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Copyright of Optimum. Economic Studies is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the development of assessment indicators for ensuring the financial stability of banking activities during transactions with derivative financial instruments, which was carried out using the hypothetical-deductive method, methods of induction and deduction, and generalization. The research substantiates the need to regulate bank operations with credit derivatives, in particular, credit-default swaps, which have a contradictory effect on the financial stability of banking institutions and became one of the causes of the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 due to their deregulation. Credit-default swaps, which were initially the main tool for enrichment and obtaining cheap resources, turned into the cause of mass bankruptcies of financial institutions and investors. The list of IFS was supplemented by the introduction of a new indicator – the «ratio of CDS purchased to gross loans» of commercial banks – with a threshold value for it set at the level of 100 %. The task of such an indicator is to ensure the possibility of preventive influence on credit and systemic risks arising as a result of banks’ transactions with derivative financial instruments. It provides for the prevention of issuing new loans at the expense of purchased CDS protection in excess of the volume of credit debt already existing in banks. This goal can be realized by preventing a certain multiplier effect, which consists in increasing the loan portfolio at the expense of CDOs and CDSs. The presence of such an indicator allows timely detection of possible imbalances at the level of an individual bank and an increase in systemic risk from the banking system as a whole.

The main goal of the research was to determine the importance of the income base in the process of financial stability building in local government units. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were used because the comparison method and the diagnostic survey method were involved. The survey covered 189 small communes (up to 5,000 inhabitants) from the Eastern Poland macroregion. The choice of the Eastern Poland macroregion was intentional and dictated by its poor financial potential. The time range of the research covered data for the years 2019-2021. The main source of data was information obtained from the Ministry of Finance and the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. The obtained results confirmed that among small communes of the Eastern Poland macroregion, the level of income that forming their income base was varied and changed in the analyzed period. The nature of changes in the income base of communes was not uniformed, as the number of communes with the lowest level of total and own income decreased, while the number of communes with a higher level of the mentioned income categories increased. The stability of the number of communes with the highest values of these incomes was also confirmed. The importance of income in building the financial stability of small communes was proved by the opinions of their authorities. Differences were found between the five voivodeships in the perception of significant factors determining the financial stability of small communes in the opinion of their commune heads.

The aim of the study was to identify threats to the financial stability of rural communes from the Eastern Poland macroregion. Particular attention was paid to the awareness of the impact of specific groups of factors on financial destabilization and the identification of the main threats to the financial stability of municipalities. The method of literature analysis and the method of diagnostic survey with the use of a questionnaire were used. The survey was conducted among representatives of the executive body of rural municipalities in the macroregion of Eastern Poland. The research covered 349 rural minicipalites from five voivodeships located in the Eastern Poland macroregion (74% of all units of this type in this region). Based on the conducted research, it was found that the financial destabilization of the surveyed municipalities, to a greater extent than internal factors, is influenced by external factors related to the instability of economic conditions or the location of the unit (in the case of the analyzed municipalities, close to the border). In the opinion of the respondents, the main threat to the financial stability of municipalities is the growing number of tasks without an adequate increase in financial resources for their implementation and a significant share of expenditure on obligatory tasks, the value of which does not depend on the decisions of local government authorities. Generally, one of the greatest threats to the financial stability of the surveyed entities was those resulting from the incorrect distribution of tasks and public funds.

