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Having the South American Amazon as our spatial cut, this paper aims to discuss it as a space of physical, environmental and socioeconomic relevance to regional rearticulation, highlighting the issue of transport infrastructure and the importance of Brazil to boost this process in contemporary times. With the end of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) in 2019, several of its councils were paralyzed and discontinued, such as the Infrastructure and Planning Council (Cosiplan), reflecting the abandonment of efforts built since the beginning of the 21st century. In addition, relations between national preferences and the indispensable search for development, and mechanisms of cooperation and regional integration, which are fundamental instruments to meet such demands, were stressed. In turn, a scenario of discredited institutions made room for greater action by multiple public and private, internal and increasingly international and multinational actors who, in a way disconnected from regional arrangements, directed infrastructure investments focusing on their own interests, resulting in expiation of the the socio-environmental vulnerability in the Amazonian territories. We argue that it is necessary to integrate to preserve and develop. Regional governance and institutionality are central pillars for the resumption of a more resilient South American integration process, aimed at protecting and developing the Amazon, in which Brazil has an important driving role to be exercised and a directive leadership to retrieve.

Mitigation of fungal biodeterioration on paper documents and artworks represents a challenge to conservators worldwide. Numerous lists of fungal species have been identified from paper collections, but are those species responsible for the respective biodeterioration phenomena or just environmental contaminants? The present work was aimed at obtaining an association between specific fungal stains and causative fungal species. 23 stains from three paper documents were sampled. Fungal structures observed in situ with optical and scanning electron microscopy were compared with the identification of isolates by molecular biology tools. Correlation between the observed fungal structures and the identified fungal isolates was achieved, varying from 13% to 64% of the samples within the three studied documents. Grey/black and dark brown stains were associated with Chaetomium globosum, C. murorum, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. commune, Myxotrichum deflexum and Stachybotrys chartarum. Eurotium rubrum was isolated from a foxing stain and Penicillium citrinum was identified on light orange stains.

La práctica artística contemporánea tuvo un espacio de reflexión y creación de opinión en las páginas de Papers d’Art. De la mano de un conjunto de voces propias e independientes se visibilizaron formas de producción artística multidisciplinarias, desde la perspectiva divulgadora de una crítica que conectaba dinámicamente los significados artísticos con los sociales y culturales. Conviene resaltar el desplazamiento del significado de la concepción del arte contemporáneo en calidad de pieza clave en la cultura intelectual, incluyendo política, filosofía, ciencia u otros formatos de creación como la música y la literatura. Partiendo del análisis de la conciencia crítica de los diferentes colaboradores y la investigación historiográfica en torno a cuestionamientos estéticos y simbólicos, se despliega una revisión del conjunto de los discursos incluidos en la sección Estudios e Investigación. Palabras clave: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; crítica de arte catalana; investigación universitaria sobre arte contemporáneo; perspectiva divulgadora del arte. Papers d’Art. Contents of the Study and Research section Abstract: Contemporary artistic practices were provided with a space for reflection and the creation of opinion in the galleries of the Fundació Espais and in the pages of its art magazine, Papers d’Art. A group of independent voices of multidisciplinary artistic production was made audible thanks to this publication that provided a critique which forged dynamic connections between artistic meaning and social and cultural contexts. This paper highlights a shift in meaning of the conception of contemporary art as a key element in intellectual culture, including politics, philosophy, science and other creative formats such as music and literature. Based on an analysis of the critical awareness of the various contributors to the magazine and on the historiographic study of certain aesthetic and symbolic questions, a review of the articles published in the Studies and Research section is detailed. Keywords: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; Catalan art Criticism; University Research on Contemporary art; Popularizing Issues of Art. Artículo recibido: 29/09/2021. Revisado: 08/10/2021. Aceptado: 11/10/2021

Knowledge is acquired as an interdisciplinary process, that is, it establishes a link between different disciplines. An activity that can be used as an integrating activity is paper chromatography, which consists of a physical-chemical analysis process for separating mixtures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse the application of paper chromatography as an interdisciplinary method for teaching Biology, Physics and Chemistry, for the 1st year of High School at a school in Itacoatiara, Amazonas. The study is quali-quantitative type, carried out at a state school called Professor Mirtes Rosa Mendes de Mendonça Lima, in three classes of the 1st Year of High School, with a class named control and two participants. A previous questionnaire was applied to both classes, followed by a theoretical class and a second questionnaire for control and theoretical class, experimental activity and a second questionnaire for the participant class. The percentage of correct answers among the questionnaires was evaluated by Analysis of Variance – ANOVA. In total, 62 students from the three classes participated. From the results obtained, it was possible to verify that there was improvement in the students' understanding of the contents of Chemistry and Physics, however, there the same did not happen for Biology. The ANOVA results show that, when comparing the correctness of the questionnaires, there was no difference between the control group and the participating classes. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that paper chromatography is a facilitating activity for the integration and learning of the contents of Physics and Chemistry; and that the chromatography experimental activity did not contribute to the understanding of the content in relation to the traditional class, however, it developed a greater motivation and participation of the students.

