The aim of this article is to understand how mathematics education acts as an instrument of empowerment or disempowerment of students and teachers, how it connects with empowerment and how empowerment is discussed in the educational sphere. To this end, we carried out an exploratory study based on the mapping of scientific productions developed in different countries in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. A total of 64 works were analyzed, including articles, master's dissertations, and doctoral theses from the National Bank of Theses of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), from the Scientific Library Electronic Online (SciELO) and from Google Scholar, in the period of 1996 to 2020. These works were categorized according to the target audience or research focus. Based on this organization, we identified the levels of education in which empowerment is more often discussed, which allowed us to foster reflections on the need to conduct research on this topic at less discussed levels. For interpretive analysis, presentation of results and survey of discussions on the topic in the educational field, ten works were selected. The results showed that mathematics education can act as an instrument of empowerment by recognizing that the mathematical doing must address social and political issues through a liberating education and that it can act as an instrument of disempowerment by nullifying or minimizing the creative power of students and teachers, encouraging their naivety at the expense of their criticality and satisfying the interests of dominant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]