious His bundle potential, moreover, the radiofrequency ablation catheter was unstable in that position (inferoseptal from retrograde aortic approach). In both cases treatment with cryoablation was successfully and uneventful. In conclusion, cryoablation instead of radiofrequency current ablation should be used for ventricular ectopy from septal part of the tricuspid or mitral annuli especially in cases of parahisian localisation and/or catheter instability.

Successful ablation of atrial or ventricular arrhythmia from aortic sinuses of Valsalva has been well documented with low complication rate. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of anteroseptal pathway is always challenging for the risk of atrioventricular block. Thus cryoablation is widely accepted approach. We present a 27 year-old patient with WPW syndrome and frequent palpitations referred for cryoablation of anteroseptal pathway. Extensive mapping from high anterseptal region and from noncoronary aortic cusp of aorta revealed a sharp pathway potential but several applications of cryomapping were unsuccessful. Finally, the pathway was permanently ablated with RF energy from noncoronary cusp of aorta. The mapping of aortic valve should be performed during difficult anteroseptal pathway ablation and unsuccessful cryomapping dose not preclude successful RF ablation at the same location.

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an ophthalmologic condition which may lead to blindness if compounded by other risk factors. Since many years, ROP is among the main causes of impaired visual acuity and blindness in Polish children. Therefore, the understanding of this disease, progress in diagnostics, and improved methods of treatment will contribute to a better prognosis in ROP. Nowadays, diode laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy are modalities used in ophthalmology centers at specific clinical stages of ROP. When performed at the right time, these procedures offer promising results in the re-attachment of the retina and restoration of vision. Interventions for the most advanced vaso-retinal changes are rare because of a poor outcome. Early detection of vascular and retinal changes during ROP is burdened by some technical difficulties. Therefore, classification of findings in ROP should be done by ophthalmologists specialized in this area. The role of the neonatologist is also important, particularly when it comes to awareness of the parents as to the treatment needed by their prematurely born child. Laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, and surgery undertaken in ROP may lead to ophthalmologic complications, with refraction errors and eyeball mobility disorders being the most common. Consequently, it is important for the child to undergo regular ophthalmologic examinations.

Purpose: (1) To compare the incidence of refractive errors and the orthoptic condition in ten-year-old children, born prematurely and treated with cryotherapy versus children, whom did not apply such a procedure. (2) To estimate condition of the extraocular muscles., Material and Methods: A group of 60 prematurely born children was divided into 2 subgroups: I--30 children treated with cryotherapy, II--30 no treatment was applied. All the children had anterior segment, fundus and visual acuity examined. Refraction following cycloplegia was evaluated. Visual acuity and orthoptic status was assessed., Results: In the group of prematurely born children who had retinopathy in the infantile age and were treated with cryotherapy, refractive errors were frequently observed. In over half of those children squint or impaired eye movement were found. In the group of children who required no cryotherapy the percentage of those with refractive errors was similar., Conclusions: In prematurely born children with retinopathy refractive errors and squint occur quite often. Prematurely born children should be subject to ophthalmologic follow-up throughout their childhood.

Liver metastases develop in 30-50 per cent of patients with colorectal cancer. Without treatment, the median survival is approximately 7 months. Recent results from multiple investigations indicate that several minimally invasive treatment techniques are very effective for treating primary and secondary malignant hepatic tumors and they may replace surgical resection in the near future. Thermal ablation techniques for the treatment of primary and secondary malignant hepatic tumors include both freezing (cryoablation) and heating (microwave, laser, and high-intensity focused ultrasound) are characterized in this article.