During a conservation project of a luso-oriental altar ivory cross from the 17th century, 59 paper fragments were found on its four level step base, between some of the low relief ivory plates and its wooden sockets of the four level base, and behind some cabochons of the decoration. Some fragments present a watermark and hand writing. These elements, together with the observation of the stains, dimension of fragments and their perforations, lead us to formulate the hypothesis of their having occurred three mountings, in different time periods. The paper characteristics and the history of other materials used in those mountings permit to pinpoint time periods for their occurrence.

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A solution of calcium hydroxide and sodium borohydride was applied using an ultrasonic misting device to a graphite drawing from the artist Guilherme Camarinha. This process allowed the drawing to be washed, reduce its foxing stains and planar distortions without interfering with a fountain pen inscription written by the author in the bottom righthand corner. As there is not much literature regarding this procedure, some practical questions related to the use of ultrasonic dispersions in the treatment of paper are discussed herein.

This article embraces the framing studies’ perspective to approach the media construction of the current techno-environmental controversy between Argentina and Uruguay, due to the location of an industrial plant to produce cellulose paper in the uruguayan community of Fray Bentos. The analysis is centered on the respective coverages developed by two argentinean print media –daily newspapers Clarín and Página 12– during three key stages in the evolution of the conflict. A sample composed of 1004 articles was examined using a protocol based in previously tested instruments, which was elaborated to quantify the incidence of five frames established a priori: a) environmental; b) scientific-technological; c) political-juridical; d) social; e) of economic causes & consequences. The evidence collected indicates that the analyzed media represented the controversy mostly in political-juridical terms and drastically overshadowed its environmental origins and the discrepancies of scientific and technical nature involved in its roots and development. The article discusses some results of the research experience, as well as the limitations and posibilites to extend the framing typology rehearsed here to other media coverages of similar situations, independently of its specific object.

The paper presents aspects of the scientific production of three 'ilustrados' who worked in South America: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833), and Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). These naturalists, whose trajectories, territories and beliefs were different, built their particular version of Nature in America and contributed with their scientific work to the construction of American geohistory. They were chosen in this research by criteria of territorial dispersion and by different approaches about specific aspects of Earth Sciences – themes that up to now have not received full attention among Latin-American historians of sciences. This paper contends that these personalities built their own knowledge about 'temperament' (climate) and territories, and also used their scientific knowledge to implement political agenda for their respectives countries that were being conformed.

The article analyzes the behavior and competitiveness of exportations in the State of Paraná of the Lumber and Paper Industries between 1990-2002, as well as the factors that determine the exportations performance and their interaction with the Lumber and Paper Industries international trade. The concentration index Hirschman-Hefindahl (IHH) is used to verify the evolution of the exportation markets concentration as well as the Constant Market Share (CMS) model that separates the sources of exportations development into four components: world trade increase, constitution of the exportation schedule, destination of exportations and competitiveness. The behavior and exportations trend of both sectors are analyzed from 1990 to 2002, subdivided in three periods: 1990-1993, 1994-1998 and 1999-2002. By means of the separation of the development sources through CMS model, it is verified that the development of the world trade and competitiveness are responsible for the increase of the Lumber industry exportations in two sub-periods: 1994-1998 and 1999-2002, being also responsible for the exportations increase of the Paper industry only in the first sub-period. In the second sub-period, competitiveness was not enough to accomplish an increase of the Paper industry, what shows a fragility of policies for the opening of new markets and dissemination of products of the State of Paraná in foreign markets. O artigo analisa o comportamento e a competitividade das exportações paranaenses dos produtos mais representativos do setor madeireiro e papeleiro do Estado do Paraná, no período 1990 – 2002, bem como os fatores que determinam o desempenho das exportações paranaenses e sua interação com o comércio internacional do complexo madeireiro e papeleiro. Utiliza-se o índice de concentração Hirschman-Hefindahl (IHH) para verificar a evolução da concentração dos mercados das exportações e o modelo Constant Market Share (CMS) que decompõe as fontes de crescimento das exportações em quatro componentes: crescimento do comércio mundial, composição da pauta de exportações, destino das exportações e competitividade. Analisa-se o comportamento e a tendência das exportações do setor madeireiro e papeleiro a nível mundial, brasileiro e paranaense no período de 1990 a 2002, subdividido em três períodos de análise (1990-93, 1994-98 e 1999-02). Por meio da decomposição das fontes de crescimento pelo modelo CMS, verifica-se que o crescimento do comércio mundial e da competitividade são os grandes responsáveis pelo crescimento das exportações no setor madeireiro nos dois subperíodos (1994/98 a 1999/02), e atuam também como fator responsável pelo crescimento das exportações do complexo papeleiro, apenas no primeiro subperíodo. No segundo subperíodo, a competitividade não foi suficiente para efetivar crescimento do setor papeleiro, o que mostra a fragilidade de políticas de abertura a novos mercados e de divulgação do produto paranaense no exterior.