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the theoretical foundations of ensuring the security of banks’ operations with derivative financial instruments. Today, there are dozens of approaches to solving the problem of ensuring the security of commercial banks. However, there are no studies on the general theoretical and methodological principles of ensuring the financial security of banks’ operations with derivative financial instruments. Therefore, the article is based on the hypothesis that identification by commercial banks of existing threats related to this type of operations allows them to be avoided through the development of an appropriate system of measures. Thus, scientific explorations in this direction are relevant and promising. The study established that from a theoretical point of view, during the implementation of bank operations with derivative financial instruments, security issues should be considered in the context of ensuring the financial security of commercial banks. Regardless of the specifics of this type of banking operations, in order to guarantee the financial security of the banks that carry them out, it is necessary to apply a set of measures, which mainly include methods and tools of financial management and risk management. The specific selection of these instruments and methods depends on the type of derivative financial instruments and the purpose of its holding by a commercial bank. The financial security of commercial banks forms the general financial security of the banking system, where another instrument containing banking regulation is already in use; banking supervision and macroprudential policy. Here, when banks carry out transactions with derivative financial instruments, it is promising to consider recommendations on security issues in the organization and functioning of the risk management system, when banks of Ukraine determine the amount of credit risk for active banking transactions, in the improvement of individual standards of commercial banks, determined by the relevant safety indicators and their threshold values.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main trends in the development of the world and domestic markets of derivative financial instruments. On the basis of the statistical base and analytical reports of the World Bank and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Association of Swaps and Derivatives, as well as the National Commission for Securities and the Stock Market, an analysis of the structure of the global derivatives market was carried out, with a distinction between the exchange and over-the-counter parts of it and compared with the domestic analogue. A comparative analysis of the main characteristics of the functioning of the over-the-counter and stock market segments was carried out. The main threats to the over-the-counter derivatives market have been identified. The advantages of the functioning of the stock market from the position of protection of market entities from the influence of possible risks are considered. The analysis of monographic studies and periodical materials of domestic and foreign economists made it possible to outline the main stages of the development of the PFI market and attempts to introduce regulation in order to prevent the spread of new financial crises. The need to introduce increased requirements for the regulation of the over-the-counter derivatives market of the global and domestic PFI markets is substantiated. It has been established that Ukraine has embarked on the path to the formation of an appropriate regulatory and legal field, as well as the implementation of regulatory measures of countries with developed financial markets, which is evidence of an attempt to actively develop the domestic PFI market, and therefore readiness to preserve financial stability by timely compliance with all conditions of safe use derivatives, which is one of the priority areas of activity of the regulators.

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop a system for evaluation the state of financial security of operating activities of enterprises in oil-and-fat industry based on the coordination of the interaction of the main factors of influence and levels of its components. Methodology / approach. In the process of writing the article the following research methods were used: abstract-logical (at the systematization of scientific publications on the problems of management of enterprises in oil-and-fat industry, financial security of enterprises), grouping (by clustering enterprises depending on the obtained results), comparisons (by developing a model for assessing the degree of financial stability of operating activities of enterprises), coefficient (by developing a model for assessing the degree of liquidity of enterprises), formalization (by developing a matrix for diagnostics of the state of financial security of operating activities of enterprises), generalization (by formulating research conclusions). Results. In the process of research, the system of complex evaluation of degrees and levels of the main components of financial security of the operations activities of the enterprises in oil-and-fat industry was substantiated: a model for assessing the financial stability of operating activities and a model for assessing the liquidity of an enterprise. A diagnostic matrix for the financial security status of the operational activities of the enterprises in oil-and-fat industry was developed to define the security boundaries of the operation activity of enterprises. Approbation of the proposed system for assessing the financial security of operating activities on the materials of the selected group of enterprises in the oil-and-fat industry made it possible to analyze the dynamics of the state of the financial security of their operating activities. Originality / scientific novelty of the research is to develop tools for a comprehensive evaluation of the financial security of the operating activities of the enterprises in oil-and-fat industry. The method of determining the impact of the degree of financial stability and liquidity of the enterprise on the level of financial security of current activities was improved. For the first time, a nine-quadrant matrix of the state of financial security of operating activities of enterprises depending on the ratio of the degrees of the above factors was substantiated. Practical value / implications. The use of the proposed system of financial security evaluation of operating activities of the enterprise, according to the authors, can serve as an effective mechanism for managing the financing current activities of enterprises in oil-and-fat industry and become an informative tool for factor analysis in managing their overall financial security.

The stability of public services and the financial situation of local governments has a significant impact on a nation’s economic development. It also affects the long-standing process of political reforms aimed at promoting the efficiency of public sector units, their balanced budgets and financial stability. It is a concept defined in different ways, which is due, among other things, to its multifaceted nature and the lack of precisely defined measures to assess this phenomenon. The main objective of the paper was to assess the financial stability of rural municipalities in Poland’s Lublin voivodeship in 2016-2020. Within the framework of the main objective, ratio analysis and survey research was conducted. The paper was based on the study of literature on the subject, reports on the implementation of budgets in the studied municipalities published by the Regional Chamber of Accounts in Lublin, and a survey questionnaire. Based on the analyses, it was found that the studied municipalities in 2016-2020 recorded sustainability in terms of fiscal policy, and a stable level of financial liquidity and debt, albeit with a relatively low level of revenue independence. The crisis in 2020 caused by the Covid-19 pandemic caused a significant increase in the current expenditures of local government units compared to revenues, which were less than planned, although it did not significantly worsen the financial performance of the surveyed municipalities. In the opinion of the respondents (heads of rural municipalities), the vast majority of rural municipalities in the Lublin voivodeship were financially stable and the Covid-19 pandemic generally did not have a significant impact on their levels of stability.

