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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which often affect the lungs, although it can spread to other organs in the body. TB is the second deadliest disease worldwide caused by a single infectious agent Objective: evaluate the nutritional status of active TB patients in a tertiary care medical college hospital in Chennai. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from August 2022-September 2022 among active Tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care medical college hospital in Chennai who had tested positive by sputum microscopy and are under treatment. Sample size was calculated to be 105. Participants were selected by simple random sampling. Sampling was done by simple random sampling of the study population. Data on clinical and demographic characteristics and dietary intake was collected using questionnaire. Results: Mean age of the participants was 34, 04 years. The energy intake of most (62, 9 %) of the participants was found to be less than the RDA levels for Tuberculosis patients. Inadequate calorie consumption was found to be significantly associated with the presence of complications of tuberculosis after adjusting for age and gender with an odds ratio of 3, 24 (95 % CI, 1, 45-6, 74). Conclusion: Inadequate calorie intake was significantly associated with presence of complications of tuberculosis. Proper nutritional counseling along with nutritional support should be given to severely malnourished TB patients, and nutritional assessment of TB patients should be done periodically.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the feasibility of time trade-off (TTO) method in quantifying health utility ratings in different types of malocclusion. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 orthodontic patients aged 18 years or above, reporting for treatment/consultation, were included and interviewed. Malocclusion-related health utilities were assessed through the TTO method, and oral health-related quality of life was measured with the help of Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ). Angle’s classification of malocclusion was recorded. Bivariate analyses and multivariate Poisson’s regression were done to find out an association between the oral health utility values, OQLQ and demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion had lower health utility values than those with Class I and Class II malocclusions (p=0.013). Poisson’s regression showed that Angle’s Class II division 1 (0.90, CI 0.84 to 0.97), Class III (0.68, CI 0.59 to 0.95) and Skeletal malocclusion (0.79, CI 0.71 to 0.87) and OQLQ scores (1.0, CI 1 to 1.003) were found to be significant predictors of TTO utility scores. Conclusions: TTO utilities were found to be valid and well correlated with clinical findings. Health utilities could serve as useful and reliable markers of health-related quality of life (HRQL) among individuals or communities and help cost-effective preventive or intervention programs planning.

Abstract Internal thoracic artery aneurysms (ITAAs) are rare with wide variation in clinical presentation and a high risk of rupture. Endovascular techniques are increasingly being used for treatment of such aneurysms over surgical repair in recent times. A 34-year-old male presented with progressive swelling of the right anterior chest wall for 2 weeks and was diagnosed with right internal thoracic artery aneurysm with contained rupture. He underwent successful endovascular repair with coil embolization of ruptured right ITAA. Post intervention computed tomography (CT) angiography confirmed sealing of the ruptured aneurysm with no residual filling of the sac. At six months follow-up he is doing well with complete resolution of hematoma. This case demonstrates that an endovascular approach with coil embolization is a feasible and safe option for treating the rare ruptured ITAAs.

Abstract Introduction: The outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) remain dismal even today, owing in part due to the lack of an ideal biomarker for detecting renal damage early enough. We conducted this pilot study to determine the clinical significance of Frusemide Stress Test (FST) to predict the severity of AKI. Methods: A total of 80 patients with AKI-KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) stage 1 or stage 2 underwent FST by administering a bolus dose of frusemide (1mg/kg for frusemide naïve and 1.5mg/kg for prior frusemide exposure in the past week), and urine output was then measured for the next two hours with volume replacement as desirable. The progression to AKI-KDIGO stage 3 within 14 days of FST was studied as the primary outcome. The composite end point of achieving AKI-KDIGO stage 3 or death within 14 days of FST was studied as the secondary outcome. Results: Out of 80 patients, 28(35%) patients met the primary outcome, and 34(42.5%) patients met the secondary composite outcome. Except for baseline Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) status (p=0.018), other demographic characteristics were comparable between progressors and non-progressors group. Using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, a cumulative 2-hour post-FST urine output of ≤300 mL predicted progression to stage 3 AKI with 82.14% sensitivity, 82.69% specificity, and AUC of 0.89±0.03 (p

