Search

GAMELEIRA The flourish of the Payayá geography GAMELEIRA El arborecer de la geografía Payayá Resumo Este texto é o reconhecimento de uma geografia ancestral e sensível. Da Gameleira, árvore sagrada, a geografia Payayá emerge pela escrita poética do Cacique Juvenal Payayá. Expressão da alteridade indígena, a Gameleira apresenta uma geograficidade pneumática, na relação terra-ar, que questiona a colonialidade que nega a história e a geografia. A ancestralidade é terra, mas é também ar que se respira, que envolve e que resiste à verticalidade do enraizamento. O artigo reverbera o poema “Gameleira”, do livro “Vozes selvagens”, em busca do arvorecer da geografia Payayá, como alteridade que acolhe e que, a partir do sentir, oferece sombra alimentada pela ancestralidade. Palavras-chave: Geograficidade, Ancestralidade, Poética Payayá, Colonialidade, Alteridade. Abstract This paper is the recognition of a sensitive and ancestral geography. From Gameleira, a sacred tree, the Payayá geography emerges through the poetic writing of indigenous chief Juvenal Payayá. An expression of indigenous otherness, the Gameleira presents a pneumatic geography, in the earth-air relationship, which questions the coloniality that denies history and geography. Ancestry is earth, but it is also the air that you breathe, that surrounds and resists the verticality of rooting. The paper reverberates the poem “Gameleira”, from the book “Vozes selvagens”, in search of the flourish of the Payayá geography, as an alterity that welcomes and that, from the act of feeling, offers shade fueled by ancestry. Keywords: Geographicity, Ancestrality, Payayá poetics, Coloniality, Alterity. Resumen Este texto es el reconocimiento de una geografía ancestral y sensible. De Gameleira, árbol sagrado, la geografía Payayá emerge por la escritura poética del Cacique Juvenal Payayá. Expresión de la alteridad indígena, la Gameleira presenta una geografía pneumática, en la relación tierra-aire, que cuestiona la colonialidad que niega la historia y la geografía. La ancestralidad es tierra, pero también es aire que se respira, que envuelve y resiste la verticalidad del enraizamiento. El artículo reverbera con el poema “Gameleira”, del libro “Vozes Selvagens”, en busca del amanecer de la geografía Payayá, como una alteridad que acoge y que, desde el sentimiento, ofrece sombra alimentada por la ancestralidad. Palabras-clave: Geograficidad, Ancestralidad, Poetica Payayá, Colonialialidad, Alteridad.

INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS THROUGH THE BELIEFS OF GOOD LIVING AND EARTH WITHOUT EVIL MOVIMIENTOS INDÍGENAS DETRÁS DE LAS CREENCIAS DEL BUEN VIVIR Y LA TIERRA SIN MAL Resumo O bem viver, mais que uma ética, trata-se de uma poética que tem sido defendida em diferentes contextos desde o viver indígena. Neste texto, defende-se seu potencial educacional a partir dos movimentos indígenas, como postura de acolhimento e do ressoar as vozes ancestrais de Abya Yala. O artigo constitiu um diálogo desde os mitos reunidos em Ayvú Rapyta às demais crenças dos povos falantes do Tupi e Guarani, como a Yby Marã Eyma e da Yvy Marãey, isto é, da “Terra sem Males” ou “Terra Indestrutível” – às cosmovisões e profecias como “A Queda do Céu”. Aborda as dimensões do bem viver, desde seu sentido religioso, passando pelo poético, pelo mítico e chegando à sua relação com o desenvolvimento. Esse remete às noções, crenças, cosmogonias, mitos e narrativas que fazem parte das histórias e culturas dos ameríndios. Da promessa do viver bem à “Terra dos males”, o artigo busca sinalizar para a importância dos povos indígenas na constituição dessa outra possibilidade de existência. Palavras-chave: Narrativa poética, Cosmogonias, Povos indígenas. Abstract Good living, more than an ethics, is a poetics that has been defended in different contexts since the indigenous living. In this paper, the educational potential of good living is defended in this paper from the perspective of the indigenous movements, as a welcoming posture and the resonance of Abya Yala's ancestral voices. The paper constituted a dialogue from the myths gathered in Ayvú Rapyta to the other beliefs of the Tupi and Guarani-speaking peoples, such as Yby Marã Eyma and Yvy Marãey, that is, from “Earth Without Evil” or “Indestructible Earth” - to cosmoviews and prophecies like “The Fall from Heaven”. It addresses the dimensions of good living, from its religious sense, through the poetic, the mythical senses and reaching its relationship with development. This refers to the notions, beliefs, cosmogonies, myths and narratives that are part of the histories and cultures of the Amerindians. From the promise of living well to the “Earth of evils”, the paper seeks to signal the importance of indigenous peoples in the constitution of this other possibility of existence. Keywords: Poetic narrative, Cosmogonies, Indigenous peoples. Resumen El buen vivir, más que una ética, se trata de una poética que ha sido defendida en diferentes contextos desde el vivir indígena. En este texto, defiende su potencial educativo a partir de los movimientos indígenas, como postura de acogimiento y de resonancia de las voces ancestrales de Abya Yala. El artículo constituyó un diálogo desde los mitos recogidos en Ayvú Rapyta a las demás creencias de los pueblos de habla Tupi y Guaraní, como Yby Marã Eyma e Yvy Marãey, es decir, desde “Terra sem Males” o “Terra Indestrutível” - hasta visiones del mundo y profecías como "La caída del cielo". Aborda las dimensiones del buen vivir, desde su sentido religioso, pasando por lo poético, por lo mítico y llegando a su relación con el desarrollo. Se remitea las nociones, creencias, cosmogonías, mitos y narrativas que hacen parte de las historias y culturas de los amerindios. Desde la promesa de vivir bien hasta la “Tierra de los males”, el artículo busca señalar la importancia de los pueblos indígenas en la constitución de esta otra posibilidad de existencia. Palabras-clave: Narrativa poética, Cosmogonías, Pueblos indígenas.

What does it take for a citizen movement to topple a deep-rooted authoritarian regime? This paper analyses the successes and failures of citizen-led social media campaigns in Zimbabwe. Using data drawn from an extensive ethnographic study of 50 WhatsApp and Facebook communities, this paper studies the conditions under which citizen activism, particularly those movements that originate on social media, become street protests that can effectively unseat an illegitimate regime. I find that the success of recent movements – evidenced by policy changes and increased citizen participation – is in part because of the rise of a youth citizenry that does not feel indebted to the liberation struggle. Zimbabwean born frees are more willing to take political risks by speaking candidly about politics online and mobilizing their peers.

Bustling mototaxis are a pervasive phenomenon on Goma’s streets and their emergence and proliferation is highly linked to the context of the protracted violent conflict in Eastern Congo. By highlighting the nexus of physical and social mobilities, work, and leisure, this paper aims to analyze the different trajectories of young mototaxi drivers that go beyond concepts of “being stuck” (Sommers, 2012) and focus instead on their ways of working towards the future. In contrast to prior research, this paper shows that being young in the city does not necessarily lead to “abject futures” or condemn youth to an endless “waithood” that results in “social death”. Based on ethnographic data I have gathered since 2008, I will trace the different ways young mototaxi drivers make sense of the ontological continuum of being young and becoming an adult. By centering on their everyday life worlds, I argue that motards have more options than simply ending up at a dead end.

This paper is based on 10 months of field work between 2009 and 2014 in Cape Verde, and provides an overview of the anthropological literature in which motor vehicles and African roads are studied as social phenomena. Until the end of the twentieth century, most ethnographies have failed to focus on the countless social processes linked to the development of mobility by road and the motorisation of transportation in Africa, or on the role played by cars and roads as symbols of a globalised modernity. The paper reviews the research by authors who, from the 1930s onwards, mention African roads and the use of motor vehicles as spaces in which social situations and processes take place. The several symbolic and instrumental dimensions of the motorisation of road transportation in Africa are discussed as well.

