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Disinfection is crucial to control and prevent microbial pathogens on surfaces. Nonetheless, disinfectants misuse in routine disinfection has increased the concern on their impact on bacterial resistance and cross-resistance. This work aims to develop a formulation for surface disinfection based on the combination of a natural product, cinnamaldehyde, and a widely used biocide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The wiping method was based on the Wiperator test (ASTM E2967&minus, 15) and the efficacy evaluation of surface disinfection wipes test (EN 16615:2015). After formulation optimization, the wiping of a contaminated surface with 6.24 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli or 7.10 log10 CFU of Staphylococcus aureus led to a reduction of 4.35 log10 CFU and 4.27 log10 CFU when the wipe was impregnated with the formulation in comparison with 2.45 log10 CFU and 1.50 log10 CFU as a result of mechanical action only for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the formulation prevented the transfer of bacteria to clean surfaces. The work presented highlights the potential of a combinatorial approach of a classic biocide with a phytochemical for the development of disinfectant formulations, with the advantage of reducing the concentration of synthetic biocides, which reduces the potentially negative environmental and public health impacts from their routine use.

Resumo Introdução Estudos que aperfeiçoam e/ou aferem a capacidade de armadilhas na detecção de vetores auxiliam sobremaneira o processo de controle das doenças causadas por eles. Objetivo Objetivou-se comparar quatro tipos de armadilhas para captura/coleta de A. aegypti em condições de campo e avaliar a influência da temperatura e precipitação na eficiência destas armadilhas. Método Armadilhas ovitrampas (papel-filtro e paleta), mosquitéricas e MosquiTRAP ® foram instaladas em 10 quarteirões, que recebiam, em cada uma de suas faces, um tipo destas armadilhas. Foram calculados índices entomológicos qualitativos e quantitativos para todas as armadilhas. Resultados A armadilha mosquitérica apresentou o menor índice de positividade (3%). Apenas os índices IPAaegypti e IDAaegypti demonstraram relação positiva com a temperatura e a precipitação, respectivamente. As armadilhas ovitrampas tiveram até 6,6 vezes maiores chances de positividade para A. aegypti quando comparadas com as MosquiTRAP ®, sem diferença significante entre os substratos papel-filtro e paleta. Conclusão As armadilhas ovitrampas apresentaram os melhores índices para serem utilizadas na vigilância do A. aegypti. É recomendado de forma imperativa o uso do papel-filtro como substrato para oviposição, pelo seu menor custo, maior facilidade de confecção, transporte e armazenamento, além da melhor visibilidade dos ovos depositados. Abstract Background Studies that improve and/or assess the ability of traps in vector detection, facilitate the control of diseases caused by these vectors. Objective The objective of this study was to compare four types of traps for A. aegypti capture and collection under field conditions, and to evaluate the influences of temperature and precipitation on the efficiency of these traps. Method Ovitraps (filter paper and palette), “mosquitéricas” and MosquiTRAP® were installed in 10 city blocks, which received on each face, one type of trap. Qualitative and quantitative entomological indices were calculated for all traps. Results The “mosquitéricas” trap had the lowest positivity index (3%). Only the IPAaegypti and IDAaegypti indices showed a positive relationship with temperature and precipitation, respectively. The ovitraps had up to 6.6 times more chances of positivity for A. aegypti when compared to MosquiTRAP®, with no significant difference between the filter paper and the palette substrates. Conclusion The ovitraps presented the best indices to be used in the surveillance of A. aegypti . The recommendation to use filter paper as a substrate for oviposition is imperative because of its lower cost, easier manufacturing, transport and storage, as well as better visibility of the deposited eggs.