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and attitude in relation to basic life support (BLS) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills among the dental undergraduates and interns in Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken between October 2019 and December 2019 in Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. One hundred and eighty randomly selected dental students aged over 18 years participated in the study. Their knowledge and attitude towards BLS were gathered through a questionnaire. Results: A total of 158 (out of 180) UG students and interns participated in this study, making the responses of 87.8%. The mean age of the participants was 24.6 years. The samples comprised 86 (54.4%) males and 72 (45.6%) females. The assessments showed that overall the participants had average knowledge towards BLS and CPR, with males responding significantly better than the females (p˂0.05). Furthermore, as students climb the academic ladder, their knowledge regarding BLS and CPR tends to rise. Also, their attitude was positive, and they were willing to receive CPR training. Conclusion: Attitude toward acquiring knowledge about CPR was very positive. However, their knowledge about the topic was average. Students should understand the importance of such skills and efficiently involve in these life-saving procedures.

Background and methodology Female migrants have been identified to be at higher risk of HIV infection in comparison with male migrants, but the evidence is limited. The present study was conducted among novel group i.e. migrant female college student using a mixed-method approach to explore their vulnerability and risk to acquire HIV infection. Sample of 100 female migrant college students of Delhi University, of the age 18 and 23 years were selected from March 2015 to April 2016 and administered semi-closed questionnaire followed by in-depth interviews. Results Mean age of sexual initiation was 18.7 years. Twenty-one percent respondents had inadequate HIV related knowledge and 10% of respondents showed high-risk sexual behaviour as none used a condom consistently. Statistically, a significant association was observed between respondent’s high-risk behaviour and having friends who were sexually exposed (p < 0.005), also with respondent’s partner’s current place of residence (p

ABSTRACT Objective: The Michigan State University (MSU) classification of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is periodically used by various authors to classify disc herniation. We assessed the reliability of this classification system among orthopedic residents at our institute. Methods: Fifty T2 axial-cut magnetic resonance images (MRI) corresponding to the level of maximal disc herniation from patients diagnosed with a single LDH were selected and distributed to six orthopedic residents. All six residents gave a specific rating for each image based on the MSU classification; in addition, three residents gave ratings on two different occasions. The degree of agreement among residents was analyzed by calculating inter-observer and intra-observer reliability using the Kappa statistic. Results: The inter-observer reliability among the six residents calculated as the Fleiss’ Kappa was 0.422, which indicates moderate reliability. The intra-observer reliability of three selected residents calculated by Cohen's Kappa was 0.750, 0.772, and 0.859, which indicates substantial to almost perfect reliability. Variations in ratings were frequent in images portraying a broad-based disc herniation with spinal canal stenosis. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate moderate homogeneity of ratings given by residents; however, test-retest results proved the ratings to be consistent. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic studies - investigating a diagnostic examination.

Unravelling the efficacy of gut biome has a major impact on health. An unbalanced microbiome composition is linked to many common illnesses such as gut dysbiosis, mental deformities and immunological imbalance. An optimistic influence on the gut biome can be made by consuming probiotics. This would stimulate neuroprotection and immunomodulation intended by heavy metals pollution. Lead is a major source of neurotoxin that can induce neural deformities. Lactobacillus species isolated from curd were characterized to confirm its specificity. Zebra fish was reared at standard conditions and preclinical assessment on the intensity of induced neurotoxin lead was performed. The embryo toxic assay, immunomodulation effects and animal behavioural models endorsed the consequence of neurotoxicity. Different concentrations of bacterial isolate with standard antidepressant was considered for analysing the vigour of toxicity and its influence on cognitive behaviour by novel tank diving method. The restrain in the animal behaviour was also conferred by all the test samples with a decreased bottom dwelling time which was authenticated with haematology and histopathological studies. The alterations in morphology of the lymphocytes were balanced by the treated test samples. This study paves a twofold potential of probiotic as neuroprotectant and immune modulator against heavy metal toxicity.