O século XVIII assistiu ao desenvolvimento da economia escravista atlântica, sustentada pela constante oferta de mão de obra do continente africano. Para comprar cativos africanos na costa do Atlântico, os mercadores estrangeiros tinham que atender às demandas expressas dos africanos, notadamente os tecidos indianos de algodão, que se tornaram o “carro-chefe” das mercadorias. Nesse período, o comércio anglo-asiático, conduzido pela Companhia Britânica das Índias Orientais, desempenhou um papel central no fornecimento de têxteis indianos para os comerciantes de escravos britânicos. Este artigo aborda como comerciantes britânicos adquiriam têxteis na Índia para a África Atlântica. Ao examinar essa questão, o artigo ilustra o comércio global de algodão, das áreas de produção de têxteis indianos para a África Atlântica, e, em última análise, argumenta que a narrativa do chamado “comércio triangular” precisa ser substituída por outra perspectiva, que destaque o protagonismo de consumidores africanos e de tecelões sul-asiáticos. Weaving Imperial Networks: An Asian Dimension of the British Atlantic Slave Trade in the 18th Century The eighteenth century saw the development of the Atlantic slave-based economy, sustained by a constant supply of labor from the African continent. On the Atlantic coast, in order to purchase captives foreign merchants had to meet local demands for trade commodities, notably Indian cotton textiles, which became a crucial product. During this period, the Anglo-Asian trade, conducted by the English East India Company, played a central role in the supply of Indian textiles for British slave traders. This paper addresses how British merchants procured textiles in India for Atlantic Africa. By examining this question, the paper illustrates a global cotton trade that extended between the areas where Indian textiles were produced and Atlantic Africa. Finally, the paper argues that the so-called “triangular trade” narrative should be replaced by another perspective that emphasizes the agency of African consumers and South Asian weavers. Atlantic slave trade | Indian cotton textiles | English East India Company

A pesquisa toma como objeto de análise a relação entre os grupos salafistas e as dinâmicas culturais que lhe são contemporâneas. Especificamente, avalia-se o Estado Islâmico, grupo salafista-jihadista que emergiu como protagonista de debates políticos e religiosos a partir de 2014. Com base nos recursos teóricos e metodológicos dos estudos culturais, as intervenções midiáticas do grupo são interpretadas como indícios de hibridização entre posicionamentos tradicionais e suportes modernos. Sinais de criatividade e de mobilidade cultural, as condutas do grupo foram importante estratégia de recrutamento. A competência da organização em operar essas duas estruturas fez do Estado Islâmico o grupo jihadista mais bem-sucedido da segunda década do século XXI. Inventing a Sunnah: the Islamic State, Salafism and Innovation This study analyzes the relationship between different Salafi groups and the contemporary cultural dynamic surrounding them. Specifically, the paper assesses the role of the Islamic State,a Salafi-jihadi group that emerged in 2014 as a leader in political and religious debates. Utilizing the theoretical and methodological resources of cultural studies, the paper analyzes the group’s media interventions, viewing them as evidence of hybridization between traditional positions and modern supports. Signalling creativity and cultural mobility, the group’s conduct was an important recruitment strategy. The organization’s competence in operating these two structures has made Islamic State the most successful jihadi group of the second decade of the 21st century. Islamic State | Hybridization | Salafism

Este artigo parte das publicações da revista cultural francesa e senegalesa, Présence Africaine, propondo pensar como esta última procurou se posicionar, partindo do mundo intelectual, como interventora na imaginação e no fomento de soluções políticas e culturais para inserir novos participantes, principalmente africanos, no concerto internacional, em diálogo com bandeiras de solidariedade internacional/racial entre perspectivas locais e globais. Por meio da análise de debates, comunicações e mensagens retiradas das atas do Primeiro Congresso de Escritores e Artistas Negros, investiga-se como a revista se apropriou de novas linguagens e possibilidades políticas disponíveis e legitimadas no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, conciliando-as, não sem dificuldades, a discursos internacionalistas de movimentos políticos anteriores, como a Négritude e o pan-africanismo. Palavras-chave: presença africana | negritude | Pan-africanismo | História intelectual | Guerra Fria. Abstract: This paper is based on publications of the French/Senegalese journal Présence Africaine and its intellectual stance in seeking to intervene in the design and dissemination of political/cultural solutions to include new participants (especially from Africa) in the international scene, in dialogue with the goal of international/racial solidarity goals at local and global levels. The paper examines debates, communications and messages from the annals of the First Congress of Black Writers and Artists in investigating how the journal appropriated new communicative strategies and political possibilities that emerged and were legitimized after World War II, in relation to the internationalizing discourses of previous political movements such as Négritude and Pan-Africanism. Keywords: présence africaine | négritude | Pan-Africanism | Intellectual history | Cold War.

This paper aims to analyse some of the changes and social transformations occurred in recent years in the internal dynamics of the Felupe (or Joola-ajamaat), an agrarian society in the north-west of Guinea-Bissau. Well adapted to the environment, the Felupe have the necessary knowledge and techniques that allowed them to maintain food security and social cohesion for centuries. This society currently faces sudden changes of parameters such as climate changes, world market prices instability or reduction in labour availability. Based on literature review and field work carried out during 2009 and 2012, this paper identifies the strategies adopted by this society to respond to the constraints inherent to the dynamics of globalization.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute in understanding issues related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper demonstrates that even though multinationals strategies participate with economic and social development, there still is much to do given environmental, social and economic expectations. The case of Areva discussed here illustrates the discrepancy that exists between such companies’ CSR strategies and the local conditions in which they evolve (armed conflicts, poverty, social inequalities, air pollution, environmental degradation, water contamination, etc.). Therefore, two challenges are essentials. On one hand, MNCs should take into account external costs of their activities and participate in projects that improve social and economic welfare. On the other hand, in case of accentuated opposition between MNCs and stakeholders (civil society, social partners, NGOs, etc.) public regulations could orientate corporate actions in a more responsible social development process.

This paper reconstructs the history of the Fortunato da Costa family, from the first appearance of its constituting members in Portugal, during the Napoleonic invasion of 1808, through the nation’s political turmoil of the late 1820s and early 1830s, the family’s relocation to São Tomé and Príncipe around 1838-1839, amidst significant Creole-metropolitan tensions on the islands, as well as “intrusions” from the British Anti-Slave Trade Squadron, to its settlement in Angola during an intense period of illegal slave trading and the transition to legitimate commerce, until 1859, when the last known member passed away. The story of the Fortunato da Costa family is an odyssey stretching over half a century, marked by some of the most important processes in Atlantic history. Negotiating these historical developments was anything but easy sailing: in fact, for some it created a series of contradictions, at times leading to the kind of dark moments that families often face. Reconstructing the lives of this unique family thus also presents us with a particularly striking example of the human condition in all its frailties, with a story that is far from unilinear.

This paper seeks to understand the influence of social context in the process of knowledge production and how, implicitly or explicitly, it also shapes the choice of themes, theories and concepts, leading to simulations and dissimulations, presences and absences. Taking Cape Verde as a case study, specifically studies of this archipelago conducted in the social sciences and humanities, in the most part by Capeverdean researchers, the present paper reveals an almost complete lack of relevant analytical categories such as "social class" "race" and "ethnic/ethnicity" in explaining the social formation of Cape Verde. In contrast, concepts such as "identity", "culture", "nation", and "Capeverdean-ness" tend play a central role.

This paper seeks to bring to light the life of Joaquina, a woman who was a slave in the Amazon region during the 19th century, and through this lens to give a broad overview of an intricate web of social, economic and cultural power in which slaves were bound. Slaves were the least privileged class social of social actors and flight from captivity was one of the options they could resort to in attempting to transform their situations. The paper also reflects on the role of women enslaved in urban environments and their strategies for obtaining letters of manumission, as well as the meanings of freedom and itsimportance in the disintegration of slavery as a social institution.

This paper is a study of the images and patterns on ifa divination trays from Isale-Oyo. The paper also explains some ifa paraphernalia. The paper establishes that ifa trays from Isale-Oyo bear distinctive features when compared with other ifa trays in Yorubaland such as those of Ijebu and Osogbo. Central to this study is the iconographic description and interpretations of Isale-Oyo divination trays. Data were collected through direct interviews with divination tray owners. Photographs of the trays were also taken. The investigation revealed that:Divination trays from Isale-Oyo combine features found on both Ijebu and Osogbo trays.The Esu figure continues to occupy the top central position on Oyo divination trays, even though with representational variations elsewhere in Yorubaland.Some divination trays in Oyo carry no decorations on their borders, and in some recent cases, ceramic plates are now used for divination.

