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It addresses the socio-environmental characteristics of the area of river watershed Anajá, focusing on the imminence of urbanization, which favors the development of vectors and epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis. The study area is located in the municipality of Paço do Lumiar in the northeastern portion of the island of Maranhão. Rural area is peripheral to a heavily urbanized area with hot and humid tropical climate, average high temperature, the rainy season from January to June and dry from July to December and high relative humidity. The implementation of the research included steps such as: survey and analysis of the endemic situation, the environmental characteristics of the study area and urban expansion, with qualitative and quantitative approach. The thermal levels measured in the field proved to be favorable for the development of vectors for transmission of the disease under study, but the low level of territorial occupation allowed the conservation of natural breeding sites of the vector, with no domestic transmission of the disease. This situation, impacted by demographic pressures arising from urban sprawl, is at risk of developing diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]