Resumo O artigo parte de uma discussão sobre as relações entre comunicação em rede e migrações transnacionais e da proposição do conceito de webdiáspora para, em um segundo momento, apresentar uma análise exploratória de quatro páginas na rede social online Facebook mantidas por migrantes senegaleses no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Neste texto, as páginas no Facebook são entendidas enquanto parte importante da dinâmica migratória, como ambientes comunicacionais de experimentação e de afirmação identitária, assim como lugar de encontro de uma diáspora que se organiza em termos de associações que disputam políticas de posição e reconhecimento no Brasil. A reflexão integra projeto de pesquisa na área da comunicação sobre as dinâmicas de comunicação em rede e usos das TICs em novos fluxos de migratórios para o estado, especialmente o caso dos migrantes do Senegal em cidades gaúchas. Abstract This article begins with a discussion about relations between network communication and transnational migration. The concept of webdiaspora is also presented. In the second part of the paper, four Facebook pages of Senegalese migrants living in Rio Grande do Sul are analyzed. In this work paper, Facebook is understood as part of migration dynamics, like a communication environment of identity affirmation. Likewise, Facebook is considered to be a meeting place of a diaspora that is organized in terms of associations for recognition policies in Brazil. The text is part of a communication research about TICs and migration dynamics between Senegal and Rio Grande do Sul.

Em um panorama diferente da maioria dos trabalhos do campo das chamadas doenças raras, esse artigo transpõe os limites das associações para chegar até as pessoas que vivem com o diagnóstico de uma condição genética e entendida como doença rara, a Neurofibromatose (NF). Nesse trajeto, utiliza-se da ainda nascente Sociologia do Diagnóstico para identificar tanto o impacto quanto as consequências do diagnóstico na vida das pessoas. Como resultado entende-se que devemos superar o olhar caritativo sobre as pessoas que vivenciam o diagnóstico de uma condição genética, o doente, para, como um informante-chave, captar as contribuições para melhorar os serviços de saúde e as nossas relações sociais. Adopting a different viewpoint from most of the work in the field of so-called rare diseases, this paper crosses the boundaries of the associations to reach people living with the diagnosis of a genetic condition, which is understood as being a rare disease, namely neurofibromatosis (NF). In this respect, the incipient Sociology of Diagnosis is utilized to identify both the impact and the consequences of the diagnosis in people's lives. As a result, the consensus is that it is necessary to transcend the charitable outlook on people who experience the diagnosis of a genetic condition, by perceiving the patient as a key informant in order to collect input to improve health services and our social relations.

Copyright © Ordem dos Médicos 2018, Fibromyalgia can be clinically defined by widespread pain lasting for longer than 3 months with tenderness on palpation in 11 or more of 18 specified tender points. Many people with fibromyalgia are significantly disabled, and experience moderate to severe pain for many years, for which conventional analgesics are usually not effective. For these patients treatment options generally include antidepressants like tricyclic agents, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, or anticonvulsants like pregabalin or gabapentin. Pregabalin is a drug licensed for the treatment of fibromyalgia in the United States of America, with a mechanism of action similar to gabapentin. This mode of action confers antiepileptic, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects. This Cochrane systematic review included 8 randomized, placebo-controlled trials with low risk of bias, which studied the effect of a daily dose of pregabalin for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in adult patients suffering from fibromyalgia. Of the main results of this systematic review we highlight the major effect that a daily dose of 300 to 600 mg of pregabalin had in the reduction of pain intensity over a follow-up period of 12 to 26 weeks, with tolerable adverse effects, for a minority of people with moderate to severe pain due to fibromyalgia. This paper aims to summarize and discuss the main results and conclusions of this systematic review, as well as its implications for the daily clinical practice., A fibromialgia é uma doença caracterizada por dor generalizada, com mais de três meses de duração, com dor à palpação em pelo menos 11 de 18 pontos anatomicamente definidos. Um elevado número de doentes com fibromialgia sofre de dor moderada a grave durante vários anos, para a qual os analgésicos convencionais se mostraram ineficazes, de tal forma que foram substituídos por antidepressivos tricíclicos, inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina e noradrenalina e anticonvulsivantes, como a pregabalina e a gabapentina. A pregabalina é um fármaco anti-epilético aprovado para o tratamento da fibromialgia nos Estados Unidos da América, cujo mecanismo de ação se assemelha ao da gabapentina, com efeitos anticonvulsivante, analgésico e ansiolítico. Nesta revisão sistemática Cochrane os autores incluíram um total de oito ensaios clínicos aleatorizados, controlados por placebo, com baixo risco global de viés, que estudaram o efeito da administração de uma dose diária de pregabalina no tratamento da dor crónica moderada a grave, em doentes adultos com fibromialgia. Dos principais resultados desta revisão sistemática destacam-se o efeito substancial que uma dose diária de 300 a 600 mg de pregabalina teve na diminuição da intensidade da dor moderada a grave, numa minoria dos doentes adultos com fibromialgia, durante um período de follow-up de 12 a 26 semanas, bem como a elevada incidência de eventos adversos associados ao tratamento, a maioria dos quais bem tolerados. Neste artigo sumarizam-se e discutem-se os principais resultados e conclusões desta revisão sistemática, bem como as suas implicações para a prática clínica diária.