According to the philosopher Stephen Toulmin there is a standard account of modernity which gives primacy to the written over the oral, the universal over the particular, the general over the local and the timeless over the timely. This paper draws from Toulmin to argue that accounts of modernity in Africa are based on the assumptions of the standard account of modernity to deny modernity to Africa even though these assumptions inhere in actual practices as the analysis of the work of a non-governmental organization operating in Mozambique seeks to document. The paper will therefore argue that modernity is real and that it shows its reality in the way in which particular social conditions and categories are done, i.e. through meanings, methods, motives and the management of the social relationship which they bring forth.

The aim of this paper is to analyze information based on a survey of young urban people in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, looking at the way in which their position is clearly articulated in urban social dynamics. The hypothesis defended is that the emergence and evolution of the youth group stresses a movement which is at the heart of the reproduction and transformation of the entire society. To better understand the historical function of youths, the sketch of this sociology of generations will revisit the theoretical notions and make a critical comparison of this polysemic conceptualisation of a practical process in the roots of evolution. This dynamics is only visible in the observation of individual and collective strategies, but simultaneously represents the ratio of youths in the ancient order of things. It is the collective social position, the youthful social ideal and the forms of generational stabilization in the general course of history. The paper ends with a presentation of a theoretical attempt to formulate a strictly sociological design of the concept of “youths”, which will enable practical usage of a category hitherto marked a priori by common sense.

This paper looks at such youthful cosmopolitan aspirations among Manjaco of Guinea-Bissau and Lauje in Sulawesi. It is often argued that these attempts at worldliness reflect claims for equal rights of membership in an unequal global society. Yet, an aspiration to worldliness also entails their assertion that we are, or at least should be, like them. This paper suggests that Manjaco and Lauje might seem to want to look like us but they talk very differently about what they expect of us in a world we mutually make.

Spanish law and customs established different ways by means of which slaves could obtain freedom. These ways were widely used and amplified by slaves's own demands. In addition of the best known "deeds of freedom", Buenos Aires' slaves often petitioned to change masters sheltered by the legal institution of the "sale papers". In both the the "deeds of freedom" and the "sale papers", settling the slave's price became a difficult operation, a new arena of dispute.

This paper aims at analyzing how the State Department of the United States assessed the two main Angolan liberation movements between 1960 and 1961, and how it decided, in a short timespan, which deserved its support, for being "pro-Western", and which was to be fought by all possible means, for being "communist". Rebuffing the spread notion according to which the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was, as early as then, linked to the Soviet Union and other countries from the so-called "Communist bloc", this paper seeks to demonstrate how the sources of information used - as well as a host of impressionistic and subjective issues, framed by an exacerbated, and somewhat unrealistic, anticommunism - influenced the United States diplomatic officers¿ perceptions, contributing to establish a system of alignments between the liberation movements and the Cold War divides which would last for almost thirty years.

Death is a subject that is emphasized frequently and in different ways in various social contexts throughout the world. In Angola, during the prolonged civil war, death was frequently discussed by the media, by politicians and by researchers. However, very little is known about the manner in which those who endured the war, in diverse local cultures and with varying individual experiences, perceived death and its rituals. This paper focuses on attitudes about death among women who faced the loss of male family members in the war. Analyzing the situation of Handa women in southern Angola, the paper focuses on the sentiments and emotions that emerged during wartime, linking these to mortuary rituals, especially those that seek to cleanse and restore.

This paper examines social reproduction strategies of Mozambican families who have one or more membersin entrepreneurship activities and simultaneously one or more members with a university degree. By examining the interrelations between these different variables and units of analysis (entrepreneurs, individuals with a universitydegree and families) this paper will reflect on the dynamic processes through which families deploy their social reproduction strategies. The focus will be on factors that, on a family level, conditioned individual training and professional options and how the latter originated changes in family relationsand their structures. The author concludes her argument focusing on the complexity and non-linearaspectsof cultural and social changes in Mozambican families and how these characteristics conditionprofessional choices and entrepreneurship activities at an individual level.

The Casa Branca terreiro is one of the oldest in Bahia, and, according to oral tradition, it was founded after a voyage to Africa undertaken by two early priestesses, African freedwoman Marcelina da Silva and her ialorixá, the latter remembered only by her ritual title, Iyá Nassô. Until now, there has been very little historical evidence to clarify the lives of these two women or to support (or discredit) their legendary trip. The present paper presents newly uncovered data tracing the life history of Marcelina da Silva, from her early experiences as a slave in Bahia in the 1830s and the political context of her journey to Africa with her daughter, Maria Magdalena, and Iyá Nassô. It also chronicles Marcelina's rise to wealth and power during a second stay in Bahia that began in the 1840s and details her participation in a transatlantic network of Nagô (i.e. Yoruba) freedmen active in promoting the orixá religion in Brazil, a group which also included other crucial figures in the history of candomblé, such as the babalaô Bamboxê Obitikó. The paper also presents important new information about Iyá Nassô and her life in Bahia.

In Yoruba account of predestination, a moulded body, already infused with the spirit of life by Olodumare (the supreme being), goes to pick an Ori (the bearer of destiny), before his or her birth. The destiny so chosen, ascribed or imposed, encapsulates the successes and failures which the human being is meant to unravel during his or her course of existence in this world. Considering some arguments on the metaphysical question of personal identity, the paper observes that it will be difficult to establish a case of personal identity between the person who chose a destiny in isalu orun (heavenly abode) and the one who is assumed to be unravelling it in this isalu aye (earthly world). The paper concludes that it will be difficult to establish a case for predestination if a relationship of identity cannot be easily established between the two entities

This paper discusses slave families and the power relationships between freedwomen and their former masters in the interior of Bahia during the second half of the nineteenth century, namely in the Arraial do Brejo Grande (presentday Ituaçu), in the Southwest of Bahia. Focusing on the case study of two slave families and examining the freedwomen´s court battles with their former masters for custody of their children, the paper seeks to provide insights into the dynamics and complexity of life in the Bahian semiarid at the end of the nineteenth century

The renewed relationship between the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) presents a platform for mutuality of benefits and responsibilities. Regional security is one area where both can learn based on recent and present experiences. The EU can learn from the AU from the post-Arab Spring arms proliferation, which led to internal conflicts, transborder crimes, and insurgency across Africa. The AU, on its part, can learn from the EU on civil governance, leadership, and transborder checks. The Regional Security Complex Theory aids our understanding of regional security. This paper examines some challenges confronting both regions and recommends panaceas of mutual benefits.

The Memorandum of Understanding between the African Union (AU) and the Regional Economic Communities (REC) and Regional Mechanisms (RM) signed in 2008 identifies subsidiarity as an ordering principle of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). This was the first reference to the subsidiarity principle within the African context in a process of diffusion from the European context. Through process tracing and an analysis of hard and soft law documents of APSA this paper identifies that imitation was the mechanism of diffusion in 2008 in a process led by African agency and with Europe as a normative power. This result contributes to an investigation into the challenges that the APSA faces into becoming fully operational.

Widely recognized as Africa's most complex war, even dubbed Africa's First World War, the current conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo «Stems from the wave of violence and mass-displacement unleashed by the Rwandan genocide in 1994» (APPG 2001: 6). This paper outlines the broad contours of the DRC conflict(s) in international, national and local terms. In particular, it aims to provide a full context to the Inter-Congolese Dialogue (Sun City, South Africa, on 25 February 2002) by exploring the overlapping «local» contexts in which tensions arise. Focusing on Eastern DRC, the paper also highlights the ever-shifting nature of alliances, and reflects on the challenges that need to be confronted if peace is to be given a chance.

