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Mesoamerican cloud forests support a rich and unique biodiversity but face severe threats from increasing habitat degradation and climate change. Here, we present an updated overview of the amphibians and reptiles of Cusuco National Park (CNP), an isolated cloud forest in the Sierra de Omoa, Northwest Honduras. Based on surveys conducted over a 17-year period, we report the presence of 105 confirmed species of amphibians (30) and reptiles (75) within the reserve. This includes numerous threatened and regionally endemic amphibian species, as well as several reptile species previously unrecorded within the park. Given that it harbours approximately 26% of all recorded Honduran herpetofauna, our study highlights CNP as the most diverse forest region in Honduras with respect to the reptile and amphibian diversity documented to date. Our findings reinforce the plea to actively protect CNP as a globally valuable biodiversity hotspot and a centre of herpetofaunal endemicity. Furthermore, in the face of rapid deforestation across Mesoamerica, our findings highlight the need for expanded biodiversity studies across extant forest regions in Honduras to refine species distribution ranges and facilitate timely and effective conservation measures.

This article delves into the intricate relationship between the evolution of Argentina’s labor market, particularly the historical inclusion of women, and the contours of contemporary social welfare policies for female recipients. Set against the backdrop of a decades-long crisis in employment and income, especially affecting low-income families and women tasked with caregiving responsibilities, the article posits the hypothesis that the trend of feminization in social welfare policies partly stems from the pauperization of Argentina’s labor market in the latter part of the 20th century and the historically subordinate role of women within patriarchal capitalist societies. Employing an empirical-historical methodology, it scrutinizes the shifts and dynamics of the labor market over the 20th century as well as the features of the welfare policy framework at the beginning of the 21st century. The article is a contribution to Argentina’s labor market and social policy literature and portrays current socio-welfare programs as an adaptation to the employment and income crisis, further entrenching women’s subordinate status within the social fabric.

Objective. The rational use of medicines offers a cost-saving strategy to maximize therapeutic outcomes for developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rational use of medicines for selected noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) at three pharmacies at public hospitals in Jamaica using the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) prescribing indicators. Methods. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, prescriptions for adult outpatients containing at least one medicine for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma that were filled between January and July 2019 were reviewed using WHO’s prescribing indicators for the rational use of medicines. Data were analyzed and expressed as descriptive and inferential statistics. For all analyses conducted, significance was determined at P < 0.05. Results. A total of 1 500 prescriptions covering 5 979 medicines were reviewed; prescriptions were mostly written for female patients aged 42–60 years. Polypharmacy was observed in 35.6% (534) of prescriptions, and there was an average of 4 medicines per prescription, with a maximum of 17. Most of the prescriptions at each site were filled, with the main reason for not dispensing a medicine being that it was out of stock. Generic prescribing was high for all sites, accounting for more than 95% (5 722) of prescribed medicines. There was full compliance with prescribing according to the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines at two of the sites, but it was just off the target at Site 1, by 1.4%. Conclusions. The WHO guidelines for the rational use of medicines were followed with respect to the proportion of medicines prescribed from the WHO Model List and the proportion of antibiotics prescribed. The number of medicines per prescription and the proportion of medicines prescribed by generic name did not meet the WHO criteria. However, prescribing was aligned with treatment guidelines for the selected NCDs.

Objective: To test the efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention in targeting risk factors for eating disorders (EDs) and predisposing factors for muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms in body-dissatisfied Brazilian men over 1 year of follow-up and evaluate whether reductions in body-ideal internalization would mediate the intervention’s impact on ED and MD symptoms. Methods: Participants were randomized to a two-session DB intervention (n=89) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n=91), and completed validated measures assessing body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, ED, and MD symptoms at baseline, post-intervention, 1-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups. Results: The DB condition showed significantly greater reductions in MD symptoms and body dissatisfaction compared with the AOC group over a 1-year follow-up, while significant differences were not observed for body-ideal internalization and ED symptoms. Changes in body-ideal internalization from baseline to 1-month follow-up completely mediated the relationship between condition and the changes observed in both ED and MD symptoms. Conclusion: These results provide further evidence of the efficacy of the tested intervention through 1-year follow-up in reducing body dissatisfaction and MD symptoms, but no such result was observed for body-ideal internalization and EDs. Our findings provide support for theoretical models of eating pathology and MD symptoms in Brazilian men. Clinical Trial Registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC): RBR-27dc264.

