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This paper analyzes how the social relations of class, race, and gender present in the social formation of South Africa resulted in the constitution of a pigmentocratic system of social welfare. The study is qualitative and it's based on the theory of the consubstantiality of class, race, and gender social relations produced by South African critical sociology. For the survey of corpora, literature review and analysis of official documents were carried out. Documents from the last years of the colonial period up to the year 1996 were analyzed. The study identified that the segregation relations generated a comprehensive system of social welfare oriented towards the social empowerment and social protection of white families. Meanwhile, Blacks, Coloureds, and Asians have become increasingly deprived of rights. Even with the end of apartheid, the South African welfare system continues (re)producing pigmentocracy. It stems from the neoliberal conditions that led the transition to democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the possible consequences of the establishment of the Bank of the BRICS - created at the Fifth Summit of the BRICS, realized in South Africa, 2013, and materialized at the Sixth Summit, in Brazil, 2014, in which the bank received the name of New Development Bank. Specifically, the paper examines whether the creation of the Bank shall, on the one hand, increase the global power and influence of the group and, on the other hand, mitigate the problems arising from the asymmetries in the international monetary and financial system, mainly represented by currency hierarchy. Partly the article is based on the economics of John Maynard Keynes, chiefly in his discussion about the importance of money in the economic system, and partly on the Post Keynesian theory, when it is addressing the asymmetries in the international monetary and financial system. Worth noticing that the Bank of the BRICS was created recently so that its working is not plenty yet. Hence, this article has a speculative character, but contributive to wonder about the Bank's possibilities and the outcomes of its existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]