This paper will discuss some issues related to what would be the “necessary university” for a country of the PALOP (Portuguese-speaking African countries) taking as example a Regional and Urban Economics course taught in an undergraduate programme in Economics. The main argument is that it is almost impossible and useless for the universities of these countries to train people with the same profile of an academic out of the so-called world-class universities. Because of this, the PALOP would look for alternative models. The first issue discussed is the definition of the profile expected for the graduates; secondly is what should be offered to them among the options from regional science; finally, what are the most appropriate methodologies and techniques for learning this subject. The text emphasizes the need for adopting teaching methodologies based on solution of problems such as the PBL (Problem Based Learning).

EXTENSION COURSE “BLACK, AND INDIGENOUS WORLDWIEWS” education through the conter-colonial experience CURSO DE EXTENSIÓN “COSMOVISIONES NEGRAS E INDÍGENAS” educación a través de la experiencia contracolonial Resumo No contexto da busca por práticas educativas e acadêmicas que promovam a contra-colonialidade, este artigo reflete a experiência do curso de extensão “Cosmovisões negras e indígenas: contra-colonialidade e pensamento geográfico”, ministrado no primeiro semestre de 2020 pelo Laboratório Saberes Geográficos e Alteridade (SABGEO), da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB). Realizado no contexto da pandemia do COVID-19, de forma remota, o curso criou oportunidade de formação dialógica, fomentando uma abertura na episteme hegemônica do pensamento geográfico. Tal experiência, no entanto, está para além do conhecimento, encontrando sua potência no encontro de cosmovisões e suas reverberações. Partindo da vivência como monitores e participantes, este relato de experiência avalia o potencial formativo e as possibilidades abertas para pensar outras geografias na perspectiva contra-colonial a partir do encontro de epistemologias. Palavras-chave: Extensão universitária. Contra-colonialidde. Cosmovisões. Epistemologia. Abstract In the context of the search for educational and academic practices that promote the counter-coloniality, this paper reflects the experience of the extension course “Black and indigenous worldviews: counter-coloniality and geographical thinking”, taught in the first semester of 2020 by the Geographical Knowledge and Alterity Laboratory (Laboratório Saberes Geográficos e Alteridade – SABGEO), from Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Brazil. Held remotely in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the course created an opportunity for dialogical training, promoting an opening in the hegemonic episteme of geographic thinking. Such an experience, however, is beyond knowledge, finding its power in the meeting of worldviews and their reverberations. Starting from the experience as monitors and participants, this experience report assesses the training potential and the open possibilities to think about other geographies in the counter-colonial perspective from the meeting of epistemologies. Keywords: University extension. Counter-coloniality. Worldviews. Epistemology. Resumen En el contexto de la búsqueda de prácticas educativas y académicas que promuevan la contracolonialidad, este texto refleja la experiencia del curso de extensión “Cosmovisiones negras e indígenas: contracolonialidad y pensamiento geográfico”, impartido en el primer semestre de 2020 por lo Laboratório Saberes Geográficos e Alteridade (SABGEO), de la Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Brasil. Realizado de forma remota en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19, el curso creó una oportunidad para la formación dialógica, fomentando una apertura en la episteme hegemónica del pensamiento geográfico. Sin embargo, tal experiencia está más allá del conocimiento, y encuentra su potencia en el encuentro de visiones del mundo y sus repercusiones. A partir de la experiencia como monitores y participantes, este relato vivencial evalúa el potencial formativo y las posibilidades abiertas para pensar en otras geografías en la perspectiva contracolonial desde el encuentro de epistemologías. Palabras-clave: Extensión Universitaria. Contracolonialidad. Cosmovisiones. Epistemología.

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (RGB), a fragile state marked by a context of political and institutional instability, has since 1993 carried out the Strategic Planning for the Health Sector (SPHS). Sectoral strategic documents – National Plans of Sanitary Development (NPSD) – demonstrate a capacity for resistance to governmental adversities. This longitudinal policy review has a double purpose, namely to analyse the SPHS processes and to guard these memories to allow an understanding of the trajectories in question. This paper concludes that the SPHS mainly responded to the requirements of funding institutions, and it has not always been implemented. The NPSD III (2018-2022) aims to reverse this situation by implementing a strategy which aims to integrate the different health actors.

In this article, we analyse patterns of turnout and electoral choices of Cape Verde’s citizens in different types of elections, looking at all legislative, presidential and local elections held between 1991 and 2016, and testing four hypotheses derived from the second-order election model about differences in terms of turnout, number of spoiled/blank papers, results for the incumbent party and the electoral success of smaller parties. Our results show that, in what regards turnout and electoral behaviour, local elections present the features of second-order elections much more clearly than the presidential elections in this semi-presidential regime. However, this pattern does not necessarily mean that voters look at the latter as less second-order, but since they often took place in the honeymoon period of the legislative electoral cycle, it may only mean that there were lower incentives to punish the incumbent and/or disengage from political participation.

The main objective of this paper is to critically address the existing rural development model in Mozambique focusing on the Nacala Corridor by analyzing the dynamics, external and internal actors, rural development strategies and policies in the region. Some trends and implications of the region’s development model were identified: land grabbing and appropriation of natural resources, resulting in involuntary migrations and deterioration of the quality of life and intensification of poverty levels of the poorer classes, presence of strategic alliances that disproportionately allow accumulation of wealth among different social classes, the emergence of investment and cooperation of actors from the Global South with strategic alliances with actors from the Global North and a resulting intensification of Mozambique’s economic dependence.

Este artigo explora as relações entre escravizados e imigrantes europeus no oeste paulista tendo, como pano de fundo, a Revolta dos Parceiros, ocorrida em Limeira no ano de 1856. Considerado um marco na história da imigração no Brasil, o levante de colonos suíços contra o sistema de parceria na Fazenda Ibicaba contava também com o apoio dos cativos que trabalhavam nos cafezais adjacentes à Colônia Senador Vergueiro e demais fazendas vizinhas. Apagada pela historiografia, a conspiração negra de 1856 revela que a convivência entre colonos e escravizados no contexto do fim do tráfico acelerou a circulação de ideias sobre o fim da escravidão no Brasil. Ao retornar à Revolta em Limeira, este artigo aborda o encontro de perspetivas subalternas sobre o abolicionismo atlântico em Ibicaba para afirmar a geopolítica negra como elemento constituinte dos significados do mundo do trabalho na década de 1850. Crossing Paths at Ibicaba: Slaves, Swiss Immigrants, and Abolitionism during the Sharecroppers’ Revolt (São Paulo, 1856-1857) This article examines the relations between the enslaved and European immigrants in western São Paulo against the background of the 1856 Sharecroppers’ Revolt that took place in Limeira. Considered a benchmark in the history of immigration in Brazil, the uprising of Swiss colonists against the “sistema de parceria” at the Ibicaba plantation also counted on support from enslaved populations in the vicinity of the Colônia Senador Vergueiro. Erased by the historiography, the 1856 black conspiracy shows that interactions between slaves and settlers in the context of the ban on the African slave trade sparked the circulation of abolitionist ideas in Brazil. By revisiting the revolt in Limeira, this paper explores how subaltern perspectives of the Atlantic world met in Ibicaba and claims a place for black geopolitics in defining Brazilian labor history in the 1850s. Slavery | Colonization | Revolt | Abolitionism

Inspirado no pensamento de Frantz Fanon, este texto é um diagnóstico do tempo presente encenado como uma “reação psicótica”, cujo esperado efeito colateral é fazer avançar a noção de convivialidade como um espaço de experimentação analítica, onde desigualdade e diferença compartilham a condição de isonomia conceitual. O experimento específico aqui realizado tenta atingir esse objetivo fundindo diferentes registros escriturais e explorando o repertório vernacular da junção brasileira de um Atlântico afro-indígena. Sua aposta analítica, a ideia de zumbificação, é o esboço de uma posição epistemológica cujo trabalho consiste em uma cinética de (pelo menos) três movimentos: 1) a posicionalidade necessária para fazer exigências políticas; 2) o decentramento necessário para atenuar os efeitos prejudiciais tanto do essencialismo (mesmo estratégico) como da inevitável reprodução de padrões hegemônicos excludentes; 3) o voluntarismo necessário para amplificar abordagens epistemológicas subalternizadas de modo que elas possam se tornar mais pervasivas. Epistemologies for Conviviality or “Zumbification” Inspired by Frantz Fanon’s thought, this paper is a diagnostic of the present time, enacted as a “psychotic reaction” that melts together different scriptural registers to advance the notion of conviviality as a space of analytical experimentation, where inequality and difference share the condition of conceptual isonomy. The experiment performed in this article tries to accomplish this goal by exploring the vernacular repertoire of the Brazilian junction of an afro-indigenous Atlantic. Its analytical idea, zumbification, is the sketch of an epistemological subject-position, whose labor consists in a kinesics of (at least) three movements: 1) the situatedness needed for making political demands; 2) the decenteredness necessary for attenuating the harmful effects of (even strategic) essentialism and the unavoidable reproduction of hegemonic exclusionary patterns; 3) the willfulness required for amplifying subalternized epistemological approaches, so that they may become more pervasive. Capoeira | Conviviality | Epistemology | Post-colonial theory | Zumbi