En la película La lavandería (2019), disponible en Netflix y basada en el escándalo de Panama Papers, se muestra la corrupción del mundo de una forma irónica y cómica, además, de poner en evidencia cómo las personas son utilizadas para alimentar cada vez más a los corruptos. Esta película trata de explicar todas las jugadas sucias o eso trata ya que se debe ver más de una vez para entender y buscar herramientas para proteger a los consumidores financieros.

O capitalismo demanda um sistema mundial, pois precisa de larga escala para funcionar, e as redes sociais são importante instrumento para sua expansão. A questão poderia ser vista como meramente comercial não fosse o fato de todas as empresas dominadoras desse segmento serem americanas e os EUA serem o representante-mor do capitalismo e eterno candidato a império mundial. Nesse ponto as coisas se embaralham. Essas plataformas foram criadas para a interação social, contudo propiciam também o compartilhamento de informação. Mais ainda: possibilitam a criação e publicação de conteúdos por qualquer pessoa. Publicar conteúdo não implica afirmar que se publique verdades. “Quem detém informação detém poder”, é ditado antigo. No mundo moderno, o poder se encontra na desinformação. E a desinformação tem corroído democracias. Fake news são o recurso mais eficaz para polarizar uma sociedade de modo a perturbá-la em variados níveis, em diversas esferas, predispondo-a a conflitos. A ascensão da extrema direita mundo afora, por exemplo, é fruto do adensamento desses grupos nas redes sociais. E “as direitas”, extrema ou moderada, são francamente capitalistas, defensoras da concentração de renda, da exploração da força de trabalho e do extrativismo irresponsável de recursos naturais.

An editorial is presented on French philosopher Pierre Bayle's Historical and Critical Dictionary that makes use of the nerve center of historiographical practice, and it's socialization of the apparatus that supports practice. Topics include integrated with professional rigor and indicates the fundamentals character of academic research; effects of subjectivity play different roles referencing of statistical data and laboratory procedures in human sciences; and effort to promote access to documentation or bibliographic repertoire, after all interpretations.

This paper presents the conservation treatment of a group of twenty Chinese calligraphies and paintings. These artworks are part of the Camilo Pessanha (1867-1926) collection that belongs to the Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro, and are currently on loan to the Museu do Oriente in Lisbon. The project was managed by the Fundação Oriente, and carried out at the conservation and restoration department of the Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação. There were three groups of works of art: scrolls with paintings and calligraphy on paper; scrolls with paintings on gilded paper; and paintings on silk. A brief characterization of the oriental scroll is followed by an overview of the traditional oriental conservation techniques for this type of art, as well as recently described practices. Ethical and theoretical considerations relating to the conservation treatments will be also discussed.

Herein we present a survey of reported work covering specific applications of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) in art conservation. CO2 has been tested and applied in a wide range of materials, as well as in various steps of a conservation / restoration operation, such as cleaning, protection and consolidation, and it has been demonstrated that CO2 has a great potential in replacing current conventional conservation processes. In this paper we will present some of the main results published in literature, concerning CO2 applications for the conservation and restoration of paper, wood, waterlogged, ethnographic materials, stone and textiles.

A group of eleven pastel portraits from the painter José Malhoa (1855-1933) is presented in this paper. Some years ago they were in excellent conservation condition although having been subjected to permanent exhibition for over 30 years in a non conditioned environment. Since then their mounting conditions suffered alterations and their conservation showed signs of degradation. The storage condition history and the evolution of the pastel degradation was carefully reconstructed as well as was identified the material constituents of the pastel portraits, their pigments, bindings and support materials. It was concluded that the glass encapsulation was the main reason for the welfare of the collection and that the type of mounting and housing is more important than the presence or not of moderate exposure to indoor light. No direct relationship was found between the paper composition and the alterations.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

The article aims to present a comprehensive review about the influence of Montesquieu, Locke and Rousseau’s thought regarding representation, division of powers, and idea of republicanism on the Federalist Articles. The discussion of such concepts on Locke`s Two Treatises of Governments (1689), Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748), and Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Discourses (1762) is compared to the ideas presented by the Federalists on their 85 Articles to assess how the latter conception of republic, representation and division of powers is influenced by the former. Furthermore, the article presents the debate between Anti-Federalists and Federalists to elucidate how the ideas of those three modern political theorists formed the base for both sides’ arguments.