Purpose – If the two or more than two antennas are present in the antenna array, the mutual coupling between them becomes a critical issue to deal with. At microwave frequency, microstrip design is often used as a transmission line because of its good performance in transferring the energy and microwave signals. Most commonly used microstrip antenna has similar structure as that of the microstrip line. On one side of dielectric substrate layer, is an extremely thin layer of conductor that forms the radiating elements and on bottom side is the ground plane made up of metallic material. Our main motive is to maintain mutual coupling suppressing structure to its simplest form. Methodology/approach/design – We therefore use a Defected Ground Structure (DGS), which greatly decreases the mutual coupling between the two antennas, thus enhancing the performance of the antenna array. Findings – The introduction of the DGS does not affect the characteristics of antenna array system. The Simulation is done using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) software and the results are tested using Vector Network Analyzer. Both the simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The coupling has been reduced from -22 to -37 dB. The recent boom in wireless industry has led to the demand for the multiband antennas.

POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT: transdisciplinary vision of the Population Geography POPULAÇÃO E AMBIENTE: visão transdisciplinar da Geografia da População La Geografía como ciencia social en la universidad pública y en ámbitos científicos ha atravesado por cambios derivados de procesos económicos, políticos y sociales, ligados al territorio, al sujeto y a problemas ambientales. Su enseñanza en la universidad constituye una oportunidad de revalorizar temas inherentes a la realidad social y ambiental y resaltar su importancia. Ideas en que se basó el curso “Población y Ambiente” que por invitación se impartió en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, como extensión del curso de Geografía de la Población y Ambiente que se imparte en el Posgrado de Geografía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El objetivo del trabajo es abordar la compleja problemática ambiental global y revelar la relación con la población, lo que permite explicar la génesis humana de los problemas ambientales. Inicia con un análisis de la transdisciplina en la enseñanza en general y en geografía. Para su realización se exponen los contenidos teóricos del curso; se examina el perfil del grupo; se explica lo realizado en la práctica en una localidad rural de Nicaragua en donde se aplicaron encuestas; culmina con los resultados de la interpretación de las encuestas en relación con lo percibido por la población acerca de los entornos y problemáticas sociales y ambientales de la localidad. Palabras clave: Geografía; Población; Ambiental; Transdisciplina; Complejidad. ABSTRACT The Geography like social science in the public university and in scientific environments it crosses for derived changes of political and social economic processes, bound to the territory, to the fellow and environmental problems. Its teaching in the university constitutes an opportunity to revalue inherent topics to the social and environmental reality and to stand out its importance. Ideas on that the course was based "Population and Environment" that was imparted in the Autonomous National University of Nicaragua by invitation, as extension of the course of Geography of the Population and Environment that it is imparted in the Posgrado of Geography of the Autonomous National University of Mexico. The objective is to approach the complex one problematic environmental global in connection with the population, what allows to explain the human genesis of the environmental problems. It begins with an analysis of the transdisciplinary in the teaching in general and in geography; the theoretical contents of the course are exposed; the profile of the group is examined; that is explained carried out in the practice in a rural town of Nicaragua where surveys were applied; it culminates with the results of the surveys of that perceived by the population about the environments and problematic social and environmental of the town.. Keywords: Geography; Population; Environmental; Transdisciplinary; Complexity. RESUMO A Geografia como ciência social na universidade pública e no âmbito científico sofreu mudanças resultantes de processos econômicos, políticos e sociais, ligadas ao território, o assunto e a problemas ambientais. Seu ensino na universidade é uma oportunidade para reavaliar temas relacionados à realidade socioambiental, bem como a sua importância. A ideia do curso “População e Ambiente”, cujo convite partiu da Universidade Nacional Autônoma da Nicarágua, surgiu como uma extensão do curso de Geografia da População e Meio Ambiente ministrado no Programa de Pós-graduação em Geografia da Universidade Nacional Autônoma de México. O objetivo deste trabalho foi abordar a complexa questão ambiental global e relacioná-la à problemática populacional, na tentativa de explicar a gênese humana dos problemas ambientais. Iniciou-se com uma análise transdisciplinar do ensino, de modo geral, e particularmente na geografia. Realizou-se a exposição dos conteúdos teóricos do curso; analisou-se o perfil do grupo; a teoria foi transposta para a prática, em uma aldeia rural da Nicarágua, onde se realizaram as pesquisas; culminou com os resultados da interpretação de pesquisas sobre a percepção da população rural acerca dos ambientes e problemas socioambientais da localidade. Palavras-chave: Geografia; População; Meio Ambiente; Transdisciplinaridade; Complexidade.