O artigo tem como objetivo discutir os atravessamentos do constructo racial no Brasil e sua configuração em espaços intramuros, reconhecendo a prisão como um dos lócus que permanece pouco permeável ao processo de construção da identidade negra vivenciado nas últimas décadas no país. Discute-se os elementos formadores do racismo moderno, levando em conta as especificidades do contexto brasileiro frente à experiência fundante do sequestro e da escravização africana no período colonial e seus prolongamentos, através dos conceitos branqueamento, contrato racial e dispositivo da racialidade, como categorias de inteligibilidade do racismo contemporâneo e suas reinvenções em sociedades que vivenciaram a escravidão moderna. Tais categorias são analisadas a partir dos relatos sobre relações inter-raciais elaborados por uma mulher cisgênero e um homem transgênero, reclusas (os) numa prisão em São Paulo, e revelam como as opressões vividas de modo interseccional, pelas presas racializadas, lhes impõem dificuldades adicionais ao processo de reconhecimento da identidade negra. Looking for the “Redemption of Cam”: Raciality and Intersectionality in a Women’s Prison This article discusses the overlap between racial constructs in Brazil and their configuration in intramural environments, recognizing the prison as a relatively impermeable locus in the process of Black identity construction in Brazil during recent decades. The paper discusses the formative elements of modern racism, taking into account specificities of the Brazilian context in the face of foundational experiences of African kidnapping and enslavement in the colonial period and their legacies, the concepts of whitening, racial contract and raciality device, as intelligibility categories of contemporary racism and its reinventions in societies that have experienced modern slavery. These categories are analyzed based on the reports on interracial relations elaborated by a cisgender woman and a transgender man, inmates in a female penitentiary in São Paulo, and show how the oppression experienced in an intersectional way, by racialized prisoners, imposes additional difficulties on them in their process of recognizing a Black identity. Interracial relations | Intersectionality | Whitening ideology | Gender | Prison

BLACK RESISTANCE: the contribution of the quilombola heritage to the process of rebuilding national identity in Brazil NEGRAS RESISTENCIAS: la contribución del patrimonio quilombola al proceso de reconstrucción de la identidad nacional en Brasil Resumo O tombamento da Serra da Barriga (o Quilombo dos Palmares) foi o primeiro reconhecimento, no campo da patrimonialidade, do Estado em relação à insurgência da população negra às opressões que sofreram no passado e que perduram na sociedade brasileira. A partir desse exemplo de patrimonialização, a Constituição Federal de 1988 estabeleceu que todos os documentos e sítios com reminiscências históricas dos antigos quilombos seriam objeto de proteção pelo Estado. Todavia, após essa determinação constitucional apenas o Quilombo do Ambrósio teve esse reconhecimento, o que demonstra a dificuldade de se enfrentar o racismo, um dos componentes estruturantes das relações sociais no Brasil. Assim, o artigo tem como objetivo analisar como as resistências quilombolas foram inseridas no processo de patrimonialização do Estado-Nação brasileiro, a partir desses casos. A análise sugere que esses exemplos de patrimonialização consistiram na necessidade do Estado-Nação reescrever o seu mito fundacional, inserindo em sua narrativa a versão silenciada da resistência quilombola à escravização dos negros no Brasil. Constituindo-se em hipótese de patrimonialização antirracista capaz de contribuir para se combater o racismo institucional e cultural, bem como romper com os silêncios burocráticos que se formaram em relação à escravidão e aos seus efeitos pós-abolição, sugere-se a necessidade de se dar efetividade a esse importante legado de patrimonialidade afro-brasileira. A metodologia consistiu na revisão crítica de literatura e análise documental dos processos de tombamento desses dois sítios quilombolas, os quais foram palco de lutas e resistências dos escravizados que fugiram da opressão da escravidão. Palavras-chave: Estado-Nação. Silenciamentos. Patrimonialidade. Quilombos. Re(existências). Abstract The article seeks to analyze how the quilombola resistance was inserted in the patrimonialization process of the Brazilian Nation-State, based on two cases of patrimonial listing. The listing of Serra da Barriga (Quilombo dos Palmares) was the first recognition, in the patrimonial field, of the State in relation to the insurgency of the black population to the oppressions that they suffered in the past and that still last in Brazilian society. Based on this example of patrimonialization, the Federal Constitution establishes that all documents and sites with historical reminiscences of the old quilombos would be protected by the State. However, after this constitutional determination, only Quilombo do Ambrósio was granted this recognition and protection, which demonstrates the hardship of facing racism, a structural component of social relations in Brazil. It also represented a possibility of anti-racist patrimonialization able to contribute to the fight against institutional and cultural racism, as well as breaking the bureaucratic silencing that has existed regarding slavery and its post-abolition effects. We indicate the need to bring light to this important legacy of Afro-Brazilian heritage. The methodology was a critical review of previous academic papers and documents regarding the listing processes of these two quilombola sites, which were places of struggle and resistance by the enslaved ones who fled the oppression of slavery. The analysis suggests that these examples of patrimonialization came from the need for the Nation-State to rewrite its foundational myth, inserting in its narrative the silenced version of quilombola resistance to the enslavement of blacks in Brazil. Keywords: Nation-State. Silencing. Heritage. Quilombos. Resistance. Resumen El reconociemento de la Serra da Barriga (Quilombo dos Palmares) fue el primer paso, en el campo del patrimonio, del Estado en relación con la insurgencia de la población negra a las opresiones que sufrieron en el pasado y que perduran en la sociedad brasileña. Basado en este ejemplo de patrimonialización, la Constitución Federal de 1988 estableció que todos los documentos y sitios con reminiscencias históricas de los antiguos quilombos estarían protegidos por el Estado. Sin embargo, después de esta determinación constitucional, solo el Quilombo do Ambrósio recibió este reconocimiento, lo que demuestra la dificultad de enfrentar el racismo, uno de los componentes estructurantes de las relaciones sociales en Brasil. Por lo tanto, el artículo tiene como objetivo analizar como cómo se insertaron las resistencias quilombolas en el proceso de patrimonialización del estado-nación brasileño, basado en estos casos. El análisis sugiere que estos ejemplos de patrimonialización consistieron en la necesidad del Estado-Nación reescribir su mito fundacional, insertando en su narrativa la versión silenciada de la resistencia quilombola a la esclavitud de los negros en Brasil. Como hipótesis de patrimonialización antirracista capaz de contribuir a la lucha contra el racismo institucional y cultural, así como a romper los silencios burocráticos que se formaron en relación con la esclavitud y sus efectos posteriores a la abolición, se sugiere la necesidad de dar eficacia a este importante legado del patrimonio afrobrasileño. La metodología consistió en una revisión crítica de la literatura y el análisis documental de los procesos de reconocimiento cultural / constitucional de estos dos sitios de viejos quilombos, que fueron escenario de luchas y resistencias de los esclavos que huyeron de la opresión de la esclavitud. Palabras clave: Estado-nación. Silencios. Patrimonios. Palenques. Resistencias.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a continuidade e a estrutura dos laços familiares em situações de diáspora e desterritorialidade. A diáspora transatlântica não esgota a questão dos traumas e desvinculamentos acarretados pela escravidão. Trazidos escravizados para o Brasil, os africanos eram ainda vítimas de transações mercantis que os faziam ir, junto com suas famílias aqui criadas, para diferentes províncias do Império, conforme as necessidades locais e os rumos do tráfico interprovincial. Alguns documentos, mesmo que residuais, nos permitem mesclar agência e estrutura na sociedade escravista, e pensar como os arranjos familiares e afetivos se mantinham. A ideia é acompanhar a trajetória de alguns indivíduos africanos e seus filhos crioulos, cogitando como eles construíam e mantinham seus arranjos afetivo-familiares. Palavras-chave: escravidão | diásporas | família |aAlforrias. Abstract: This paper analyzes the continuity and structure of family ties in diasporic and deterritorial contexts. The transatlantic diaspora does not exhaust the trauma caused by the shattering of affective ties shattered by enslavement. After arriving in Brazil as slaves, Africans were further victimized by commercial transactions that forced them (aas well as members of their families created here) to move to different provinces of the Empire, caught up in the web of the inter-provincial slave trade. Archival evidence, although fragmentary and indirect, provides clues about the mechanisms of agency and structure in slave society, making it possible to understand how family and affective arrangements were maintained. The idea is to follow the trajectories of some Africans and their Creole (i.e., Brazilian-born) children, examining how they built and maintained their affective-family arrangements. Keywords: slavery | diasporas | family | manumissions.

