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O presente trabalho compreende o estudo geológico e paleontológico detalhado da litofácies recifal da Formação Pirabas, Estado do Pará, aflorante na Praia do Maçarico, município de Salinópolis, como um corpo pequeno, isolado e lenticular, que deve ter se desenvolvido na rampa interna da plataforma do Mar de Pirabas. O conteúdo biótico é rico e variado, composto por três grupos de algas coralíneas, poríferos, corais, briozoários, equinoides, foraminíferos, ostracodes, e moluscos. Foram reconhecidos neste recife em mancha três estágios de sucessão ecológica, estabilização, colonização e diversificação, onde as finas crostas micríticas reconhecidas na parte superior do estágio diversificação indicam degradação das condições ambientais favoráveis à acreção recifal, provavelmente devido a continentalização do sítio deposicional. O exame petrográfico revelou apenas uma microfácies deposicional, biomicrito, sem consideráveis variações texturais e composicionais. A cimentação marinha é predominante, representada por massas microcristalinas e cimentos micríticos, localmente neomorfisados para bioesparito, e detritos carbonáticos advindos do fluxo biogênico inconsolidado, resultantes principalmente da dispersão de cristais de aragonita dos fragmentos algálicos, acumulados sob a forma de lama micrítica. Para a gênese da bioconstrução as algas foram fundamentais na consolidação e modelagem do arcabouço, principalmente as macroalgas vermelhas, decisivas para a proteção e cimentação dos demais organismos. This work concerns with the detailed geological and paleontological study of the reef facies of the Pirabas Formation, that outcrop at the Maçarico beach, of Salinópolis district, Pará State, as a small, isolated and lenticular sedimentary bodie developed in the inner platform inner ramp of the Pirabas Sea. The biotic constituents are diverse and composed by three groups of coralline algae, sponges, corals, bryozoans, echinoids, foraminifera, ostracodes and molluscs. Three stages of the ecologic sucession were recognized in this patch reef: stabilization, colonization and diversification. Thin micritic crusts, recognized at top of the beds in diversification stage suggest the degradation of the environmental conditions favorable to reef accretion probably due to continentalization of the depositional site. The petrographic investigation reveals only one, homogeneous depositional microfacies, named biomicrite, without compositional and textural changes. The marine cementation is represented by microcrystalline agglomerates and micritic cement, locally neomorphosed to biosparite and detrital carbonatic components of the unconsolidated biogenic debris, resulted from the disintegration of the aragonite from the algalic remains accumulated as micritic mud. In the construction of the reef framework the red macroalgae were fundamental to the lithification and building of the framework, and very important to the protection and cementation of the others constituents.

Samples of shells of oysters and mussels from sea farm around the Santa Catarina Island in south Brazil were collected and analyzed by DRX, FRX, SEM, CHN-S, FTIR, TG, AAS/Flame and AAS /GF. The results showed that the crystalline structure of mussel's shells is mainly formed by aragonite and the oyster's shells by calcite. The calcium percentage in both shells species was in the range of 33 to 35% and also 850 and 1200 mg/kg of strontium was detected in the shells of oysters and mussels, respectively. The content of organic matter was larger in the mussel's shells and the thermal degradation of both shells species occurred by three events at different temperatures from 250 to 830 ºC.

Experimental studies were performed to study the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks from the Perolas Cave, Iporanga municipality, State of Sao Paulo. Soxhlet extractors were used to accelerate the leaching process in two different ways: continuous and intermittent. The leaching solution obtained from the continuous test was chemically analyzed at the end of the process (about 454 hours), and the precipitates were separated and mineralogically analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the intermittent leaching process, solutions and precipitates were collected after a predetermined period of time and chemically analysed to determine the number of ions removed from the weathered rocks. It was found that the ions mainly leached in the beginning of the experimental weathering were Na+ and Mg2+; however, when the leaching process was accelerated, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Ca2+ became the most remobilized ions, along with Na+, leading to the precipitation of calcite. In the continuous leaching test, it was observed that the concentrations of Sr2+ and Ba2+ were lower compared to the intermittent test, showing that these ions were probably co-precipitated with calcite. The low Mg/Ca ratio in the experimental leaching solutions may have caused the precipitation of calcite instead of aragonite. It was noted that there was a higher rate of remobilization of the constituents of the carbonate rocks on the level where the samples were subjected to fluctuations of the water table in the compartment of the Soxhlet equipment. Kaolinite is the main secondary mineral in the weathered rock.

Carbonates are important diagenetic cements in siliciclastic rocks thus important to determine these rocks as hydrocarbon reservoirs. The cement is the material had chemically precipitated partial or totally pore filling, affecting rock values of porosity and permeability. The acknowledgment of diagenetic patterns those are associated to the carbonatic cement precipitation and their impacts in the reservoirs quality can decrease the risks of exploration and exploitation of new reservoirs. Therefore is necessary the knowledge of origin and processes of carbonate cement’s precipitation. These cements have distribution patterns, mineralogy, textures and isotopic compositions which vary spatial and temporally, depending of perform conditions in each diagenetic environment. One of the most important diagenetic cement is dolomite and the dolomite’s group is compound by dolomite and ankerite. These minerals can be differentiated by analytical techniques such as optical petrography, staining techniques, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and isotopes. Besides that, dolomite cement shape in a reservoir can display different forms: rhombs, poikilotopic and saddle in a variety of dimensions, pore filling, replacing detrital carbonate grains, concretions, nodules or stratified layers. Primaries calcite and aragonite replaced can promote precipitation of dolomite through increase of temperature and by presence of Mg-being fluids. The main entrance conditions to form dolomitic cement are: (i) alkaline solutions from pre-existence rocks weathering or evaporitc environments; (ii) marine waters; (iii) clay alteration; (iv) CaCO3 polymorphs dissolution; (v) dissolution of bioclasts. An interesting example of dolomitic cementation is the Carmópolis Member of the Muribeca Formation, hydrocarbon reservoir of the Camorim Field (Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, northeastern Brazil).