AbstractA composite membrane of the polymer, chitosan, and the silver-exchanged mineral phase, tobermorite, was prepared by solvent casting and characterised by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The in vitro bioactivity, cytocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of the composite were evaluated with respect to its potential application as a guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane. The in vitro bioactivity was verified by the formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the membrane in simulated body fluid and its cytocompatibility was established using MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. The presence of silver ions conferred significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The findings of this investigation have indicated that the chitosan-silver-tobermorite composite is a prospective candidate for GTR applications.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) with direct connection of the pulmonary veins to the morphologically right atrium is exceedingly rare other than in the setting of isomerism of the right atrial appendages. We present an interesting case of TAPVC in a patient with situs solitus that connected to the right atrium via a broad-mouthed common chamber. Resumo: As variantes de retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total (RVPAT) que resultam de conexão e de drenagem direta das veias pulmonares à aurícula morfologicamente direita são extremamente raras, exceto no caso de presença de isomerismo direito. Apresentamos um caso de RVPAT, com drenagem à aurícula direita através de um coletor comum, num doente com situs solitus. Keywords: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, Cardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, Supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, Palavras-chave: Conexão anómala total das veias pulmonares, Conexão anómala total de veias pulmonares cardíaca, Conexão anómala total de veias pulmonares supracardíaca

This position paper has been drafted by the members of the Working Group for Children Under 6 [of Jan Swasthya Abhiyan (People’s Health Movement India) and the Right to Food Campaign]. It was published in abridged form as a letter to the editor in Economic and Political Weekly, January 2, 2016;Vol 2, No 1 under the title Hunger and Structural Inequality

Hoy por hoy, la violencia basada en el género ha penetrado toda la frontera social, donde millones de mujeres la consideran como una manera de vivir. Entre todos los tipos de violencia basada en el género, el tráfico de mujeres es el más importante, pues las mujeres son vendidas en el mercado del sexo con el propósito de explotarlas sexualmente. La evidencia sugiere que en el presente la violencia basada en el genero causa más muertes que las enfermedades o los accidentes de transito. Por eso, el principal objetivo de este articulo es evidenciar como el tráfico de mujeres continua siendo una de las formas más primitivas de explotación sexual y violencia contra las mujeres en México. Para este estudio las informaciones se han obtenido en la ciudad de Tapachula en el estado de Chiapas, México.Today, gender-based violence has crossed all social barriers, with millions of women considering it a fact of life. Among all kinds of gender-based violence, the trafficking of women is perhaps the most important, for women are sold in the sex market for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Evidence shows that at present gender-based violence causes more deaths than diseases and accidents. The main objective of this study is to show that the trafficking of women remains as a form of sexual exploitation and violence against women in Mexico. The data has been obtained in Tapachula, a town in the state of Chiapas, Mexico.