It is presented an alternative mounting solution that was developed after the treatment of a group of twelve Chinese scrolls of paintings and calligraphy. These art works are part of the Camilo Pessanha (1867 – 1926) collection that belongs to the Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro, and are currently on loan to the Museu do Oriente in Lisbon. The mounting of these scrolls was part of a project that was managed by the Fundação Oriente, and was supervised and carried out at the paper conservation and restoration department of the Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação. Issues pertaining to exhibition, environmental factors, handling and storage of oriental scrolls are discussed.

This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure.

A general academic networks view is presented. This network has been build from the author’s interaction through their scientific papers, indexed by Thomson Reuters (previously ISI Thomson). Accent is place in the interaction of main academic subsystems: Scientific Research; Schools and Faculties; Humanities Research and General Secretary Office. The data base under analysis encompass 71878 papers with one Mexico’s coauthor at least, all papers are indexed by ISI Thomson. Papers publication date goes from 1981 to 2003.

Copyright of Ánfora is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on UK-based cultural expressions of international solidarity with El Salvador either side of the end of the Cold War and El Salvador’s civil war. The article centres on a mural titled Changing the Picture, painted in Greenwich from 1985, which depicts a message of hope for overcoming state repression sponsored by multinational capital and Western powers; and Music for Hope, an ongoing musical education programme beginning in 1996-7 based in the Bajo Lempa, a coastal region of El Salvador, but set up and supported by a British solidarity network. After exploring the political meanings and initiatives of solidarity in the UK during the Salvadoran civil war, we analyse Changing the Picture’s central message of anti-imperialism, the depiction of collective popular struggle and the artwork’s place within the cultural politics of London in the mid-1980s. The paper then examines how the communitarian message of popular democracy present in the mural has been articulated in new cultural forms by Music for Hope, particularly through the latter’s pedagogical, horizontal and prefigurative practice of teaching music to children and adolescents and encouraging the formation of musical groups. As such, this paper foregrounds cultural and artistic practice as a central but underexplored dimension of international solidarity. Highlighting the literature on the shift in political culture, produced by the culmination of the Cold War, from a frame foregrounding revolutionary or political struggle to one centred on trauma, we explore how Changing the Picture and Music for Hope reflect different historical conditions. If the solidarity depicted in Changing the Picture reflected the final years of a period in which the revolutionary horizon was considered possible, Music for Hope emerged at a time that forced the initiative to confront the traumatic legacies of the civil war years. Despite these differences, the article argues that there is far more that connects the two examples, especially their emphasis on community agency. In doing so, we show that artistic expression can not only represent a powerful medium through which solidarity politics are communicated, condensing both local and international contexts in a radical vision of hope, but that cultural action can also structure the participatory practice frequently at the heart of international solidarity politics.

RESUMO: Este paper resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em crítica bibliográfica. O texto objetiva trazer contribuições para a comunidade acadêmica e o público em geral, no intuito de melhor esclarecer a figura do Cardeal Sebastião Leme, um dos mais importantes nomes da Igreja Católica brasileira em todos os tempos, e o principal, nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Essas reflexões têm como fio condutor as relações difíceis entre o Catolicismo e a Modernidade através dos séculos. Essa oposição deixa suas marcas nas palavras e obras do prelado. Graças ao trabalho dedicado de Dom Leme, do ponto de vista organizacional e estrutural, a Igreja avançará. Todavia, apesar de suas qualidades e do papel relevante desempenhado por ele, o clérigo se mostrou incapaz de trazer o novo tão necessário à Igreja. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Igreja Católica; Modernidade; Dom Leme; diálogo; crise. ABSTRACT: This paper is the result of qualitative research based on bibliographic criticism. The text aims to bring contributions to the academic community and the general public in order to better clarify the figure of Cardinal Sebastião Leme, one of the most important names of the Brazilian Catholic Church in all times, and the main one, in the first decades of the century XX. These reflections have as a guiding thread the difficult relations between Catholicism and Modernity through the centuries. This opposition leaves its mark on the words and works of the prelate. Thanks to the dedicated work of Dom Leme, from an organizational and structural point of view, the Church will advance. However, in spite of his qualities and the relevant role played by him, the clergyman proved incapable of bringing the much needed new to the Church. KEYWORDS: Catholic Church; Modernity; Dom Leme; dialogue; crisis.