The financial crisis that began in 2007 pointed out deficiencies in policy-makers’ responses to systemic risk. It turned out that not only individual bank insolvencies but also spillovers from negative externalities among entities can cause serious threats to the financial sector. During the last 10 years, many international and national initiatives were taken to strengthen the soundness of the financial system, introducing a macroprudential perspective to financial supervision. However, the recent COVID19 pandemic resulted in a serious negative shock for many economies and their financial sectors. In this paper, using the network model we try to analyse how these recent unexpected developments affected the Polish banking sector with systemic risk. To analyse Polish bank stability we developed a formal stress-testing framework based on the network model that allowed systemic risk identification, modelling and measurement. We tried to integrate analysis of time and the cross-sectional nature of systemic risk.

The aim of the study was to determine the level of financial independence of 81 small communes of Poland’s Lubelskie Voivodship (up to 5,000 inhabitants per commune) and to assess its significance for their financial stability. The following methods were used: literature analysis, ratio analysis and diagnostic survey. Financial data from 2017-2021 was adopted for the analysis. 69 heads of communes participated in the conducted survey. It was established that in the opinion of these leaders, income potential and financial independence are important factors affecting the financial stability of small communes, and their low level poses a threat to this stability. Three ratios were used to assess financial independence. The analyses showed that small communes were characterized by a low level of income independence and a high dependence on revenues transferred from the state budget, which is evident in the value of the expenditure independence ratio achieved.

The main purpose of the study was to assess the budget and financial balance, including financial stability and compare the situation of all communes and cities with county status, with particular emphasis on the situation of communes and cities with county status in the Lubelskie Voivodship. The choice of the Lubelskie Voivodship was deliberate and dictated by its low level of development expressed by a GDP per capita value significantly lower than the national average and much lower than the EU average (48% of the EU average) and poor financial potential. The time scope of the research was limited to 2018-2020, however, in 2020, current available data only covering Q3 was used. The main source of data was information obtained from the Ministry of Finance, Regional Audit Chamber and Local Data Bank GUS. An analysis and criticism of literature was carried out and selected research methods were used, including general methods, and quantitative methods of financial analysis (ratio analysis). The obtained results confirm that the situation of the budget balance and current balance of the surveyed units differs, while the value of the calculated ratios relating to financial balance, including financial stability, varied and these differences were revealed in the types of units and according to their number and location (all units of a given type – Poland or units of the Lubelskie Voivodship). Changes in the analysed values over time were also noted.

Purpose: The paper focuses on the comparison of climate and environmental protection activities undertaken in the largest commercial banks in Poland. The second aim is to present conditions for inclusion of environmental and climate risk analysis in the process of monitoring financial stability. Design/methodology/approach: Banks’ standalone audited statements for 2018 were used as a source of data. In defining 8 key areas of environmental risk management within the ESG, the banks’ environmental and climate actions were systematised to draw conclusions on the nature of the initiatives taken and on which types of banks in a given area express commitment and whether it is related to the bank’s scale, shareholding structure and financial standing. Findings: The scope of information on a bank’s involvement in the environmental and climate protection process is not uniform. In the case of smaller private banks and banks with a dominant Treasury shareholding in the ownership structure, this scope is much smaller than in the case of large and medium-sized private banks belonging to global financial holdings. A particularly important commitment to environmental and climate protection in the sector concerns banks belonging to European capital groups that have signed up to international agreements on economic decarbonisation. The scarce information provided by banks with a dominant Treasury shareholding results from the high level of exposure of these banks to companies from high-carbon sectors, also owned by the Treasury. Commercial banks in Poland place the main emphasis on presenting their direct impact on the environment (reduction of energy and other media consumption, recycling and environmental campaigns). Research limitations/implications: The research is limited to the commercial banking sector and only to one reporting period. However, there are no constraints to apply the proposed approach to other samples and for longer data series, and then build a methodology of environmental rating. Originality/value: This article is the first comparative analysis of the involvement of Polish commercial banks in environmental and climate protection. Its results are particularly useful for investors for whom ESG criteria constitute important determinants of decisions.