This paper tries to explore the process of urbanization and spatial changes in demographic features in the Monterrey Metropolitan Region (MMR), Mexico. This city is the third largest urban sector in Mexico which has around 4 million population. It is also the industrial and economic capital of the country. The present study found that rapid urbanization in the metropolitan region has a close association with process of industrialization. In population distribution and composition, study found that the metropolitan region had its “demographic transition” during the years seventies and currently the region is taking advantages of demographic bonus cohort, i.e. a higher concentration of population in economic active groups compare to children and old age population. However, this paper indentified a higher imbalance in metropolitan demographic scenario. On the one hand, there is di-populization in the city center region and in other there is a steady increment of population in peri-urban region.

Globally, nearly 20 million children under five suffer from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), a condition which contributes to one million child deaths annually. In India 48% of children under five years of age are stunted and 43 percent are underweight; almost 8 million suffer from SAM. Malnutrition is not a new problem in India, nor is SAM. Several hospitals and non-government organizations are engaged in community-based management of malnutrition using locally produced/procured and locally processed foods along with intensive nutrition education. These programs enable parents to meet the nutritional requirements of their children with foods that are available at low cost. The Supreme Court of India has also directed the government to universalize the Integrated Child Development Scheme and provide one hot cooked meal to children under six years of age to supplement their nutrition.

Today, gender-based violence has crossed all social barriers, with millions of women considering it a fact of life. Among all kinds of gender-based violence, the trafficking of women is perhaps the most important, for women are sold in the sex market for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Evidence shows that at present gender-based violence causes more deaths than diseases and accidents. The main objective of this study is to show that the trafficking of women remains as a form of sexual exploitation and violence against women in Mexico. The data has been obtained in Tapachula, a town in the state of Chiapas, Mexico.

Sixty male patients of leprosy (mean age = 27.2+5.04 years) selected at random, were studied for gonadal involvement and therapeutic efficacy of two indigenous drugs. Of these 34 were married, with the mean duration of illness 4.17+3.27 years. Only those with lepromatous and dimorphous leprosy developed testicular and epididymal changes. Testicular pain and/or swelling (lepromatous =62.5%, dimorphous 30%) was the commonest presenting feature. Altered sexual function was observed in 34 (56.6%) cases, while 11 patients revealed altered sexual hair pattern and nine gynaeco-mastia. Reduced testicular size associated with soft feel was present in 25% of cases with no testicular sensation in 8 (13.3%) and impaired testicular sensation in 9 (15%) patients. Spermogram revealed azoospermia in 19 (35%) and oligospermia in 16 (26.6%) patients. Histopathological findings of testicle biopsy revealed evidence of leprous pathology irrespective of testicular size, semen picture and clinical manifestations. Histopatho-logical changes had shown marked variation and so did not enable categorising them into vascular, interstitial and obliterative phases. These changes were believed to be due to the altered gonadal state in leprosy. The therapeutic efficacy of the indigenous preparations, Speman and Tentex forte (Himalaya) was evaluated subjectively as well as objectively in 34 patients. 823% of cases showed subjective improvement while objective improvement in spermogram was noted in 87.5% cases with oligospermia. The drugs have no side effect and were well tolerated.

Since the times of Galileo, it is well-known that a simple pendulum oscillates harmonically for any sufficiently small angular amplitude. Beyond this regime and in absence of dissipative forces, the pendulum period increases with amplitude and then it becomes a nonlinear system. Here in this work, we make use of Fourier series to investigate the transition from linear to nonlinear oscillations, which is done by comparing the Fourier coefficient of the fundamental mode (i.e., that for the small-angle regime) to those corresponding to higher frequencies, for angular amplitudes up to 9 0 ∘. Contrarily to some previous works, our results reveal that the pendulum oscillations are not highly anharmonic for all angular amplitudes. This kind of analysis for the pendulum motion is of great pedagogical interest for both theoretical and experimental classes on this theme.