RESUMO: Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do papel e das competências específicas do professor e do estudante na educação a distância (EaD) à luz da teoria construtivista. O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma visão dos principais atores desse cenário tão importante na educação brasileira que é a EaD. Nesse sentido, definimos, em linhas gerais, o papel do professor (educador) como o de mediador do conhecimento, capaz de produzir materiais e conteúdo que desenvolvam o senso crítico e a autonomia intelectual de seus alunos, de acordo com as características dessa modalidade de ensino. Nesse viés, o aluno deve reconhecer-se como coautor do conhecimento, um indivíduo capaz de realizar uma análise crítica e uma síntese pessoal dos temas estudados. Palavras-chave: EaD. Professor. Estudante. ABSTRACT: This paper is the result of a bibliographic research on the role and specific competences of the teacher and the student in the distance education (D.E.) under the light of the constructivist theory. The present paper aims to present a vision of the main actors of this important scenario in Brazilian education, which is the D.E. In this sense, we define in general terms the role of the teacher (educator) as the mediator of knowledge, capable of produce materials and contents that develop the critical sense and intellectual autonomy of their students according to the characteristics of this teaching mode. In turn, the student should recognize himself as a co-author of knowledge, as an individual capable of critical analysis and personal synthesis of the topics covered. Keywords: D.E. Professor. Student.

RESUMO: Esse trabalho visa apresentar o termo civítica criado pelo filósofo Régis Alain Barbier para o desenvolvimento de um pensamento ético panteísta voltado para uma apreciação estética da vida e para a liberdade das ações baseadas em determinadas formas de postura diante da vida e de pensamento interdependente. Partindo de princípios filosóficos distintos, esse texto visa uma análise e uma correlação dos princípios envolvidos na civítica com a filosofia e com o panteísmo de uma maneira geral, tais como o princípio da homeostase relacionado à doutrina aristotélica das virtudes, e o princípio de eco-humanismo atrelado ao conceito de autopoíesis. Essa correlação de termos pertencentes, em princípio, visa lançar luz sobre o conceito de uma civítica panteísta para a apreciação de uma proposta ética baseada em importantes princípios filosóficos, de posicionamento distinto e que se faz necessária para a reflexão cotidiana a nível micro e macrocósmico para os que buscam a realização de uma vida boa interconectada com os princípios cósmicos da Natureza. Este trabalho visa, primordialmente, lançar luz às reflexões daqueles que buscam a bem-aventurança como modelo de vida. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Civítica. Panteísmo. Autopoiesis. Bem-aventurança. ABSTRACT: This paper presents the term civítica created by the philosopher Régis Alain Barbier for the development of a pantheistic ethical thinking back to an aesthetic appreciation of life and freedom of actions based on certain forms of attitude to life and interdependently thought. Starting from different philosophical principles, this paper aims to examine and correlation of the principles involved in civítica with the philosophy and pantheism in general, such as the principle of homeostasis related to the Aristotelian doctrine of virtue, and the principle of eco- humanism linked to the concept of autopoiesis. This correlation of belonging terms, in principle, aims to shed light on the concept of a pantheistic civítica for consideration of an ethical approach based on important philosophical principles, distinct positioning and that is necessary for everyday reflection micro and macrocosmic level those who seek the realization of a good life interconnected with the cosmic principles of nature. This paper aims primarily to shed light reflections of those who seek the bliss as a model of life KEYWORDS: Civítica. Pantheism. Autopoíesis. Blessedness

Geography enlightened a vast area of social sciences. It consists earth's land and ocean surface, different landforms and their formation, evolution, sub-surface phenomena, atmosphere and related activities, environment and its attributes, environment as a habitat of living elements as well as a human being and their reciprocal relationships in a very critical and analytical approach. From the inception of geography as a separate discipline, it evolved through its versatile, comprehensive and holistic nature. Alteration and modification change its nature through space and time. And accordingly, the established paradigm always changed depending on the demand of the geographers. This paper highlighted specifically the paradigm shift in geographical research with special reference to geospatial applications. Geography has two basic aspects, Pure and Applied. Recent trend shows that most of the geographical research is focused on the applied field rather than the pure aspects of the subject itself. The most interesting fact is that the applied research is basically depends upon the Geospatial technology. A distinct paradigm shifts have been taking place in both the Geographical Research and the Geospatial Technology through Digitalization. The large growing population of the world require a logical and scientific shift in both pure and applied research in the domain of geography. Particular mention may be made in the fields of Geography such as geomorphology, population geography, urban geography, rural development and environmental geography. This paper also highlights the major paradigmn shifts in the behavioural geography, systematic geography, regional geography, medical geography, geospatial sustainability and cartography from paper map to digital map. It is now established that no discipline can survive without adopting a new strategy and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research.