Os caboclos são espíritos e encantados afro-ameríndios que podem se manifestar por muitas formas nas religiões de matriz africana. Em comum têm a capacidade (nem sempre compartilhada por outras divindades, como os orixás) de falar. Mais do que uma capacidade, trata-se de uma habilidade codificada por meio da qual exercem sua agência sobre o mundo e sobre seus adeptos. Dentre os registros linguísticos mais notórios dos caboclos está o “sotaque”, categoria nativa que nomeia uma situação de desafio em forma de bravata que estabelece um diálogo, uma alternância entre (en)cantadores. Considerado como disputa, mais do que briga, o sotaque sempre dramatiza um conflito como alegoria e abre a possibilidade de encenar, de inovar, de versejar e de construir contextualmente sobre o texto da tradição. Por sua vez, essa enunciação depende sempre da materialidade de um “cavalo” que a vocalize, dando “passagem” ao sujeito oculto pelo racismo estrutural, epistêmico e cotidiano. O presente artigo toma as noções êmicas de “sotaque” e de “cavalo-de-santo” como conceitos rentáveis para projetar as tensões e atravessamentos da linguagem do candomblé, em cuja dinâmica o português é enredado com usos, sentidos e acentos e assentos afro-atlânticos, fazendo dele “pretoguês”, uma língua em modo de simbiose ou, como os autores defendem, uma “sintaxe cabocla”. Palavras-chave: religiões afro-brasileiras | caboclo | sotaque | Língua de santo | Pretoguês Abstract: Caboclos are Afro-Amerindian spirits that manifest in various ways in the African matrix religions of Brazil. They have the ability to speak (not always shared by other divinities of the cult, like Orixás). More than an ability, speaking in this case constitutes a codified mode of agency over the world, the people, and specially their believers. Among the most well-known Caboclo linguistic registers is the sotaque (literally “accent”, but in this context more akin to “sneer”). Sotaque is a native category referring to situations in which one entity challenges another, in a swaggering way, resulting in a competitive dialogue between them. Considered a dispute, not a fight, a sotaque generally dramatizes conflicts in an allegorical way, opening up possibilities for performing, innovating, versifying, providing contexts for building on traditional texts. In turn, such enunciation depends on the materiality of the cavalo (“horse”) that verbalizes it, “clearing the path” for subjects hidden by structural, epistemic and quotidian racism. This paper draws from emic notions of sotaque and cavalo de santo as fruitful concepts for projecting the tensions that are part of the language of Candomblé, in which the use of Portuguese is coupled with Afro-Atlantic usages, meanings, and accents, in what could be termed “pretoguês“: a language of symbiosis, or, as the authors suggest, a “caboclo syntax”. Keywords:afro-brazilian Religions | caboclo | sotaque | Língua de santo | Pretoguês

O artigo acompanha um grupo de libertos africanos, nomeado nas fontes portuguesas como courás, couranos ou variantes, para entender como constituíram suas casas em dois importantes núcleos urbanos da capitania de Minas Gerais ao longo do século XVIII. A economia do ouro possibilitou uma significativa posse de trabalhadores escravos para alguns desses senhores negros. O estudo desvenda a origem desses escravizados e como muitos desses lares mantiveram uma estreita relação com o passado africano desse grupo. De forma comparativa e também conectada, percebeu-se como as duas povoações vizinhas possuíam grupos de africanos forros que, além da alforria, adquiriram bens: casas, estabelecimentos comerciais, minas de ouro e, principalmente, trabalhadores escravos da mesma identidade étnica. Palavras-chave: diáspora africana | libertos | escravidão | identidade étnica | posse escravista. Abstract: This article discusses a group of freed African people identified in Portuguese sources as Courás or Couranos, seeking to understand how they formed their homes in two important urban centers of the Captaincy of Minas Gerais during the eighteenth century. The gold-mining economy facilitated the acquisition of significant numbers of enslaved laborers by black masters. The study examines the origin of these enslaved people and the way in which many of these households maintained a close relationship with their African past. Usinga comparative and connected approach, this paper shows that in both of the two neighboring towns there were enclaves of freed Africans who, in addition to obtaining manumission, also acquired various forms of property, including houses, commercial establishments, gold mines and especially, enslaved people of the same ethnic identity. Keywords: african diaspora | african freed people | slavery | ethnic identity | slave ownership.

Este artigo parte de uma história das origens da literatura moderna indonésia que, por muito tempo, foi aceita como oficial: ela conta como os nativos das então chamadas Índias Orientais Neerlandesas desenvolveram sua expressão literária devido a políticas educacionais da coroa holandesa, sobretudo o pacote de reformas promulgado em 1901 conhecido como Ethische politiek. O novo código colonial não só injetou dinheiro público para difundir os saberes, como criou uma editora oficial da colônia, a Balai Pustaka, que dali em diante monitoraria o material literário “adequado” para a população local. Analisam-se as implicações futuras dessa medida (que terminou por monopolizar o mercado editorial indonésio e calar autores dissidentes) e o surgimento recente de releituras da história das origens da modernidade literária no país. Palavras-chave: historiografia da literatura | Literatura indonésia | Balai Pustaka | Andries Teeuw | Pós-colonialismo. Abstract: This paper begins with a history of the origins of modern Indonesian literature, one that for a long time has been accepted as the official version: accordingly, natives of what was then called the Dutch East Indies developed their literary expression due to the educational policies of the Dutch crown, especially after the reform package promulgated in 1901 known as Ethische politiek. The new colonial code not only had injected public money in order to spread knowledge, but also created an official publishing house in the colony, the Balai Pustaka, which thitherto would have monitored the ‘proper’ literary material for the local population. We analyze the future implications of such a measure (one that ended up creating a monopoly over the Indonesian editorial market and stifling dissident authors), as well as the recent onset of reinterpretations of the history of origins of literary modernity in that country. Keywords: historiography of literature | Indonesian literature | Balai Pustaka | Andries Teeuw | Postcolonialism.