Cutaneous larva migrans is the result of human skin infestation by nematode larvae, which penetrate through the epidermis. The case of 21-year-old woman with serpiginous, erythematosus, and linear stripes was reported. The skin lesions lasted for five months. The diagnosis of cutaneous larva migrans was established based on the typical clinical picture of infestation. Thus, it is important for infestation to be recognized clinically, so that effective treatment may be instituted. Various therapeutic modalities, including cryotherapy, topical and systemic chemotherapy, can be used in the treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. It was demonstrated, that cryosurgery is a fast and effective method in the therapy of cutaneous larva migrans infestation.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the outcomes of the diode laser in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity and to discuss the up-to-date possibilities of treating of active phase of this disease., Material and Methods: 96 children (185 eyes) treated with diode laser retinal photocoagulation for active stage 3 of ROP in our department in years 1996-2000., Results: Favorable structural outcome was observed in 83.8% of treated eyes. In the remaining eyes the disease progressed despite of the treatment and falciform retinal fold (5.4%), partial retinal detachment (6.5%) and total retinal detachment (4.3%) developed. No serious complications were observed after the treatment., Conclusions: Diode laser retinal photocoagulation is a safe and effective procedure for treating active stage 3 of retinopathy of prematurity. It has been especially useful for treatment of changes in zone 1 and 2 of the disease. Diode laser photocoagulation is now the preferred method of treating active stage 3 of ROP in our department.

The authors have made experiments with cryoablation for menorrhagia in order to find out if cryotherapy is an effective of treatment for this kind of disease. Ten patients aged 35-45 were treated this way. Previously all of them had undergone dilatation and curettage. Pre-operatively the patients were treated with medroxyprogesterone till the endometrium reached the thickness of 4 mm. The cryodevice for the operation was made by a Polish producer "Kriometrum". 0.9% saline was used as an uterine distension medium. There were no operative complications in none of the patients. In the first 24 hour period after the treatment clear vaginal discharge appeared with lasted no longer than 14 days. The first vaginal ultrasonography 2 months after the treatment showed none or only traces of endometrium in all the patients a minimal bleeding of menstrual type appeared in the 7th week after the treatment and it continued till the sixth month of observation. This method of treatment has stopped menorrhagia. For how long-we will have to wait to see. The obvious thing is that endometrial cryotherapy is a cheap, quick and technically very easy treatment.

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of conventional methods in retinal detachment (RD) surgery basing on the relationship between factors characterizing clinical picture of the RD, the type and course of surgical procedures and the retinal reattachment., Materials and Methods: 252 patients (252 eyes), operated on in the last 5 years in our clinic were enrolled in the studies. There were 120 men and 132 women, aged 9 to 83, mean 53. In all cases scleral buckling procedures with silicone band or sponge and cryocoagulation of the breaks were used. The relationship between retinal reattachment and the following parameters were examined: visual acuity, retinal degenerations, myopia, extent of the detachment, number and kinds of breaks, macular involvement, state of vitreous, PVR, intraocular pressure, extent of scleral buckling, subretinal fluid drainage and intra- or post-operative complications., Results: Retinal reattachment was achieved in 82% of the eyes with one operation and additionally in 7% after reoperation. The significant relationship was found between: visual acuity, intraocular pressure, extent of the detachment, number of breaks, PVR, extent of scleral buckling and retinal reattachment., Conclusion: PVR is a significant cause of failure in RD surgery with conventional methods and PVR grade C is the threshold beyond which the percentage of reattachments decreases to about 50%. Value of other risk factors, determining severity of RD is not certain for prognosis. Cerclage with silicone band is a method of choice in the majority of RD with PVR grade B and C. Our observations do not confirm the reports of severe complications caused by cerclage, which might be connected with excessive tightening of the band.

After the discussion of the advantages of the low temperature application in viral ulcerations of cornea, the results of the cryotherapy in 1200 patients are presented. The average period of treatment of the viral ulcerations, with no involvement of corneal stroma, was 2.9 days, whereas with the involvement 9.2 days. The recurrent viral ulceration was observed in 6.2% of the patients but the re-application of the cryotherapy always resulted in recovery.

Basing on 11 cases of angiomatosis retinae, diagnosed and treated in the last 30 years in the Ophthalmological Clinic in Halle, the authors discussed the problems concerning this rare disease. Their observations confirmed the opinion that photocoagulation is the method of choice in the treatment of angiomatosis retinae and that it is successful in small, less than 2 disc diameter angiomas. The further possible therapeutical methods are cryocoagulation, radioactive-isotopes and vitrectomy. As the treatment should be repeated and the long-lasting follow-up is necessary, the efficient cooperation with the patients is very important.

