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This work aims to analyze some elements responsible for the urban expansion of the city of São José/SC. Among them, the most important and genesis of urbanization, was the relationship with the political-administrative capital of the State of Santa Catarina. This fact triggered a process of metropolization from the 1980s onwards. Covering metropolization means understanding some determinants of the internal dynamics of the municipality, as well as the role of this municipality within the Metropolitan Region of Florianópolis - MRF. Based on the understanding that the municipality went through two distinct moments in its urban expansion, initially being a dormitory city and later building centralities and sub-centralities that consolidated São José as largely urbanized and vertical. Factors that refer to dynamic and broad spatial interactions and that interfere in the patterns of mobility and urban accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban space of a city is the result of social interactions with and between people who use and experience this space, thus configuring the public sphere of a city. We can also consider that the construction of these spaces is directly related to the way in which their free building spaces relate to their built spaces. In a city of heritage character, these characteristics are added to the historical and cultural values that must be protected and valued through safeguard and protection actions. However, current Brazilian legislation acts more on the building, and even including urban complexes and their surroundings, it does not seem to consider that the safeguarding and protection of a city's heritage also involves urban planning, that is, the safeguarding and protection actions must be related to urban planning actions, present both in the master plans and in the intervention and maintenance actions of the existing public space. The general objective of this research was to establish and identify the existing relationships between urban design and urban environmental heritage that considered both the safeguard and protection aspects and the aspects of urban quality. The case study methodology was used, choosing the city of Laguna, on the southern coast of Santa Catarina. The procedures used were: the historical-structural analysis through the study of the urban evolution of the city, the registration process and the current characteristics of its public spaces. We can consider that the research thus contributed to the reflection on the practices of urban environmental heritage protection related to urban development actions and qualification of public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the notion that the "hinterland" has exploded in recent years. In the age of globalization - or the Capitalocene era - advances in social and technical systems have reduced the costs of circulating and exchanging goods, information, energy and capital, previously only feasible in areas of urban agglomeration. The resulting forms and processes of Planetary Urbanization emerge in any location where the interests of capital are manifested, from shantytowns to luxury condominiums and in company towns. Today, the "hinterland" is formed primarily by the geographies of extractivism and the commodities market. Using the prime example of Parauapebas, a city located in the ore-producing state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon, a systemization of some recurring forms of urbanization and its respective processes is proposed, forming a contemporary "urban puzzle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban evolution, a primary question of Urban Geography, has always been limited by the lack of continuous spatial-temporal data. Recently, this limitation has been overcome by the processing in Geographic Information System of sequential snapshots acquired by Remote Sensing. Therefore, we use the Landsat archive to reveal the (dis)similarities of the urbanization process (rhythm and modes) experienced by the municipalities of Braga and Guimarães between 1984 and 2016. The results show that, more than temporal (When?) or quantitatively (How much?), the urbanization process in the two municipalities presents spatial disparities (Where? and How?). The Landscape Expansion Index (LEI) highlights that more than 50% of urban growth occurs in contiguity with the pre-existing fabric. Infilling constitutes the second most important mode in Braga, but not in Guimarães, where this position is occupied by outlying growth. Consequently, in Braga the urban perimeter captures better the urbanization process than in Guimarães. Thus, LEI can make an important contribution to the understanding of diffuse urbanization, a territorial model constantly called banal, and that - due to such an assertion - has been ignored in relation to other problem-areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we sought to analyze the spatial distribution of poverty of the municipalities in Alagoas, based on the concept of absolute poverty. For this purpose, we used the technical analysis exploratory spatial data and spatial econometrics models. The database used in this research was obtained from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Among the results, we can highlight three: a) there is a strong intraregional discrepancy in the state, especially between East and "Sertão" mesoregions; b) there is an inverse relationship between poverty and the variables per capita income and urbanization rate, while the opposite occurs with respect to the Gini index and c) there is a spatial dependence of poverty, in other words, there is a degree of similarity between the municipalities analyzed, so that poverty in a municipality is explained partly by poverty in neighboring municipalities. These results are relevant, because they provide evidence related to the importance of spatial dependence on the poverty of the Alagoas's municipalities, being useful to support public policies that promote the development of these localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of current Latin American cities brings unsustainable patterns of urbanization, which tend to shape a fragmentary reality in relation to essential dynamics of the urban landscape--biophysical, urban, and socio-cultural. A phenomenon is observed in Latin American intermediate cities (cimes), especially with attention to extensive and