After several decades of economic integration and enlargement, divergence has been increasing in the European Union (EU), with weaker member states and regions falling behind their stronger counterparts. This paper argues that the structural causes of this increasing divide are explained in terms of the divergent trajectories of interdependent economies with different productive capabilities. In the process of European integration, the Southern peripheral countries were exposed to macroeconomic policies and shocks that, although apparently neutral, generated different effects and ever increasing regional disparities. Since the formation of the EU’s Economic and Monetary Union in 1992, events representing important milestones in the process of divergence include China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the eastward orientation of German industry, and the 2008 financial and sovereign debt crises and the ensuing austerity. In the final part, the paper evaluates whether new divides are likely to emerge in the new global context triggered now by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.

Civic is study looks at civic education's potential as a panacea for moral decay among secondary school students in Ede community of Osun State, Nigeria. It looks at how civic education may give students the moral principles and direction they need to navigate daily life and make moral decisions. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology and gather b s its data from secondary sources like books, academic journals, theses, and newspapers, among others. The results emphasise how common moral degeneration is among students in secondary schools and how important it is to implement successful interventions in civic education. The paper also reveals that students who receive civic education are equipped with the knowledge and abilities needed to make ethical decisions because it instills values, virtues, and ethical concepts. The study concludes that effective civic education that would counteract moral decay needs the involvement of relevant stakeholders, such as schools, parents, teachers, and the community at large, to work together in an integrated manner.his study looks at civic education's potential as a panacea for moral decay among secondary school students in Ede community of Osun State, Nigeria. It looks at how civic education may give students the moral principles and direction they need to navigate daily life and make moral decisions. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology and gather b s its data from secondary sources like books, academic journals, theses, and newspapers, among others. The results emphasise how common moral degeneration is among students in secondary schools and how important it is to implement successful interventions in civic education. The paper also reveals that students who receive civic education are equipped with the knowledge and abilities needed to make ethical decisions because it instills values, virtues, and ethical concepts. The study concludes that effective civic education that would counteract moral decay needs the involvement of relevant stakeholders, such as schools, parents, teachers, and the community at large, to work together in an integrated manner.

The modern concept of State security comprises a transversal and multidisciplinary approach, including, among others, energy, cyber and food securities. Major food producers or food importers includes food security as one of the National security´s policies main stream. In this context, strategic food security policies are essential to the sovereignty, economic development and political stability. The aim of this work was to contribute to this debate, which includes food security as a relevant component of National security and defense policies. This paper discusses the role of food security on major security policies, comparing food security approach on countries with different political and economic systems. The paper highlights the strategy on food security policies involves the political model, the role-play by the country on the global food security and the food self-sufficient approach. As a major food producer and global food exporter, Brazil plays an important role on global food security. Meanwhile, a food security policy should be consider as essential part of a national security strategy, which would support the Brazil economic development and its global political influence.

Digital exclusion is a challenging phenomenon in many countries. The low level of digital and media competences among senior citizens raises many questions about the effectiveness of existing digital inclusion activities. This article fills a gap related to the development of digital competences from an intergenerational perspective. The paper answers the questions of 1) how to promote digital inclusion among seniors citizens, and 2) what role in the effective promotion of the development of digital competences could be played by young people. The paper used a standardised interview technique involving 22 young adults in Poland (20-35 years old) who reported on eleven ways to promote digital inclusion activities among seniors, and eight techniques that relate to the intergenerational development of digital and media competence.

The New Development Bank (NDB) has not yet received the attention it deserves in the development community. On the one hand, this lack of attention could be partially explained by its short existence. On the other hand, in its first five years of operations, the bank consolidated as a source of development finance in the bloc by claiming originality from the traditional multilateral development bank (MDB) business model. In this sense, the research gap on the bank points to a miscommunication between the NDB’s claims of originality and its engagement with the extended development community. Addressing the “new in the NDB” to consolidate it as a full member of the community, this paper analyses the bank’s very first operations to understand the possibilities of the NDB to position itself as a mission-oriented institution to finance the ecological transition in the BRICS countries by partnering up with local actors and institutions committed to public value. To understand these opportunities, this paper sheds light on five selected NDB projects and their engagement with the local sustainable development agendas. Studied together, the case studies provide important lessons on the bank’s approach to achieve its newness, but do not pretend to evaluate the whole of its first five years of operations – which should be tackled by further research. The paper concludes by suggesting a mission roadmap for the bank to consider in its corporate strategy. This implies a perspective shift from its current narrow focus on sustainable infrastructure investment by partnering up with local actors of the extended BRICS development community. For that matter, a shared commitment to strong sustainability and public value is required when connecting the bank’s operations with the country-specific challenges for the ecological transition.