The General e grand estoria (GGE), a universal history commissioned by King Alfonso X in the 13th century, is a uniquely vast and rich resource, bringing together Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sources, as well as apocryphal and Classical ones, translated into the newly-evolving Castilian language. We maintain that only a wide-ranging, international and interdisciplinary team can unlock the complexities of this enormous, multicultural text, and that digital tools are essential for managing this collaborative work. “The Confluence of Religious Cultures in Medieval History” is a collaborative project to digitize, edit, annotate, and translate the text. We set out how the project offers a new partnership model, suite of digital tools, and experiential learning opportunities for emerging digital humanists and scholars of Spanish, English, French, Arabic, and Hebrew, and explore the possibilities opened by the digital to advance a coordinated global program of training and knowledge mobilization.

Esta ponencia examina las evidencias para la actividad física en la pérdida de peso y de adiposidad, la prevención del aumento de peso y la adiposidad, así como la recuperación de peso en adultos, y provee orientación sobre las implicaciones para los profesionales del ejercicio. La evidencia de la investigación indica que se requieren > 150 minutos, pero preferiblemente 300 minutos por semana de actividad aeróbica de intensidad al menos moderada para prevenir el aumento de peso y adiposidad, y al menos el extremo superior de esta gama de actividad para prevenir la recuperación de peso después de la pérdida de peso. Para que la pérdida de peso y adiposidad total sea significativa, se requiere un mínimo de 300 a 400 minutos por semana de actividad aeróbica de intensidad, al menos, moderada. La evidencia en torno al volumen de actividad física aeróbica requerida para reducir la adiposidad central está surgiendo, y las investigaciones apuntan a que puede ser sustancialmente menor que la que se requiere para la pérdida de peso. El impacto de la actividad física de alta intensidad y el ejercicio de resistencia para la gestión del peso es incierto. Durante las consultas para la gestión del peso, los profesionales en ejercicio deben aconsejar que se pueden lograr beneficios para la salud metabólica y cardiovascular por medio de la actividad física a cualquier peso, e independientemente del cambio de peso.

Human capital theory (HCT) has moved from a core tenet of neoclassical economic theory to a normative and prescriptive policy position that guides our understanding of economic growth across multiple scales, from the individual to the national. In this paper, a diverse group of graduate students interrogate their experiences of accumulating and realising ‘human capital.’ They argue that HCT holds at its centre an abstract and falsely universal subject that obscures how transnational relations of patriarchy, race, and coloniality constitute class relations and thus create a reality in which investments in human capital cannot be realised by all. This paper further elaborates how this group of adult learners developed an understanding of class as a socially constituted relation within capital and thus foregrounds the need for adult educators to work from a more nuanced articulation of class that recognizes relationality with other forms of oppression.

In the English-speaking Caribbean, an estimated 46% of men and 61% of women are currently overweight or obese, and 8% of children younger than 5 years are also overweight. To combat this worsening epidemic, driven by unhealthy dietary patterns, the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) issued the 2007 Port-of-Spain Declaration, which included mandates on the provision of healthy school meals, promotion of healthy dietary patterns, and reintroduction of physical education in schools. These mandates are aligned with evidence-based approaches used in childhood obesity prevention programs. School-based interventions, including curriculum revisions, are part of a multipronged approach to improve nutrition in children and are designed to complement and reinforce other interventions in schools. However, formal evaluation of the Port-of-Spain Declaration showed that most CARICOM member countries had difficulty implementing the mandates related to schools and diet. The Improving Household Nutrition Security and Public Health in the CARICOM project, in collaboration with regional institutions, the CARICOM Secretariat, and the Caribbean Examinations Council, sought to enhance nutrition education through revision of region-wide primary and secondary school curricula to increase the focus on prevention of noncommunicable diseases. This paper describes the process of revising the Caribbean Examinations Council’s Human and Social Biology syllabus for secondary schools and the CARICOM Health and Family Life Education Regional Curriculum Framework for primary schools, which was achieved through multisectoral collaboration. We used the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced model to describe the process through which the modifications were made.