The acaricidal activity of peracetic acid, PAA, against the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus, and the fowl tick, Argas persicus was tested using filter paper contact bioassay. PAA had a great potential as acaricide and its effectiveness increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. Two minutes after treatment with 0.5%, PAA induced 100% mortality of both tick species and LC50 values for cattle and fowl ticks, after treatment for 30 min, were 0.06 and 0.05%, respectively. Followin g treatment with 0.25%, the LT50 values were 0.02 and 3.12 min, respectively. Furthermore, the detrimental effect of PAA against cattle tick extended beyond the adult stage, it significantly prolonged the preoviposition period, shortened the oviposition period, and decreased the mean number of the layed eggs, such parameters were 14.75 and 6.57 days, as well as 457.50, respectively, after treatment with 0.25% of PAA. Therefore, PAA is highly effective when used at lower doses and short exposure time. The high speed of killing ticks is very important for avoidance of the hazard ensued by pathogen transmission in the course of delayed mortality caused by the currently used acaricides.

Resumo A Psiquiatria Biológica emerge nos anos de 1980, nos Estados Unidos, com a publicação do DSM-III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Este manual tem a proposta de ser a-teórico e apresentar descrições objetivas dos, então, chamados “distúrbios mentais” a partir de um critério classificatório que não inclui discussões acerca da etiologia destes “distúrbios”. Isto implica que, apesar da denominação biológica conferida a esta vertente psiquiátrica, não houve nenhuma descoberta acerca da etiologia biológica destes distúrbios que justificasse sua denominação e seu estrondoso sucesso mundial. Neste artigo, pretendemos analisar as modificações ocorridas na psiquiatria norte-americana a partir da introdução do DSM-III, dos primeiros medicamentos psicotrópicos e o subsequente papel desempenhado pela indústria farmacêutica neste processo. Desse modo, o que está em análise neste artigo é que, ao se apropriar dos medicamentos psicotrópicos como primeira opção terapêutica, a Psiquiatria Biológica cria uma aliança com a indústria farmacêutica que a insere numa rede tecnocientífica que dificulta saber os limites entre Psiquiatria Biológica, Psicofarmacologia e Indústria farmacêutica. Abstract Biological Psychiatry emerged in the 1980s in the United States with the publication of DSM-III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). This manual intends to be a-theoretical and to provide objective descriptions of "mental disorders" by using diagnostic criteria that do not include discussions about the aetiology of these "disorders". Hence and despite the “biological” label conferred to this branch of psychiatry, there is no explicit concern to ascertain the possible biological origins of "mental disorders" in DSM-III. In this paper we intend to examine the modifications in North American Psychiatry following the introduction of the first psychotropic medications and the subsequent role played by the pharmaceutical industry in this process. Thus, what is under analysis in our article is that, by appropriating psychotropic drugs as the first therapeutic option, Biological Psychiatry creates an alliance with the pharmaceutical industry that inserts it into a technoscientific network that makes it difficult to know the limits between Biological Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and the Pharmaceutical industry.