poorly controlled urban growth models. There is also a lack of a holistic view over these cities, the existence of large open spaces, expecting to be built upon, and the non-consideration of the cities as systems. These facts demonstrate the urgency of thinking about alternatives for urban planning in these cities. Faced with these challenges, the article seeks to 1) deepen the approach of principles, strategies, and guidelines for the Systemic Landscape Planning (syslp), related to the biophysical, sociocultural, and urban systems, based on an open space system as a restructuring element of future built-up spaces, and 2) point out challenges and opportunities for the practical application of such principles, strategies, and guidelines in Latin American cimes planning, as alternatives for the conception of a renewed urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in anthropogenic sources identified in the processes of urban expansion, suppression of vegetation, soil sealing, changes in the drainage cycle and their influence on the diversity of environmental systems are characterized as aspects that can generate negative environmental impacts. From this theme, it is necessary to develop techniques that make possible the comprehension of the temporal extension of these modifications. Since then, the proposal for the use of more specific geoindicators has been widely considered within the scientific community as a method to aid in the recognition of the probable changes identified in the landscape, space and temporal scales that can contribute to the identification of probable environmental impacts and/or in the planning of mitigating actions. Thus, the present article aimed to understand the role of geoindicators in the identification of probable changes originating from anthropogenic actions in urbanized environments. In addition, it proposes to present and discuss the different proposals of geoindicators that can be used in the identification of hydrogeomorphological modifications diagnosed in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Dengue has become a serious public health problem for the Brazilian population, especially in urban environments. The disease is directly related to the proliferation and infestation index of the vector, which in turn depends on environmental factors that drives to its multiplication. In this sense, this study aimed to understand the causes of the significant increase of Dengue in Mato Grosso in the period between 2011 and 2015. So, we analyzed the temporo-spatial variation of cases of Dengue notifications provided by the State Department of Health, in order to investigate the hypothesis that such expressive increase of the disease in this period could be related, above all, to socioenvironmental conditions. It can be seen through the study that in the last few years there has been an alarming increase in the rates of dengue in most of the municipalities of the state of Mato Grosso and in all sectors of the territory of the state, and in those in which The weather rate has been very different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyze the current economic dynamics, the urbanization and the expansion of the lower circuit of the urban economy in Rio Grande do Norte and, specifically, on the road axis Natal-Caicó. We have adopted this road as cutting analysis due to the fact that subsystem of potiguar territory connect municipalities of the interior and the coast of the State, stand out by intercity passenger flows and be characterized by cities whose economic center is the highway that passes through, being the highway bordered by various activities of the economy not hegemonic. Our analysis is grounded in theoretical reflections on the socioeconomic dynamics of the potiguar territory and in the interpretation of statistical data regarding this dynamic and primary data resulting from field research conducted on axis Natal-Caicó. Thus, we reflect on the economic modernization of the potiguar territory, paying attention to the process of urbanization of that territory and the road axis Natal-Caicó and understated the contribution of expansion of not hegemonic economy to the process of urbanization. We conclude whereas the cities and the economy grow based on supporters of poverty structural economic activities produced by the modernization of the territory, this characteristic of the process of precarious work. As systemic response to this situation, there is the threading of the urban economy, with the lower subsystem increasingly dependent on top, as well as more permanent and receiver of workers with precarious work relations and unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an analysis of the time-space patterns of COVID19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil in two moments between March and April 2020. The applied methodology took into consideration the spatial configuration and typification of its municipalities from two studies by IBGE superimposing the confirmed cases of the municipalities in Santa Catarina. The number of cases and deaths was not evaluated. The results point to three distinct spatial dynamics (degree of urbanization and population concentration), with two diffusing flows from COVID19. With growing number of municipalities with confirmed cases and with different characteristics among them, the future scenario will involve planning and adequacy of the emergency response infrastructure differentiated in fighting COVID19 in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article presents the historical context of the creation of Goiânia, capital city of the state of Goiás, built in the 1930s as a symbol of the expansion of the demographic and agricultural frontier in central Brazil. The city emerged through the Pedro Ludovico Teixeira efforts, appointed state intervener by the President Getúlio Vargas. In the construction process, there was the boosters's discourse, which attributed to the promised "metropolis" the power to create good opportunities for economic growth. For this, they relied on natural resources such as rivers, the presence of rich nearby forests and the fields with a less sloping region. Methodology: The study used archival sources based on technical and memorialist reports, photographs, maps, newspapers and periodicals of the time, as well as bibliography based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Environmental History. Originality: The historiography