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims at identification of the challenges which local government units are facing. Particular emphasis will be put on issues related to the financial management of these units. The article describes problems of performing tasks at a level of a community, county and self-government province. The text presents a range of own and delegated duties of the previously-mentioned units. It also refers to an organizational – legal form of performed tasks. The article puts a special emphasis on dilemmas of financial economy of local government sector. The aim of this paper is to study a transformation of a present financial policy of local government units, to point out weaknesses and strengths of current solutions. A definition of a balanced development is given to identify measures of implementation of this development, and to refer to problems of financial policy which require a joint engagement in solving them. The article also estimates a real chance for a change of the local government sector financial structure (regulations and functioning rules), as well as for an implementation of new decision-making methods that would improve the effectiveness of public finance management.

The authors consider features and threats to innovations and investment safety of finance in Ukraine as a balance factor of its financial system. They study the influence of innovative and investment components of safety of finance at the level of the state financial system balancing as one of the indicators of financial safety in Ukraine. The authors have come to a conclusion that it is necessary to modify state influence on innovations and investment activity in order to strengthen financial safety in Ukraine. Simplification and organization of state administration, creating conditions for self-regulation in the market of innovation and investment components of financial safety are absolutely necessary to solve problems connected with creating a favourable climate for investment in Ukraine, to achieve the balance of its financial system and, also, to maintain financial safety in Ukraine at an appropriate level. For the research the analysis of the dynamics was used where the sizes and directions of development of the studied phenomena were presented, i.e., to find the degree of increase or decrease in time of a studied phenomenon. In this regard statistical time series was applied. Research shows, when the volume of direct foreign investments increased, the negative unbalance of state financial system constantly deepened from 2003 to 2012, while recently, the balance level has stabilized. It can be the consequence of reduction of receivables of direct foreign investments and reduction of financing of innovative activity, which is proven by the authors’ research.

The article explores the conceptual foundations of banking analytics, which helps to strengthen the financial sustainability of institutions in today's changing and dynamic business environment. The domestic banking sector has been assessed. It was revealed that in 2018 the political situation in the country had no significant impact on the banking sector: deposits from households and businesses have not decreased, banks remain liquid and make all payments without interruption. This indicates a restoration of customer confidence in the banking system. The advantages of using analysts in the process of carrying out their activity are determined. Five areas have been identified in which banks can increase profitability and strengthen their financial sustainability by using business intelligence. It is found that the analysis focuses on understanding what happened, while business analytics focuses on why it happened and what will happen next. Business analytics recognizes patterns in the data, and based on this data helps predict the future. Foreign literature has been studied on the interpretation of the term “analytics”. According to the results of the research, the author's vision of the terms “analytics” and “business analytics” has been formed, which will allow us to apply an empirical approach in carrying out the following scientific researches in order to solve the outlined problems. It has been researched that in Ukraine in banking and other spheres there are already vacancies of analyst (business analyst), to which the following requirements apply: skills in working with software; ability to apply analysis, modeling and to adjust business processes, describe and test business processes; consideration of user requests and advice, reporting periodically or on request, and of course English.

In this paper the system of factors influencing the formation of financial solvency was investigated, the financial sustainability of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine was evaluated, and an approach was developed to define and help ensure the financial sustainability of enterprises in the face of contemporary economic and market challenges. According to the research, the main principles for maintaining financial sustainability are: responsiveness to internal and external changes; governance systems; risk management; analysis of financial ratios; real assessment of the financial solvency of the enterprise; integration with the overall management system; orientation towards achieving the strategic goals of the enterprise; use of qualitative methods to inform financial decisions in the face of uncertainty and risk.