The aim of this paper is to introduce some principles of Evolutionary Medicine to the community of medical educators in Brazil. Evolutionary Medicine can be defined as the application of the theory of evolution through natural selection to the understanding of human health problems. This innovative approach provides the medical field with a theoretical framework which contributes to the explanation of a great variety of serious disorders. Evolutionary Medicine, which dates back to the early 1960s, aims to explain diseases based both on recent physiological causes – those most commonly addressed by medicine – and on more distant evolutionary causes – those responsible for the emergence and survival of useful and functional biological structures throughout the history of the planet. Evolutionary Medicine rests on the assumption that functional biological characteristics are the result of evolutionary adaptive processes. Therefore, it is possible to analyze a great number of diseases in terms of adaptive vulnerabilities connected to our phylogenetic inheritance, such as human bodily inadequacies in relation to the modern environment. Besides presenting a definition of Evolutionary Medicine, this paper discusses two health problems recently dealt with in the light of the theory of evolution through natural selection. First, we discuss how the appearance, the ethnic and geographic distribution of lactose intolerance (and, on the other hand, the persistence of lactase) can only be understood taking our species’ recent evolutionary history (including its cultural transformations) into consideration. The limitations faced by previous explanations, which lacked evolutionary causes – are discussed. Secondly, the paper discusses herniated spinal disc, trying to demonstrate the link between this condition and the adaptation problems that bipedal posture may entail in view of the demands of modern lifestyle. The understanding of such problems of adaptation, combined with restrictions to natural selection pressures when adjusting a quadruped structure to a biped lifestyle, serve as the basis for the development of specific concepts used to formulate a hypothesis with relevant diagnostic potential. Finally, the paper describes ways in which medical students could incorporate this relatively new knowledge into their education.

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar a quantificação de T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) e kappa-deleting recombination circles (KRECs) por reação em cadeia de polimerase (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) em tempo real (qRT-PCR), para triagem neonatal de imunodeficiências primárias que cursam com defeitos nas células T e/ou B no Brasil. Métodos: Amostras de sangue de recém-nascidos (RN) e controles foram coletadas em papel-filtro. O DNA foi extraído e os TRECs e KRECs foram quantificados por reação duplex de qRT-PCR. O valor de corte foi determinado pela análise de Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve, utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SSPS) (IBM®, Armonk, NY, EUA). Resultados: 6.881 amostras de RN foram analisadas quanto à concentração de TRECs e KRECs. Os valores de TRECs variaram entre 1 e 1.006 TRECs/µL, com média e mediana de 160 e 139 TRECs/µL, respectivamente. Três amostras de pacientes diagnosticados com imunodeficiência grave combinada (severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID) apresentaram valores de TRECs abaixo de 4/µL e um paciente com Síndrome de DiGeorge apresentou TRECs indetectáveis. Os valores de KRECs encontraram-se entre 10 e 1.097 KRECs/µL, com média e mediana de 130 e 108 KRECs/µL, e quatro pacientes com diagnóstico de agamaglobulinemia tiveram resultados abaixo de 4 KRECs/µL. Os valores de corte encontrados foram 15 TRECs/µL e 14 KRECs/µL, e foram estabelecidos de acordo com a análise da Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve, com sensibilidade de 100% para detecção de SCID e agamaglobulinemia, respectivamente. Conclusões: A quantificação de TRECs e KRECs foi capaz de diagnosticar crianças com linfopenias T e/ou B em nosso estudo, validando a técnica e dando o primeiro passo para a implementação da triagem neonatal em grande escala no Brasil. ABSTRACT Objective: To validate the quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for newborn screening of primary immunodeficiencies with defects in T and/or B cells in Brazil. Methods: Blood samples from newborns and controls were collected on filter paper. DNA was extracted and TRECs, and KRECs were quantified by a duplex real-time PCR. The cutoff values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using SPSS software (IBM®, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Around 6,881 samples from newborns were collected and TRECs and KRECs were quantified. The TRECs values ranged between 1 and 1,006 TRECs/µL, with mean and median of 160 and 139 TRECs/µL, respectively. Three samples from patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) showed TRECs below 4/µL and a patient with DiGeorge syndrome showed undetectable TRECs. KRECs values ranged from 10 to 1,097 KRECs/µL, with mean and median of 130 and 108 KRECs/µL. Four patients with agammaglobulinemia had results below 4 KRECs/µL. The cutoff values were 15 TRECs/µL and 14 KRECs/µL and were established according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, with 100% sensitivity for SCID and agammaglobulinemia detection, respectively. Conclusions: Quantification of TRECs and KRECs was able to diagnose children with T- and/or B-cell lymphopenia in our study, which validated the technique in Brazil and enabled us to implement the newborn screening program for SCID and agammaglobulinemia.