of Central Brazil has often been analyzed from the perspective of the frontier and not from the perspective of environmental history. In this paper, we seek to appropriate these two issues, reinforcing the relationship between the rural and urban processes of the Cerrado environmental history in Central Brazil. Conclusions: The real scenario was different from the announced one, since nature was much more a barrier than a facilitating element of development. In addition, the ideals of modern urbanism were partially abandoned due to the opportunism of selling lots. Also, the growth took place, but not because of the abundance of natural resources, but because of the transfer of the capital that fed it back as it attracted new inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of urban areas is leading people to adopt cats as pets as they are better adapted to the modern lifestyle, require smaller spaces and could stand alone for longer periods compared to other animals such as dogs. However, environmental groups are concerned about the increasing population of felines in urban areas, as they believe that cats threaten the lives of wild birds and small mammals that may be extinct. This research note presents pros and cons of cats' presence in cities as how to handle them. Correct management of these animals is necessary, since the greatest environmental risk related to their presence is their uncontrolled reproduction, and consequent abandoning of undesirable pups by their tutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the areas susceptible to the occurrence of floods contributes to the urban planning and to the minimization of the effects to which the population is exposed. This study aimed to identify sites that are prone to floods in the urban area of the main hydrographic basin of the city of Irati, State of Paraná. For this mapping, we used a Geographic Information System (GIS) associated with methodologies including fuzzy logic and hierarchical analysis. For that, criteria for analysis were the altitude, slope, distance of water courses and degree of urbanization. The results showed that 3,645 km² of the Irati urban perimeter, about 13,8% of the study area, present some degree of susceptibility to floods. The generation of maps with degrees of susceptibility varying from 0 (null) to 1 (high) was a good visual indicator to identify points of greater or lesser risk of riverbed extravasation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) has great relevance in the air temperature and contributes to the climate balance in urban areas. In this context, this study aimed to estimate evapotranspiration in the city of Recife-PE in order to analyze the intraurban differences in the various types of roofing. Six digital images of the TM - Landsat 5 sensor regarding orbit 214 and points 65, 66 were used. The density of sensible heat and latent heat fluxes were calculated based on SEBAL algorithm. The evapotranspiration results were consistent when compared with values obtained by the method of FAO-Penman-Monteith, with absolute error between 0.18 and 1.23 mm d-1, minimum and maximum, respectively, and average of 0.86 mm d-1. The highest evapotranspiration rates were found in protection units and water bodies between 5.0 and 6.0 mm d-1, approximately, while in surfaces with intense constructive densification, values close to 1.0 mm d-1 were found. The methodology used consistently represented the various types of roofing and can promote a significant advance in the monitoring of the urban climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of rural and urban are used to distinguish two different ways of spatial seizure and organization as well as the social relationships which take place therein. From the viewpoint of Sociology these concepts lead to classical themes such as modern and traditional dichotomy and to country-city relationships. This paper analyzes how these two spatial ways are delimited in Brazil and examines the criteria that should be used in order to classify a locality as either rural or urban. Starting from a critique of the statistical and administrative classifications, we seek to establish a typology that takes into consideration the social processes that determine the territorial dynamics of Brazilian municipalities. The paper therefore strives to establish a relationship between the theoretical definitions as well as empirical territorial construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at investigating the dilemmas involved in the recent turn of international humanitarian organizations to urban areas of the Global South. The incorporation of impoverished urban communities – such as Rio de Janeiro's favelas – in the landscape of humanitarian action results from a particular reading that connects urbanization processes with a redefinition of the scope of humanitarian action. The paper argues that the transposition of humanitarian protection and assistance to other situations of violence, such as Rio's favelas, is premised on the construction of slums as marginal sites of insecurity and as the epitome of all problems related to urban processes in developing and underdeveloped societies. Based on a review of Médecins sans Frontières's project in Complexo do Alemão – Rio de Janeiro, from 2007 to 2009, the paper concludes with a critical reading of the consequences of recognizing favelas (and the global slum) as a problem of security and protection, without acknowledging the complex democratic dimensions of local political struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema in Santa Catarina is less analised. It's commom that some citys and its population don't know their own cinematographic history. This communication objective is to explore the beginning of the cinema in Itajai City and its impact in the urban development as well. Moreover it provoques new studies and issues about the theme. The first movie theater in Itajai was the "Ideal" in 1909. "Novidades" and "O Pharol", both newspapers that used to be printed in the city at that time are been used to corroborate this article with a few bibliography about the cinema in Santa Catarina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the corner of Felipe Schmidt and Trajano Streets, in Florianópolis, was opened in 1948, a Cafe that would later turn into a traditional meeting point of the city of Florianópolis: Café Ponto Chic, best known as Senadinho. This cafeteria