The aim of the article is to present activities undertaken at the EU level to ensure financial stability, and to assess the degree of stability of the EU financial system on the basis of selected indicators. The first part of the article introduces the concept of financial system stability and describes its importance in the modern economy and the methods of estimating the stability of the financial system. The second part of the article is devoted to the presentation of activities undertaken by the EU to increase the stability of the financial system, and the assessment of financial stability on the basis of two indicators: the Z-score indicator, used to assess the stability of the banking system, and the Stock Price Volatility index, showing the stability of the capital market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with reforms aimed at strengthening the financial stability of the eurozone and the EU. First, it refers to the "original sin" of the eurozone and the errors committed during its construction in the early 1990s. Then, the lessons from the double crisis of 2007--2009 and 2010--2012 are analysed, and the four main dilemmas that the EU faces in the area of institutional reforms are formulated. The overview of the implemented reforms and their proven impact on the macroeconomic imbalances leads to the conclusion that -- although the above-mentioned double crisis combined with the global pandemic crisis have already mobilised the EU to introduce many important changes -- the reform agenda is still not finished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial crisis that began in 2007 pointed out deficiencies in policy-makers’ responsesto systemic risk. It turned out that not only individual bank insolvencies but also spillovers fromnegative externalities among entities can cause serious threats to the financial sector. During thelast 10 years, many international and national initiatives were taken to strengthen the soundnessof the financial system, introducing a macroprudential perspective to financial supervision.However, the recent COVID19 pandemic resulted in a serious negative shock for many economiesand their financial sectors. In this paper, using the network model we try to analyse how theserecent unexpected developments affected the Polish banking sector with systemic risk. To analysePolish bank stability we developed a formal stress-testing framework based on the network modelthat allowed systemic risk identification, modelling and measurement. We tried to integrateanalysis of time and the cross-sectional nature of systemic risk.

The aim of the study was to determine the level of financial independence of 81 small communes of Poland’s Lubelskie Voivodship (up to 5,000 inhabitants per commune) and to assess its significance for their financial stability. The following methods were used: literature analysis, ratio analysis and diagnostic survey. Financial data from 2017-2021 was adopted for the analysis. 69 heads of communes participated in the conducted survey. It was established that in the opinionof these leaders, income potential and financial independence are important factors affecting the financial stability of small communes, and their low level poses a threat to this stability. Three ratios were used to assess financial independence. The analyses showed that small communes were characterized by a low level of income independence and a high dependence on revenues transferred from the state budget, which is evident in the value of the expenditure independenceratio achieved.

The stability of public services and the financial situation of local governments has a significant impact on a nation’s economic development. It also affects the long-standing process of political reforms aimed at promoting the efficiency of public sector units, their balanced budgets and financial stability. It is a concept defined in different ways, which is due, among other things, to its multifaceted nature and the lack of precisely defined measures to assess this phenomenon.The main objective of the paper was to assess the financial stability of rural municipalities in Poland’s Lublin voivodeship in 2016-2020. Within the framework of the main objective, ratio analysis and survey research was conducted. The paper was based on the study of literature on the subject, reports on the implementation of budgets in the studied municipalities published by the Regional Chamber of Accounts in Lublin, and a survey questionnaire.Based on the analyses, it was found that the studied municipalities in 2016-2020 recorded sustainability in terms of fiscal policy, and a stable level of financial liquidity and debt, albeit with a relatively low level of revenue independence. The crisis in 2020 caused by the Covid-19 pandemic caused a significant increase in the current expenditures of local government units compared to revenues, which were less than planned, although it did not significantly worsen thefinancial performance of the surveyed municipalities. In the opinion of the respondents (heads of rural municipalities), the vast majority of rural municipalities in the Lublin voivodeship were financially stable and the Covid-19 pandemic generally did not have a significant impact on theirlevels of stability.

In this article the general procedure of formation of innovation policy at the enterprise is considered. It was established that in order to implement effective innovation activities, it is necessary to develop an innovation policy in accordance with the order of its formation in the context of the strategy of financial and economic security. The authors proposed the following stages of formation of innovation policy: determining the relevance of the formation of innovation policy for the enterprise; assessment of innovative potential; formation of the strategy of innovative development of the enterprise in the guideline of financial and economic security; development of a program of innovation activity; creation of an innovation program evaluation system. Theoretical points as for definition of “financial-economical security” have been researched and summing up. The present attitude were analyzed as for the financial-economical enterprise security forming in the terms of unconformity and system attitude necessity stipulated for strategy system management by a financial-economical enterprise security.

