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The aim of this research is to identify the foundations of students' belief in the validity of an assertion in their mathematical activity: what they recognize in practice as a proof and how they treat a refutation. We focused this study on the relationships between students' proving processes, the knowledge they have, the language they can use, and the role of the situational context. The types of proof processes evidenced by the students do not intrinsically characterize what we might call their "rationality", in that different levels of proof could be observed in their problem-solving activity. The meaning of the proof processes cannot be understood without a careful analysis of the students' conceptions of the mathematical concepts involved and their reading of the situation in which they act. The characteristics of the situation seem to determine the level of proof, while the students' image of mathematics also plays an important role, especially in dealing with refutations. It is observed that the passage from pragmatic to intellectual proofs requires a cognitive and linguistic foundation. Disregarding the complexity of this passage may be one of the main reasons for the failure of teaching mathematical proof, since this passage is often considered only at the logical level. In geometry in particular, this teaching occurs in a conceptual field that, for students has not yet constituted itself as a theory; since geometry was for them essentially restricted to the observation and construction of geometric objects with no need for proof. Thus, the teaching of proof is associated with what could be described as a cognitive break in student activity, related to the didactic break represented by the new requirement for mathematical proofs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green roof is used as an alternative for residential thermal cooling, as it aids in heat transfer and provides environmental and economic benefits. Thus, it aimed to evaluate whether the presence of the green roof alters the thermal residential conditions in a semiarid region. The green roof was conducted in a residential area, where two sensors (thermohygrometer) were installed indoors and outdoors. An area of 8.4 m2 was determined for the green roof, where four layers (wood plywood, carpet, cardboard, and substrate) were installed, and then the transplanting of Selaginella convoluta (Selaginellaceae) was carried out. The treatments were carried out in two different situations, analyzing the internal and external environment, with and without the use of a green roof (EXTER&lowbar;S, EXTER&lowbar;C, INTER&lowbar;S and INTER&lowbar;C). Temperature and relative humidity data were collected at 9:15 am and 9 pm for eight days and submitted to Tukey's test (p<0.05). The average temperature at 9 am was 23.32 ºC and at 3 pm, 32.8 ºC and 31.75 ºC on average for EXTER&lowbar;S and INTER&lowbar;S, respectively. There was a reduction in internal and external temperature, 1.53 °C and 1.7 °C, respectively, at 9 am, followed by 2.4 °C and 4.58 °C, at 3 pm and 3.65 °C and 4.37 °C at 9 pm in the studied environments. The RH% increased in the evaluated times, having a considerable increase at 9 pm (22.32%) in the EXTER&lowbar;C environment. The green roof helps to reduce temperature and increase residential RH, making it a sustainable alternative for thermal cooling in semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was based on two sustainable construction techniques capable of improving the development of the Earth's atmosphere and also reducing the damage caused by humans. The green roof or grass roof and adobe were analyzed to report their advantages, disadvantages, construction technique, process, materials, cost benefit application, among other factors. The need to seek technologies that replace the exacerbated industrialization in civil construction that contributes to the production of waste, the emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere and the interference of these materials in the natural order of nature. These techniques also interfere with the well-being of the human being, used in such a way that the interaction with the environment is beneficial, showing the harm that is caused and affects both nature and the population. Another point in this research was the accessibility of the techniques in terms of cost, it appears that there are technologies that require a high investment and others that take advantage of raw materials present on the planet to produce profitable constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problematizing some of the mains aspects of the sociologies of the individual is the aim of this article with the intention of collaborating for a better understanding of the concepts and methods that have been mobilized for the sociological objectification of individual existence. Three central perspectives of this field are discussed: Bernard Lahire's theory of action, Jean-Claude Kaufmann's theory of habits, and Danilo Martuccelli's theory of individuation. It is considered in that choice the similar type of sociological practice that these authors carry out, which is sustained by a continuous relationship between research and original theorization. The article presents the contributions of the sociologies of the individual to contemporary sociological theory, underlining them as part of a heterogeneous theoretical-methodological field still in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building thermal performance is directly associated with the geographical and climatic factors of the place and the choices made by designers. A method of evaluate the thermal comfort of a building occupancy is through the adaptive model for naturally conditioned spaces present in ASHRAE55. It enables the definition of the maximum and minimum limits of the comfort zone and to verify the conditions of the internal operating temperature of the environment. One way to achieve internal operating temperatures is through computer simulations in the EnergyPlus software. The investigation of the building thermal performance makes possible the study of alternatives of design and materials, seeking solutions that increase the period of comfort without the use of electrical systems. The aim of this work is to evaluate the thermal performance of the living and social environments of a single-family dwelling located in the city of Campinas, as well as the alternatives of design and construction materials proposed to reduce the period of discomfort. The evaluation developed indicated a total of 2,574 discomfort degree hours in the year for the period of occupation (14-22h). Twenty-four alternative simulations were performed for these spaces, changing the layers and construction materials that make up the roof, floor, windows, internal walls and sun protection elements, as well as three simulations that blended these alternatives. The results show that it is possible to reduce the discomfort load in different ways, from cheap and simple solutions such as white tile painting and thinning of the floor slab, to solutions with more specific and expensive materials such as the use of glass insulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental conservation and sustainable development by civil construction have driven the population to adopt new practices, especially those aimed at reducing environmental impact. With increasing urban growth, the green areas are becoming scarcer in the scene of many cities and society awareness for the rational use of water, conservation and reuse are becoming increasingly important. The use of green roofs can be seen as one of the main techniques to mitigate the problem situation as it increases the amount of green areas favoring ecological aspects and, especially, the use of rainwater. The reason is that in this type of covering, a large part of the rain water seepages and can be reserved, which makes its use possible. This survey was conducted in a northern higher education institution of Rio Grande do Sul in order to qualitatively assess the rainwater captured in green roofs prototypes and compare it with the water collected in another container, considering physical and chemical parameters for non-potable uses. Through the analysis of the samples collected, it could be seen that the results did not show a correlation with each other, comparing the initial expectations of the project and leading to the conclusion that the rainwater collected by the green roofs must pass, first, by an appropriate treatment before the use for no potable purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current analysis deals with cases of cyberbullying which, in spite of the term which qualifies it as mere bullying through electronic means, is more serious than that. Bullying is investigated to understand cyberbullying, and its characteristics and development within the school environment. The importance of the Notary Minutes as proof against cyberbullying and as a legal proof is underscored, coupled to conscience-raising and mobilization with regard to rights and guarantees that tutelage equality. Therefore, there is no rightful argument to maintain, or worse, to incentive, the violation of the victim's dignity by digital means. The Brazilian Federal Constitution, the Statute for Children and Adolescents, Civil Code and the Consumers' Code are investigated on the theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is the comparison between experimental and numerical data of a roof system made of tubular steel sections. Such roof system is applied mainly for supermarkets, large stores and industries. To evaluate the structural behavior of this system, a 900m2 prototype was built, - an unprecedented opportunity in Brazil to accomplish experimental tests with usual loads for this type of structure. Evaluating the behavior of the entire structure, with all the results obtained on experimental tests and numerical analysis, it was concluded that the prototype is in general accordance with the designed model in terms of stresses and displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]