accompanied, between a coffee and another, the deep urban changes that the city had passed over on the second half of the 20th century. In this sense, through photographs and oral histories about the Cafe, this article reflects on how the practice of going to Cafe Ponto Chic, and the features of this establishment, is relate to the city space. But also discusses about how physical transformations of this coffee shop may have influenced social relations which constituted in its space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate discussions on the terms city, urban and medium sized city, with a view to proposing criteria which, considering the specificities of the urban network of Bahia, allow to identify their medium-sized cities. Certainly because it deals, at the same time, of a theoretical debate and a mapping exercise, here does not dissipate the subject at hand. With this paper we intend to establish a starting point for the posterior elaboration of deepening studies about this question and give account of the singularities of these cities. It is understood though its results may provide of subsidies to similar researches to be conducted in other states. This work finds itself divided into four parts, and a brief introduction. Initially, we presented some ideas and concepts, made by different authors, about city and its relationship with urbanization due to industrialization. The second topic was realized a reflection of the theme medium-sized city, which reviews questions related to population size as a principle for their identification, characteristics and roles. Based on these considerations and analysis of some of the peculiarities of the urban network of state, proposed a set of basic criterions to see which of their municipal seats would be so categorized. Finally, we had woven additional discussions on this subject, highlighting the importance of studying it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on medium-sized cities in Brazil gain prominence in the academic and public policies development in the 1970s. With the new economic context of globalization and territorial reconfigurations, some authors have proposed the use of the term intermediate city or town intermediary, whose scope is built on qualitative criteria, including the idea of a structured space of relations and flows in us. In the Northeast, the urbanization process was slow, fragmented, dispersed geographic and economically, which resulted in a truncated urban network, which consists primarily of its nine regional capitals and about two dozen medium-sized cities, mostly interiorized. It is from this 'urban network northeastern interiorized' we seek to understand the fundamental functions of Pau dos Ferros (RN), Souza and Cajazeiras (PB) in regional development and the role they play in their respective regions of influence that permeate the ray partition RN-PB-CE. A priori these functions would offer enough jobs to accommodate the population surrounding rural and absorb the population of urban are as saturated and ease living conditions. In general terms, what can be seen is that trade and services has a very high relative share in the PIB composition of the three cities, reinforced by the participation of the state, especially the provision of education services, including higher and health, beyond of jobs, particularly in trade and public services, which allows us to treat them as a priori intermediate cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the relationship between the extreme pluvial episodes and the socioenvironmental vulnerability, as well as the results of this interaction in the organization of the urban spaces. The area of study is the city of Fortaleza-Ceara State, Brazil. The process of urbanization of this city resulted in the occupation of vulnerable environmental areas by an unprivileged socioeconomic population, resulting in the creation of spaces of risk, exposed during the intense pluvial episodes, as that happened at March, 27th 2012. It was used as theory referential the socioenvironmental approach and the Urban Climate System. The objective of the understanding of weather systems that induce intense rainfall, as well as were analyzed the former social and natural elements of natural risks and the negative consequences about the space of Fortaleza. It was found a combination of ZCIT, VCAS and CCM in the production of atmospheric instabilities of the day. It was identified and spatialized the hydrometric impacts in the city, emphasizing the aggravation of the natural risk conditions and the disorganized of the urban space in analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This version intends to broach the historical data for training and organization of the city, as well as presenting the city - the context object of this research. Proposes the identification of the architectural language of the city in the formative years, as well as the trajectory of the production in developmental period. From the discussions proposed by the graphics, the article has these objectives: The first moment make a survey the city, understanding the process of urban transformation until the 1960s, then intended to know the production architectural inserted in that period. The method is build with analysis applicants and scientific research simple and objective. Will it develop, in principle, using data on urban development and city development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of intense urbanisation, green spaces have become elements of ever greater importance for the quality of the urban environment. How do citizens perceive these spaces? Which behavioural patterns do they exhibit? Which key advantages and limitations do they most often associate with these spaces? This article presents the results of a study undertaken in the city of Bragança, which aimed at assessing how the city's resident population perceives and uses its public green spaces. Among other conclusions, it was found: i) that the various social groups exhibit different use patterns; ii) that these use patterns are strongly characterised by seasonality; iii) that age is a significant determinant of the degree of preference for, alternatively, built facilities and natural elements; and iv) that the city's inhabitants consider the local green spaces to be of generally good quality, and generally acknowledge most of their social and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]