Copyright of Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Management / Revista Interdisciplinar de Gestão Social is the property of Revista Interdisciplinar de Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper summarises and clarifies definitions of new and future industry development so-called INDUSTRY 4.0 e 5.0. There is a little confusion and a narrative influence from cultural and market leaders to evangelize scholars and less informed people. An increase in digitalization, information technology, and machine learning doesn’t imply a “revolution” it is something going on till the internet was open to the public. The paper summarises definitions to navigate the number of new words and definitions to avoid misunderstanding. The paper justifies itself for graduation and graduates to avoid errors following narrative fashions without an orientation. The aim of the paper is didactic and like a glossary. When academic discussions or research papers, the present paper could be used as a reference. The result also warns of the implications of the INDUSTRY5.0 definition because the more ideological side of the used the more ideal and academically irrelevant is the discussion. Depending on the aim of the research if the discussion is about human-machine development it is better in sociological or law areas.

The paper seeks to explain the importance of technology transfer for small firms. The technology transfer plan fits inside the Technology Plan of the Business Plan. Some suggestions give the framework for small firms to process a strategy and avoid failure in the technology cycle. The paper has a didactical purpose and uses bibliographic research to give the pieces of information and the logic of the process. The result is to inform and clarify its importance in a Business Plan somewhere missed in the general education and standard templates, but that is important for small firms to cure.

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What drives the implementation of international cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)? Why do negotiations in some areas evolve to concrete measures and others do not? What factors explain variations in implementation in initiatives with different countries? At which circumstances can implementation be effective from the point of view of developing countries? To answer those questions this paper proposes an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that draws on studies from International Politics, Political Economy, Foreign Policy Analysis, Science and Technology Policy and History of Science and Technology. The paper departs from conceptual and theoretical elaborations on power and shows how they relate to STI and asymmetric negotiations involving developing countries and powerful counterparts. It concludes by proposing four patterns on implementation and non-implementation of STI negotiations and illustrating them with hypotheses related to cases of Brazil-US nuclear and aeronautic agreements and Brazil-China space and agriculture agreements.

The inquiry departs from the idea that heterogeneity is the rule, not the exception, regarding the National Innovation Systems (NIS) worldwide. The paper’s main goal is to advance understanding with empirical-based knowledge on how this uneven pattern occurs by formulating an original typology of NIS that surpasses the continental boundaries analysis and, primarily, highlights the strengths of few and weaknesses of most nations. Using the Global Innovation Index – GII, the paper employs descriptive analysis, bivariate correlation, and variance analysis, followed by clustering. The cluster analysis created five types of NIS that displayed an even more accurate description of how innovative countries are, beyond the income or continent cohorts. This original and comprehensive approach to the NIS disparities is crucial to advancing in how few countries continue to improve their innovative performance. At the same time, most countries keep struggling to increase innovation capacity to overcome their economic underdevelopment issues.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development of the cooperation between Brazil and Australia in science, technology and innovation (ST&I), as a unique collaboration resulting from a bottom-up strategy. Different from the cooperation approaches with other countries, with whom historical and cultural relations exist, it was built upon people-to-people linkages. Substantial partnerships between universities were fundamental to those linkages, fostering exchange programs and collaborative projects. They contributed to consolidate a critical mass among researchers, a condition expected by both countries’ governments to move forward signing an international high-level political agreement, which is currently implementing its first Joint Committee. The paper describes both countries’ institutional architecture, policy documents, agreements and exchange data, providing inputs for an exploratory analysis of their agenda and policy objectives for ST&I cooperation. It also demonstrates how people-to-people linkages can be fruitful when established in areas of common interest, such as water resources management, agriculture and tropical diseases, leading to an inevitable thickening of the ST&I cooperation. This analysis confirms the success of a bottom-up approach to ST&I cooperation in the pursuit of joint solutions for common challenges. When political will meets a strong scientific knitting and bilateral technical awareness, forthcoming results are expected to enhance strategic projects in areas of emerging importance. The expectation is to help policy makers comprehend the value of already existing partnerships, therefore stimulating innovative projects under the Brazil Australia ST&I Agreement.