No presente artigo procuramos refletir e analisar as relações estabelecidas do ponto de vista da História Social da Música entre Cabo Verde e Brasil, para tanto, assumimos a morna como objeto de nosso estudo. De acordo com vários pesquisadores do gênero cancional cabo-verdiano discutido no texto, compositores como Francisco Xavier da Cruz, B.Léza (1905-1958) e Luís Rendall(1898-1986) utilizaram-se dessa estética musical, que emergiu na segunda metade do século XVIII, mesmo período do desenvolvimento da modinha e do lundu em sua forma canção. Ressaltamos a hipótese de que a morna não é um mero resultado da adaptação dos gêneros brasileiros no contexto cabo-verdiano, mas sim uma construção sonora que se tornou peculiar à realidade insular de Cabo Verde. Apesar de reconhecermos que a morna foi criada pelo hibridismo, inter-relações e diálogos com as células rítmicas dos gêneros musicais brasileiros. A maioria da população das dez ilhas que compõem Cabo Verde é etnicamente negra. Sendo que a formação de seu povo se deu por meio das diásporas africanas, memórias e culturas ancoradas em corpos negros. Os processos de mestiçagens entre africanos, europeus, italianos, ingleses e, em particular, portugueses, que colonizaram o conjunto de ilhas do arquipélago colaboraram para a formação étnica do seu povo. Efetivamente, as migrações e as diferenças culturais entre esses povos foram pavimentadas pela hibridização e a cultura acústica, componentes fundamentais para a constituição da morna nesse território. Focamos metodologicamente em reflexões por meio dos diálogos com a bibliografia sobre o assunto e nas análises das canções “Brada Maria” e “Despedida”, de Eugénio Tavares (1867-1930). Para o embasamento do texto articulamos teoricamente com os autores: Araújo (1963), Antonacci (2013), Brito (2019), Canclini (2003), Grecco (2012), Lopes (2004), entre outros. Palavras-chave: Cabo Verde. Morna.Modinha. Lundu. Cultura acústica. In this paper, we seek to reflect and analyze the relationships established from the perspective of the Social History Music between Cape Verde and Brazil, for this purpose, we assume the morna as the object of our study. According to several researchers of the Cape Verdean song genre discussed in the text, composers such as Francisco Xavier da Cruz, B. Léza (1905-1958), and Luís Rendall (1898-1986) used this musical aesthetic that emerged in the second half of the18th century. The same period of the development of the modinha and lundu in its song form. We emphasize the hypothesis that morna is not a mere result of the adaptation of Brazilian genres in the Cape Verdean context, but rather a sound construction that has become peculiar to Cape Verde island reality. Although, we recognize that the morna has created by hybridism, interrelationships, and dialogues with the rhythmic cells of the Brazilian musical genres. The majority of the population of the ten islands that make up Cape Verde is ethnically black. The formation of its people took place through African diasporas, memories, and cultures anchored in black bodies. The miscegenation processes among Africans, Europeans, Italians, English, and, in particular, Portugueses who colonized the islands group, collaborated for the ethnic formation of their people. By all means, the migrations and cultural differences among these peoples have paved by hybridization and acoustic culture, fundamental components for the constitution of morna in this territory. We methodologically focus on reflections through dialogues with the bibliography about the subject and on the analysis of the songs “Brada Maria” and “Despedida” by Eugénio Tavares (1867-1930). To the text basis, we theoretically articulate with the authors: Araújo (1963), Antonacci (2013), Brito (2019), Canclini (2003), Grecco (2012), Lopes (2004), among other. Keywords: Cape Verde. Morna. Modinha. Lundu. Acoustic culture. En este artículo, buscamos reflexionar y analizar las relaciones establecidas desde el punto de vista de la Historia Social de la Música entre Cabo Verde y Brasil; para eso, asumimos la morna como el objeto de nuestro estúdio. Según varios investigadores del género "canción" en Cabo Verde discutidos en el texto, compositores como Francisco Xavier da Cruz, B. Léza (1905-1958) y Luís Rendall (1898-1986) usaron esta estética musical, que surgió en el segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, el mismo período de desarrollo de la modinha y lundu en su forma de canción. Hacemos hincapié en la hipótesis de que la morna no es un mero resultado de la adaptación de los géneros brasileños en el contexto caboverdiano, sino más bien una construcción sólida que se ha vuelto peculiar de la realidad isleña de Cabo Verde, aunque reconocemos que la morna fue creada por el hibridismo, interrelaciones y diálogos con las células rítmicas de los géneros musicales brasileños. La mayoría de la población de las diez islas que componen Cabo Verde es étnicamente negra, y la formación de su gente tuvo lugar a través de las diásporas africanas, los recuerdos y las culturas anclados en cuerpos negros. Los procesos de mestizaje entre africanos, europeos, italianos, ingleses y, en particular, portugueses, que colonizaron el grupo de islas en el archipiélago, contribuyeron a la formación étnica de su pueblo. De hecho, las migraciones y las diferencias culturales entre estos pueblos fueron pavimentadas por la hibridación y la cultura acústica, componentes fundamentales para la constitución de la morna en este territorio. Nos enfocamos metodológicamente en reflexiones a través de diálogos con la bibliografía sobre el tema y en el análisis de las canciones "Brada Maria" y "Despedida", de Eugénio Tavares (1867-1930). Como base para el texto, articulamos discusiones teóricas con los autores: Araújo (1963), Antonacci (2013), Brito (2019), Canclini (2003), Grecco (2012), Lopes (2004), entre otros. Palabras clave: Cabo Verde. Morna. Modinha. Lundu. Cultura acústica.

Este artigo discute a historicidade do conceito da distinção existente entre os maracatus, que os categoriza em baque virado (nação) e baque solto (rural), e que foi fruto da ação de pesquisadores como Guerra Peixe e Katarina Real. O artigo mostra os indícios de como eram os maracatus antes do vaticínio feito por Guerra Peixe ao final de suas pesquisas entre os anos de 1949 a 1952, e de como estas foram negociadas ao longo dos anos para se estabelecer entre os maracatuzeiros, confluindo para o formato existente nos dias atuais. Para este trabalho, foram utilizadas análises de jornais, entrevistas com antigos maracatuzeiros, além de extensa revisão bibliográfica. Palavras-chave: maracatus de baque solto - maracatus de baque virado - Carnaval - Guerra Peixe - cultura. Abstract: The paper looks at the historicity of concepts on the characterization of maracatu variations and diversity, which has been classified as baque virado (nation-style or turned-around beat) and baque solto (rural-style or maracatu of free beat), as per researchers Guerra Peixe and Katarina Real. The analysis indicates the signs of what maracatus was like before the statements made by Guerra Peixe at the end of his research, between 1949 and 1952, and how they were negotiated over the years to be established among maracatuzeiros themselves, achieving the current forms. For this work, newspapers and interviews with former maracatuzeiros were used as main sources, and an extensive bibliographic review was performed. Keywords: maracatu baque solto – maracatu baque virado – Brazilian Carnaval – Guerra–Peixe – culture.

O estudo do paulatino estrangulamento do tráfico internacional de escravos para o Brasil permitiu detectar a grande elasticidade demográfica do comércio atlântico e de seus padrões expressos no tráfico interno, tomado como parte de um único mercado. Destacamos na presente investigação a existência de um mercado interno fortemente competitivo; concentrado embora não monopolístico; portador de uma racionalidade intrínseca, pois suas oscilações denotavam a presença de agentes econômicos capazes de realizar previsões a curto e médio prazo; e cujas taxas de lucratividade repousavam na multiplicação do número de empresas, e não no aumento da quantidade de escravos transportados por cada uma delas. As crianças africanas e crioulas revelaram-se de grande importância diante da conjuntura de ataque ao tráfico internacional, por meio do trânsito em geral solitário de meninos e de meninas, descortinando a busca da reprodução da plantation via potencial produtivo e reprodutivo a médio e curto prazo. Dificilmente nos será dado conhecer registros tão completos para o estudo do tráfico interno de escravos como os assentamentos gerados pela Seção de Passaportes da Intendência Geral de Polícia. Espera-se que estudos comparativos com outras regiões da América permitam compreender melhor a dinâmica de funcionamento e a lógica empresarial do tráfico interno brasileiro, não apenas ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XIX, mas em especial em períodos anteriores. Palavras-chave: Rio de Janeiro - tráfico interno de escravos - crianças escravizadas. Abstract: Studying the gradual strangulation of international slave trade coming to Brazil reveals the great demographic elasticity of Atlantic commerce, along with internal traffic patterns expressed in this singular Atlantic market. This paper highlights the existence of a strongly competitive internal market that was concentrated, but not monopolistic. The presence of economic agents capable of making short and medium-term forecasts in an oscillating market denotes an intrinsic rationality. Profitability rested on multiplying the number of trading companies, not on increasing the number of slaves transported by each company. Additionally, an international traffic under attack for the solitary transit of African and Creole children reveals the need for Brazilian plantations to reproduce labor via biological and economic means in both the medium and short-terms. Although police records of internal slave traffic in regional settlements are incomplete, we expect comparative studies with other regions of the Americas to result in a better understanding of the functional dynamics and entrepreneurial logics of Brazil’s internal slave traffic during the colonial era and after independence. Keywords: Rio de Janeiro - internal slave trade - slave children.