RESUMO: Descrevem-se o quadro clínico, patológico e o potencial tóxico das folhas verdes de Crotalaria pallida em ovinos. Para o experimento folhas verdes de C. pallida foram coletadas no município de São João do Sul em Santa Catarina e administradas por via oral para seis ovinos adultos, em doses únicas de 40, 20, 10, 5, 2,5 e 2,5g/kg, e para dois ovinos, em doses diárias de 0,63 e 1,25g/kg durante 30 dias. Reproduziu-se a intoxicação com doses letais a partir de 2,5g/kg. Um dos ovinos que recebeu a dose única de 2,5g/kg e os que receberam as doses diárias, não adoeceram. Todos os ovinos que apresentaram sinais clínicos morreram entre 13 e 22 horas após a administração das folhas. Sinais clínicos leves como fezes pastosas, inquietação e aumento das frequências cardíaca e respiratória tiveram início cerca em 11 horas após a ingestão da planta. Minutos antes da morte observaram-se dispneia intensa com respiração abdominal pronunciada. As principais lesões macroscópicas foram restritas à cavidade torácica, como hidrotórax e edema pulmonar acentuado. O exame microscópico revelou no pulmão, edema acentuado e difuso na superfície pleural, nos espaços interlobulares e ao redor das artérias peribronquiais e peribronquiolares. Edema multifocal foi observado no interior de alvéolos e ao redor de brônquios e bronquíolos, além de leve infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal. O quadro clínico-patológico da intoxicação experimental foi similar ao observado na intoxicação espontânea e caracterizou-se por edema iulmonar acentuado e morte logo após o início dos sinais clínicos. ABSTRACT: This paper describes the toxic potential of the green leaves of Crotalaria pallida and the clinical signs in experimentally poisoned sheep. Green leaves of C. pallida were collected in São João do Sul, Santa Catarina, and administered orally to six adult sheep, as single dose of 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 2.5g/kg, and for two sheep at doses of 0.63 and 1.25g/kg during 30 days. The poisoning was reproduced at lethal doses of 2.5g/kg. One of the sheep that received a single dose of 2.5g/kg and another that received daily doses did become ill. All sheep wich developed clinical signs died between 13 and 22 hours after administration of the plant. Slight signs started in about 11 hours after ingestion of the plant, and clinical signs included loose stool, restlessness and increased heart and respiratory rates. A few minutes preceding death, pronounced abdominal breathing and severe dyspnea was observed. The main gross lesions were restricted to the thoracic cavity, as severe pulmonary edema and hydrothorax. Lung microscopy showed marked edema in the diffuse pleural surface, the interlobular spaces and around the peribronchial arteries. Multifocal edema was observed within alveoli and around the bronchi and bronchioles, and mild multifocal infiltration of neutrophils. The clinical and pathological alerations of the experimental poisoning was similar to that observed in the spontaneous poisoning, characterized by marked pulmonary edema and death shortly after the onset of clinical signs.