This paper examines China’s claim to the South China Sea, focusing on how to maintain peace in a region with competing claims through codified law or external mechanisms. The first part of the paper examines the different levels of China’s claim to ninety percent of the South China Sea, starting from its historical claim to its territorial claim. Additionally, an in-depth look is given to the provisions of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas, and how China’s claim conflicts with these provisions. The second part of the paper goes through the section of the dispute settlement provisions of the Convention, addressing the general provisions, procedures, and limitations concerning dispute resolution. The critiques of the dispute settlement provisions are addressed, alongside the lack of an enforcing body. Lastly, the external mechanisms that State parties can take to maintain peace with the region are analyzed, from other conventions to commercial responses.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este artigo revisa pesquisas existentes relacionadas à avaliação do impacto da inovação social e identifica várias barreiras para essa avaliação. Em seguida, são propostas intervenções para superar essas barreiras. Originalidade/valor: A inovação social tem desempenhado um papel importante na promoção de mudanças positivas para a sociedade. No entanto, medir seu impacto é um desafio muito significativo devido às muitas barreiras enfrentadas na seleção de métricas que se encaixam em sua definição e objetivo. Reconhecendo esses desafios, a principal contribuição deste artigo foi identificar as barreiras mais comuns e sugerir como elas podem ser superadas. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Duas abordagens foram consideradas nesta pesquisa. Por um lado, aplicou-se uma abordagem bottow-up para revisar a literatura relevante relacionada a métricas de impacto para inovação social e boas práticas para avaliação de impacto de inovação social. Por outro, utilizou-se uma abordagem top-down, por meio da coleta e análise de projetos de pesquisa relacionados à identificação de métricas de impacto da inovação social, amplamente difundidos e bem consolidados na literatura atual. Resultados: Esta pesquisa oferece insights valiosos para pesquisadores acadêmicos, decisores de políticas e profissionais que trabalham no campo da inovação social, identificando e classificando as principais barreiras enfrentadas para medir o impacto da inovação social, ou seja, a falta de conscientização das partes interessadas no campo da inovação social, dificuldades para selecionar as métricas para avaliar a inovação social, dificuldades para selecionar critérios para identificar indicadores mais adequados à inovação social, falta de engajamento dos beneficiários, falta de apoio financeiro e público e falta de consenso na definição de inovação social. / ABSTRACT Purpose: This paper reviews extant research related to the impact assessment of social innovation and identifies several barriers to this assessment. Following this is a proposal of interventions to overcome these barriers. Originality/value: Social innovation has played an essential role in enhancing positive changes for society. Nonetheless, measuring its impact is a very significant challenge due to the many barriers faced in selecting metrics that fit its definition and goal. Recognizing these challenges, the main contribution of this paper was to identify the most common barriers and to suggest how these barriers can be overcome. Design/methodology/approach: Two approaches were considered in this research. On the one hand, a bottom-up approach was applied to review relevant literature related to impact metrics for social innovation and good practices toward social innovation impact assessment. On the other hand, we used a top-down approach through collecting and analyzing research projects related to identifying metrics of social innovation impact, broadly disseminated and well-consolidated in the current literature. Findings: This research offers valuable insights to academic researchers, policy decision-makers, and practitioners working in the field of social innovation by identifying and classifying the main barriers faced to measuring the impact of social innovation, namely lack of stakeholder awareness in the field of social innovation, difficulties in selecting the metrics to assess social innovation, problems in selecting criteria to identify best-fitted indicators to social innovation, lack of beneficiaries engagement, lack of financial and public support, and lack of consensus in the social innovation definition.

Copyright of Em Extensao is the property of Em Extensao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What were the interests of Capital and Labor’s representative groups in the disputes for the formulation of Brazilian state policy for Mercosur during Lula’s administration (2003-2010)? Deploying from Nicos Poulantzas’ reading of the capitalist state and working with a theoretical framework for a state policy formulation analysis structured in inputs, policy, and outputs, this paper investigates the demands from São Paulo State’s Industries Federation and from the Workers Party to the Brazilian policy towards Mercosur. After the evaluation of some Mercosur policies in the considered period, this paper’s argument does not make the case of the literature’s interpretation of a post-hegemony period for regional integration in Latin America that drove Mercosur to pursue autonomy goals. Through a Brazilian class struggles lens, the economic gains of the industrial sector are more tangible than the perceived enlargement of Mercosur’s regional integration in autonomy key.

COVID-19 has exposed, reproduced, and created new inequalities in Latin America and the world. In this introductory paper, we discuss the impact of extant inequities on vulnerability to COVID-19 but we also identify new, and some unexpected, vulnerabilities. We emphasize vulnerabilities to the disease as well as vulnerabilities to policies and other responses in the fight against COVID-19. Building on insights from Peter Hall and Michele Lamont’s work on social resilience, we draw on the papers of this special issue to identify the important role of the state in addressing vulnerabilities and discuss the types of social resilience that vulnerable groups have turned to in their response to COVID-19.