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Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Forest Research / Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira is the property of Brazilian Journal of Forest Research / Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study had as objective to analyze the spatial pattern of the anemocoric and zoocoric species in environments with different individuals densities. The study was conducted in two fragments of Highland Araucaria Forest: one under silvipastoril system and another in a forest under secondary succession, in the municipality of Turvo, Paraná State, Brazil. The coordinates (x, y) of each point was registered. The spatial pattern was analyzed through the function K of Ripley, in the univariate form, using the package Splancs. In the area under silvipastoril system, anemochory syndrome is aggregated, while individuals with zoochory dispersion syndrome showed aggregated pattern up to 15 m and random pattern in the upper classes. Anemocoric species showed aggregated pattern in the area under secondary succession regardless the distance. Probably, more complex factors, such as dispersers’ ecology, interspecific relationships and environmental features may define the spatial distribution of some species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work assessed the effect of biomass composition (ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon content, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content, lignin, extractives and holocellulose content) on the condensable gas yield from the torrefaction of rice husk (Oryza sativa L.), jatropha seed husk (Jatropha curcas L.), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. var. mineiro); sugarcane bagasse (Sacharum officinarum L.) and bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris ex J.C. Wendl. var. vulgaris). Biomasses with a particle size between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm were subjected to torrefaction process using a temperature gradient varying from 250 °C to 300 °C, for 15 min, with a heating rate of 20 °C min-1. Five trials were conducted for each biomass and solid, liquid and gas yields were obtained. The holocellulose and the volatile matter content of biomass showed a positive and significant correlation with condensable yield. The ash content showed a negative and significant correlation with condensable yield. There was no significant correlation between the elementary chemical composition and the condensable yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]