In this interview granted to Marcus Held, Clive Brown discourses about his career dedicated to the historical investigations related to the 18th and 19th centuries music, with emphasis on past performance practices. Brown, who witnessed the consolidation of the Early Music in England, recalls the processes of (re)discovery not only of the past repertoire, but also of the musical thought. With particular interest in musical notation and its intellectual processes, the researcher points that the approach to the score has definitely changed throughout the centuries and, from that, many challenges are posed for the activity of contemporary musical editing.

Abstract In this article, Nicholas Brown analyses the work of Hélio Oiticica from the 50s - when it was firmly related to the research conducted by the Neo-Concrete avant-garde - to the 70s and demonstrates how these works thematize in insistent ways an experiential aspect that is implicit from the beginning in the work’s literal objecthood, permanently mobilizing the dialetics between the idea and the literal support in space. The author also examines the specific configuration of the correlation between political history and the art-historical sequence regarding the Neo-Concretism. Finally, departing from the productive contradiction between thingly substrate and signifying surface in Oiticica´s work, Brown indicates how the dynamic between social-political and intellectual history is presented in the last years of his trajectory as a re-investment of the art object in odds with commodity society.

Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemics consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

Objective. To describe features of nutritional interventions implemented in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the past 20 years. Methods. A rapid scoping review was conducted by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases for interventions conducted in SIDS that sought to improve the nutrition of their populations between 2000 and 2019 inclusive. The Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2020 was also examined to assess nutritional policies in SIDS. Results. A total of 174 interventions were implemented in 49 of the 58 SIDS. The greatest proportion were conducted in the Caribbean (75 interventions; 43%), with the Pacific region, and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea region each implementing about 30% of interventions. Using the NOURISHING framework, most interventions (67%) were implemented at the community and national or policy level, using multiple components of the framework. The greatest proportion of interventions (35%) were educational and awareness raising. Restrictions on physical availability of and increased taxation on alcohol were the most commonly reported policies that were partially or fully achieved; restrictions on fats were the least commonly reported. These findings were generally consistent across the SIDS regions. Conclusions. There is a paucity of nutritional policies in SIDS; the reasons may be linked to their social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. Interventions should be expanded beyond education to encompass multiple components of the NOURISHING framework, with multisectoral inclusion to ensure stronger stakeholder collaboration and buy-in. A systematic review is warranted using a fuller range of sources to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

Introduction: the validity of claims about learner self-reports depends on the credibility of the measures used. Inventories developed within the psychometric tradition are expected to provide theoretical and empirical evidence for the validity and reliability of the measures to support subsequent interpretations and decisions. These practices depend on a set of assumptions based on latent trait theory that are essential to understanding what psychometric measures can do. This tutorial outlines essential characteristics of design and reporting of psychometric self-report data.

Objectives. To describe the presence and persistence of neurological and neuropsychological sequelae among children with acquired Zika virus infection and assess whether those sequelae were more common in children infected with Zika virus compared to uninfected children. Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study of children with and without Zika virus infection in León, Nicaragua, using a standard clinical assessment tool and questionnaire to collect data on symptoms at three visits, about 6 months apart, and a battery of standardized instruments to evaluate neurocognitive function, behavior, depression, and anxiety at the last two visits. Results. Sixty-two children were enrolled, with no significant differences in demographics by infection group. Children infected with Zika virus had a range of neurological symptoms, some of which persisted for 6 to 12 months; however, no consistent pattern of symptoms was observed. At baseline a small percentage of children infected with Zika virus had an abnormal finger-to-nose test (13%), cold touch response (13%), and vibration response (15%) versus 0% in the uninfected group. Neurocognitive deficits and behavioral problems were common in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. Children infected with Zika virus had lower cognitive efficiency scores at the 6-month visit. Anxiety and depression were infrequent in both groups. Conclusions. Larger studies are needed to definitively investigate the relationship between Zika virus infection and neurological symptoms and neurocognitive problems, with adjustment for factors affecting cognition and behavior, including mood and sleep disorders, home learning environment, history of neuroinvasive infections, and detailed family history of neuropsychological problems.