This article focuses on liquidity standards whose significance has risen since the recent crisis of 2007/2008. The analysis concentrates on two areas. The first one is identification of common characteristics of liquidity standards recommended in Basel III and provisions included in directives and regulations in the European Union, as well as common traits of Polish supervisory liquidity rules and Basel III standards in this field. The other is identification of effects of liquidity standards. Analysis of Polish supervisory liquidity standards leads to conclusion that they have their counterparts in liquidity standards recommended by the Basel Committee. Simulations conducted by the Bank for International Settlements show that implementation of liquidity standards will bring more benefits than losses, for both banking (and financial) sector and the real economy. Unfortunately, contemporary empirical research only explains what are the effects of application of reserve requirements used in monetary policy. So little is known about the effects of other instruments whose track record is relatively short. However, even this scant evidence seems to support the prediction that reserve requirements could potentially be applied as a tool stabilizing financial sector and diminishing systemic risk. JEL: E32, G21, G28, G32

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Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rating of major factors affecting the financial stability of an enterprise; discussion of a model of sustainable growth of an enterprise with a focus on growth optimising. The core problem of this paper is the financial stability of an enterprise considered as an entity conducting business activity. The paper uses in a research the analysis and assessment of an optimum model of a sustainable growth of an enterprise. Research hypothesis: risk is a essential building block of the sustainable growth idea. The reasoning unwinds around the following five fundamental themes: (i) Description of a sustainable growth of an enterprise; (ii) The essence of an enterprise’s stability; (iii) Comparison of an enterprise’s sustainable growth and its stability; (iv) An enterprise’s sustainable growth in a risk-based perspective; (v) Analysis and assessment of a model of an enterprise’s sustainable growth. One may use sustainable growth model to show how the steady growth rate for an enterprise changes in response to changes in the decisions made at the enterprise. This enables the management to track the effect of strategic decisions on the dynamics of the enterprise’s growth rate. This also supports the creation of the enterprise’s policy by promoting an aggressive and more risk-laden strategy, which would ensure a growth rate above the sustainable growth rate; or a highly conservative strategy, which, however, would not ensure even the sustainable growth rate, satisfactory to the shareholders and prospective investors. The implementation of sustainable growth principles requires the organisation to make a significant effort to present its product or services offering on the one hand, and to implement raw material procurement procedures, use best manufacturing practices and create modern distribution systems on the other. A material role in the process is played by risk as a essential building block of the sustainable growth idea.

Cultural institutions are organizations whose scope of core business comprises activities in the area of broadly understood culture. The aim of this article is to evaluate the financial stability of voivodeship cultural institutions, like theaters and music institutions, in the light of direct subsidies to those institutions from organizers. The hypothesis is that subsidized cultural institutions in Poland have a stable financial situation. Due to the fact that revenues and operational costs are unbalanced, it is actually the subsidy that should let those institutions continue operational activity in a stable environment with independence in operational and financial decisions. In the context of the financial stability definition adopted in this article, the observation is that the level of subsidies for voivodeship cultural institutions does not guarantee the completion of statutory tasks in all examined institutions.

The aim of the study is to verify the turbulence in the negotiable financial instruments market in Poland, by evaluating the composite stress index, which includes indicators concerning the stock market (volatility, liquidity, CMAX based on stock index WIG), the bond market (volatility of 10-year Treasury bonds, their liquidity, the sovereign spread and the yield curve spread) and the derivatives market (the change in the number of open positions and volume in the futures and options market). The analysis of index values for the years 2007–2015 confirms the robustness of the stress index (FIMSI) in the diagnosis of stresses in the market (when the index value exceeds the long-term trend by more than 1 standard deviation).

The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.

Recent years have noted a strengthening of institutional solutions serving the improvement of budgetary standing in many countries. One such solution is the functioning of independent fiscal institutions, also known as fiscal councils. The goal of the paper is to define the level of independence of such institutions. The source for the research was an analysis of the fiscal institution independence index developed on the basis of data found in the database of independent fiscal institutions published by the European Commission and the specification of fiscal councils presented by International Monetary Fund.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wieś & Rolnictwo is the property of Instytut Rozwoju Wsi & Rolnictwa, Polska Akademia Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides an overview of the shadow banking in the euro area. Shadow banking refers to the system of financial intermediation that involves entities outside of traditional banking regulations. The paper begins with the presentation of the post-crisis tendencies in the financial systems worldwide, with particular attention given to the banking sectors. In the next section, the author presents the size and dynamics of shadow banking, discusses the threats identified by the EU and the concerns regarding the risks this sector poses to the financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the paper is to identify the key determinants of the systemic risk of insurance sector and to analyze the potential of insurance sector in the countries of the European Union to create systemic risk. The research time range covers the period of 2005–2012. The main generators of the systemic risk in the insurance sector are: size and non-insurance activity of insurance companies. The level of the systemic risk in the European insurance sector has been growing, because: (1) the importance of investment activities of insurance companies increases (there was a significant growth of the investment portfolio value with a simultaneous decrease in written premium growth, (2) in the life insurance sector, which plays an important role in investment activity facilities, there was a significant increase in the concentration of market operators in countries with a mature, highly developed market, i.e.: Austria, Ireland and United Kingdom.