Chronic rhinitis is known since many years to be a difficult therapeutic problem. Also new methods of treatment did not bring satisfactory good results. In our clinic a cryosurgery was applied in patients with chronic rhinitis. Performed observations indicated that cryosurgery was more successful than other conventional methods, especially in early stage of disease.

The goal of the study was the evaluation of the influence of the nowadays most frequently used surgical methods in cases of retinal detachment on the macula not involved in the detachment. The study takes into account surgical interventions which have the same indications and principles of action. They are based on an extra-scleral indentation--temporary or permanent one--by means of a Lincoff-Kreissig balloon and a meridional silicone sponge implant. The examinations comprised 54 patients. They were divided into 2 groups: 1st group (24 patients) was treated by cryopexy and a Lincoff-Kreissig balloon, the 2nd group (30 patients) by cryopexy and a meridional silicone sponge implant. In all the patients of both groups the retina reattached. During the 5-years observation of patients of the 1st group no macular changes were detected; one did not observe metamorphopsia or disturbances of the color vision. In the 2nd group instead 17 patients claimed metamorphopsia, 20 patients showed disturbances of the color vision and angiography changes involving the macular region (13 patients).

An analysis of patients treated in the Ophthalmic Department in Bydgoszcz for eye burns in the 10 years period from 1980 till 1990. Taken into account were the causes of burns, the treatment installed in the early period and in cases of late complications. All the patients were asked to call in for a control examination in order to compare the condition of the eyes at the date of discharge and in the long-lasting time. Among 118 eyes in 91 the visual acuity amounted 0.5-1.0, in the remaining 25 it was only hand movements--0.4. The main causes of low visual acuity were: corneal leucoma, secondary glaucoma, complicated cataract. The eye was enucleated in 2 patients because a painful ocular atrophy developed in the course of the pathological process. These were the cases of thermal burns combined with a mechanical injury. The obtained results were evaluated as sufficiently favourable and comparable to the data of other authors.

Seven children with an atypical parasitic uveitis were treated in the Department of Ophthalmology in Bialystok in the period 1985-1989. Parasitic background had been discovered in all the children: toxocara in 3, lambliasis in 2 and nematodiasis also in 2. Specific treatment achieved an improvement of the visual acuity and the inflammatory process abated.

The authors observed 27 patients (39 eyes) with glaucoma in the course of the pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule syndrome treated in the period of 1979-1989. In all the patients the corneo-scleral angle was open with a considerable amount of pigment; 30 eyes exhibited opacification of the lens. The conservative anti-glaucomatous treatment was successful in only 2 patients. Control of the IOP was attained in 5 eyes after a laser trabeculoplasty and in 23 eyes after the Elliot-Fronimopoulos goniotrepanation. Discussed was the lesion of the visual function occurring in the presented syndrome.

Low temperatures applied to a healthy cornea provokes in its stroma the formation of a limited area deprived of cells. Excited histiocytic cells which obtained the capacity of movement penetrate soon to this area from the surroundings. They demonstrate also ultra-phagocytic capabilities storing silver. This evidences the setting in motion of cells of the reticulo-endothelial system of the healthy cornea caused by the low temperature; these cells replace the cells of the stroma damaged by the cold. The cornea however does not loose its transparency. Recognition of the action of low temperature by creating a cell-free area and by stimulation of the cells of the RE system in a healthy cornea has a significance for a better knowledge and understanding of the mechanism of the influence of low temperature on the cornea.

Photocoagulation and cryopexy were applied in 5 patients with retinoschisis; in 3 they were connected with a temporary invagination of the sclera by means of a Lincoff-Kreissig balloon. After the photocoagulation the authors attained the control of the increase of schisis in 3 patients; in 1 woman-patient a progress of pathological changes was seen. Cryopexy connected with a temporary invagination lead to a good result in a case not formerly treated. The same method in patients treated before by the photocoagulation of the detachment area was definitely less effective. It was suggested that the use of invagination and pressure upon the eye after the break of the choroi-retinal barrier may speed-up the absorption of the fluid from schisis cavity.