Este artigo discute a produção fílmica sobre Timor-Leste em conexão direta com sua história política. Após situar a linguagem audiovisual no contexto do colonialismo português e da ocupação indonésia, o trabalho examina a produção no pós-independência, propondo uma leitura de contraponto entre três ficções históricas premiadas que abordam eventos críticos da luta de libertação: Answered by Fire (2006), Balibo (2009) e A guerra da Beatriz (2013). Especial atenção é dada às diferentes estratégias narrativas de construção de tempo, violência e gênero, categorias-chave que servem como guia na análise. Estabelecendo diálogos com outras criações contemporâneas e indagando sobre os sentidos de se transformar a história da luta de libertação em filmes de ficção, o artigo percorre importantes momentos do nascimento da nação e também do cinema timorense, revelando enlaces profundos entre a produção audiovisual e a imaginação histórica, não só nas projeções sobre o passado mas também em suas fantasias sobre o futuro. Palavras-chave: Timor-Leste - cinema - história - violência - gênero. Abstract: This article discusses the film production about Timor-Leste in direct connection with its political history. After placing the audiovisual language in the context of Portuguese colonialism and the Indonesian occupation, the post-independence production is analyzed and a counter-interpretation is proposed between three award-winning historical fictions that address critical events of the liberation struggle: Answered by Fire (2006), Balibo (2009), and A Guerra da Beatriz (2013). The different narrative strategies of construction of time, violence and gender are focused on as they serve as key categories for analysis. Dialoguing with other contemporary creations and inquiring about the meaning of transforming the history of the liberation struggle into fiction movies, this paper covers important moments of the nation’s birth and of Timorese cinema, revealing deep links between audiovisual production and historical imagination, not only in its projections about the past but also in its fantasies about the future. Keywords: Timor-Leste - cinema - history - violence - gender.

Amuletos islâmicos de papel, com versículos do Qurʾān ou outros textos mágico-religiosos em escrita árabe, eram de amplo uso entre pessoas africanas no Brasil do século XIX. Este artigo oferece uma análise detalhada dos textos árabes em manuscritos talismânicos colecionados pelo médico e antropólogo baiano Raimundo Nina Rodrigues (1862-1906), que foram descritos e reproduzidos em seu livro Os Africanos no Brasil, publicado postumamente em 1932. A análise inclui reconstruções e traduções dos textos árabes e sua localização no contexto da tradição islâmica, comparando-os a outros manuscritos do Brasil e da África Ocidental. Finalmente, o artigo propõe um novo inventário dos amuletos árabes da coleção Nina Rodrigues. Palavras-chave: amuletos islâmicos - pessoas africanas no Brasil - manuscritos árabes - malês - Qurʾān. Abstract: Islamic amulets made of paper with Qurʾānic verses or other magico-religious texts in Arabic script were widely used by Africans in 19th-century Brazil. This article offers a detailed analysis of the Arabic writings in talismanic manuscripts collected by the Bahian physician and anthropologist Raimundo Nina Rodrigues (1862–1906), which were described and reproduced in his book Os Africanos no Brasil (“Africans in Brazil”), posthumously published in 1932. The analysis includes reconstructions and translations of the Arabic texts and their contextualization within Islamic tradition by comparing them to other manuscripts from Brazil and West Africa. Finally, the article proposes a new inventory of the Arabic amulets from the Nina Rodrigues collection. Keywords: Islamic amulets - Africans in Brazil - Arabic manuscripts - malês - Qurʾān.

From a sociological perspective, this paper focuses the interactions of the state of Guinea-Bissau on three levels of power relations. The first one focuses the position of the national state vis-à-vis multilateral forces in environmental issues. The second level analyses some patterns of interaction between the national state, NGOs and other partners in socioenvironmental policies. The third is the local level in which degraded environmental circumstances, related to floods, generate a collective suffering. The study concludes that the intra-communitarian bonds create strategies for mutual support. However, the institutional management of catastrophes continues to express the soft state in Guinea-Bissau.

In the Portuguese-Speaking African Countries (PALOP), facing both the intense urban expansion triggered after independence and the difficulty in producing structural responses, cities have become spaces of social refraction, increasingly creased by the unstoppable growth and consequent reproduction of social vulnerabilities and exclusion. This paper therefore aims at mapping out the challenges and strategies adopted in the fight for the ‘right to the city’ in the capital cities of the PALOP, as well as their impact on poverty reduction, namely by focusing on issues such as the difficulty in planning in the face of political instability, major public investments and (de)centralization of power, dependency on external financing, the possession of the land and the regularization of informal settlements. This text, starting from examples of Lusophone African cities, discusses the urban social and spatial challenges, the diversity of policies and actions to overcome poverty, as well as the roles of the different stakeholders in these processes, thus trying to discuss mechanisms for an effective ‘right to the city’.

This paper aims to find the reasons why South African senior military officials were eager to reach an agreement with Portugal to set up a plan for the defence of Southern Africa in 1970, which culminated in the ALCORA alliance. Notwithstanding regional and global settings, stemmed from Cold War, and other political factors, it is possible to argue that the Exercise ALCORA resulted from South Africa’s mistrust of the Portuguese ability to defeat insurgents in Angola and Mozambique. The argument considers the year from 1968 to 1969 as pivotal between the informal collaboration relationship and the perceived requirement to establish a formal one. We conclude that due to Angola’s and Mozambique’s strategic value, we may admit that South Africa wanted to have control over her future in leading a military arrangement that would evolve into the economic, social and political dimensions. Since Exercise ALCORA’s focus was counterinsurgency, a military agreement as its first step was logical, notwithstanding the problem of racial policies.

O artigo discorre sobre a presença de trabalhadores chineses no Brasil joanino. Do ponto de vista macro, busca compreender os motivos da vinda dessa mão de obra como uma estratégia de redefinição da importância geopolítica do Império Português, com sua metrópole interiorizada no Rio de Janeiro. E conecta essa peculiaridade conjuntural com os problemas globais que anunciavam o fim do tráfico de africanos escravizados e o fomento do trabalho compulsório. Do ponto de vista micro, procura esmiuçar os contratos firmados entre as partes envolvidas, para que seja possível conhecer as reais expectativas dos sujeitos históricos. Por fim, analisam-se os estranhamentos e as lutas dos chineses para que suas vontades fossem impostas, estivessem elas registradas ou não nos documentos por eles firmados. Palavras-chave: trabalho compulsório - chineses - período joanino - trabalho global. Abstract This paper works on the presence of Chinese workers in Brazil in d. João VI era. From the macro view, it aims at understanding the reasons of the arrival of the man power as a resetting strategy of geopolitical importance of the Portuguese Empire, with its country side metropolis in Rio de Janeiro. And links this conjuncture particularity to the global problems that announced the tragic end of the traffic of African slaves and inputs of the compulsory work. From the micro view, in aims at detailing the agreements entered into between the parties, so it is possible to learn the actual expectations of the history subjects. Finally, we analyze the barriers and the struggles of the Chinese so their wills were imposed, were they registered or not in the documents they signed. Keywords: indentured labor - Chinese - d. João VI era - global workforce.

Cape Verde has become increasingly a destination for international migrants from continental West Africa. The aim of this paper is to explore migration of Senegalese to the Cape Verdean island of Boa Vista with a focus on migration decisions and remittances and attempts to link it with the broader migration and development debate. It starts with a review of the literature on empirical findings and theoretical approaches examining migration as a method of risk minimization and links between migration and development. In the second part these approaches are reviewed in the light of empirical evidence about migration processes and flows of remittance between Senegal and Cape Verde. The importance of Cape Verde as a destination for international migrants from West Africa has increased considerably since the millennium. This article present data examining the motives for emigration and immigration and the characteristics of the remittances sent by migrants.