The article focuses on the evaluation of selected methods of quantifying liquidity risk which is affected by a broad spectrum of risk factors, including in particular the credit risk. The following forms of impact of credit risk on liquidity risk were taken into consideration: (1) problems related to the influence of the deterioration of the quality of bank’s loan portfolio, resulting in an increase in liquidity gap and a need to convert liquid assets into cash or obtain additional external financing, (2) an increase in credit risk of the bank (passive credit risk) resulting in disturbances in the process of obtaining external financing and an increase of its cost, (3) an increase in credit risk of issuers of securities until now classified as a resource of liquid assets (HQLA), the consequence of which is an increased risk of disposing of them. Most of the methods of liquidity risk measurement presented in this article exclude the impact of credit risk on the stability of cash flow, which questions their accuracy and determines the need for the correction of the results with regards to the potential impact of both active and passive credit risk.

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Prior to the financial crisis that erupted in 2007 in the United States, monetary policy had been conducted according to theoretical (new neoclassical synthesis) and practical consensuses (Jackson Hole consensus). These consensuses were combined into the central banks’ strategic frameworks. Monetary strategy goal was established together with reaction function and communication strategy. After eruption of the crisis, the central bank mandate was augmented with the explicit support of financial stability. Most central banks gained a new responsibility – macroprudential policy. The conduct of monetary policy and macroprudential policy under one roof creates a new challenging quality. The article’s goal is to assess the redefinition of monetary policy strategy – or more broadly – central banks’ strategy in the light of their newly acknowledged mandate. Up to 2016 central banks did not present a framework of such an enlarged strategy. This situation seems to be temporary. Modern monetary policy which is still central banks’ mandate must shape economic agents’ expectations. Therefore, a state of affairs when central banks avoid a declaration on their own priorities and possible conflict of goals is dissatisfying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management Issues / Problemy Zarządzania is the property of Problemy Zarzadzania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

EU subsidies influence the economic and financial situation of farms through several complex channels, although their economic and financial impact may be observed with a delay. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of selected support instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy, CAP (including direct payments and subsidies from Pillar 2) on economic and financial stability (respectively, the level of net farm income and debt/asset ratio) of farms in EU countries at regional level. The research goals included: (1) to present differences in the level and the structure of instruments of CAP support (excluding investment subsidies) at the level of member states; (2) to determine significance, strength and direction of the relationship between amounts of subsidies received and selected indicators of economic and financial stability of farms. The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database provided secondary data for the study. The dynamics of changes was analyzed for years 2007 and 2012. At the country level, the share of subsidies related to rural development programs gradually increased during the years 2007–2012. A weighted regression approach with correction of heteroscedasticity (a total of four models) was employed separately for the 2007 and 2012 (based on data from the FADN regions). Although subsidies (excluding for investment) under the CAP influenced quite strongly the level of agricultural income, the impact of subsidies on the financial stability was ambiguous. This may lead to the refinement of regional approach in relation to the selection of support instruments and the determination of the amounts of support provided under the CAP.

In the times of crisis, there is a particular need to maintain the stability of the public finance sector. However, the need to undertake stimulating and activating measures processes causes many difficulties in maintaining the fiscal balance. Increasingly, it points to the need to seek a new paradigm in public finances, which will use the experience from the global financial crisis. Among other things, it must be distinguished between maintaining public finance stability and maintaining fiscal sustainability. The aim of this article is to present the essence and the role as well as to assess the stability of the public financial system, by identifying its basic metrics, features and conditions.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public banks are important components of financial markets in many countries. Their goal is to implement social and economic policies of governments. Their activity should have positive impact on economy and stability of financial sector. After the first phase of the crisis their main stabilization function includes provision of long-term financing and countercyclical policies supporting investment demand in domestic economy. However, like all public institutions these banks are prone to microeconomic and macroeconomic mechanisms, which distort their actions and may lead to decrease of social welfare. This paper outlines potential inefficiencies, which may arise as an effect of public bank activities, as well as a short description of banks which experienced such events on a large scale. There are also presented recommendations how to prevent materialization of such scenarios in a future.