Durante la pandemia por COVID-19, el sistema educativo costarricense ha adaptado las clases a una modalidad virtual; además, hay evidencia de brechas tecnológicas, digitales y educativas entre la población estudiantil. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las características sociodemo­gráficas, psicosociales, tecnológicas y digitales asociadas al nivel de satisfacción de adolescentes en Costa Rica con las clases virtuales durante la pandemia. Se empleó un diseño transversal y se aplicó un cuestionario en línea a adolescentes de entre 14 y 18 años (n = 128, 63.3% mujeres, Medad = 16.2, DEedad = 0.593) de colegios públicos y privados. Se encontró que solo el apoyo percibido, la autoefi­cacia hacia las clases virtuales y el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) se correlacionan significativamente (de forma positiva) con la satisfacción con las clases virtuales. Además, se halló que un modelo que explica la variabilidad en la satisfacción a partir del apoyo percibido y la autoeficacia hacia las clases virtuales es mejor que uno que también incluya el NSE como variable predictora. Los resultados muestran indicios sobre la forma de hacer más satisfactoria la experiencia de las personas adolescen­tes en el contexto de clases virtuales.

We explore the everyday life of a group of young people in conflict with the law and the relationships they maintain with the devices and strategies of the Law 20.084 on Adolescent Criminal Responsibility (LRPA). First, we describe the ethnographic context of the research. Then, we show their forms of sociability, moral experiences and interactions between young people and the adolescent penal system’s devices. Materials suggest that young people’s experiences are closely linked to a series of local values, norms and expectations around representations about masculinity and adulthood. Thus, through their moral experiences, young people reveal how they engage with criminal practices, as well as identifying their points of friction and conflict with the LRPA strategies.

To enhance students’ environmental knowledge, art helps to transcend the classroom while incorporating academic content in multithemed lessons that integrate and meet academic standards. As Inwood remarks, this approach expands creativity and applies real world critical thinking skills to environmental problems, issues, and future sustainability. This study describes interdisciplinary instruction using environmental arts education, which encourages students to help community and local environments. The authors frame this experience for the youngsters by showing them how to create their own art so they can make immediate and personal connections to the natural environment. While participating in the educational lessons, students learn how their actions affect the environment, and through their own artistic contributions, they essentially become “environmental artists” who enrich the world at large. Students apply their understanding of these issues through self-directed learning experiences of the type described by Grava and Pole, and they discover direct connections between themselves, others, and the environment.

Los cambios en la enseñanza superior por la pandemia COVID-19 han afectado al estudiantado universitario, incluido el de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR). Las redes sociales que ofrecen espacio de confesiones anónimas son una fuente de información para ampliar el conocimiento de esta problemática. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las principales temáticas relacionadas con el bienestar, la educación remota de emergencia y la pandemia por COVID-19, expresadas por estudiantes de la UCR a través de la página de Facebook, Confesiones UCR, durante los períodos comprendidos entre el 06 de marzo, 2020, al 30 de septiembre, 2021; y del grupo Experiencias Virtuales UCR entre el 04 de julio, 2021, y el 30 de septiembre, 2021. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, se realizó una revisión documental de 133 publicaciones de ambos sitios, con un análisis de frecuencias de categorías temáticas encontradas, que se agruparon en tres dimensiones: personal, interpersonal e institucional. Se observó que las situaciones atravesadas por el estudiantado responden a dificultades individuales (predominantemente ansiedad y/o estrés, cansancio, desmotivación y cuestionamientos sobre la continuidad de los estudios), interpersonales (sobresale la falta de apoyo familiar, de amistades y de pares) para hacer frente a retos de la educación remota de emergencia y mantener el bienestar; y también evidencian puntos de mejora y limitaciones institucionales (especialmente el poco apoyo o interés docente percibido) para afrontar los retos. Se concluye que los sitios revisados facilitan el desahogo, las solicitudes, y el intercambio de apoyo entre el estudiantado, ante los problemas que afectan sus diferentes dimensiones de bienestar y contribuyen al proceso educativo.

Manuel Moreno Barcelona, Gestión 2000, 2014 260 páginas

Raquel Ayestarán Crespo-Celia Rangel Pérez-Ana Sebastián Morillas Madrid, ESIC EDITORIAL, 2012 350 páginas

Selectivity is a fishing gear characteristic capable of catching fish of a specific size and species from the existing population distribution. Mesh size is one of the important factors that influence gillnets’ selectivity, because different length-classes of fish are caught by them. This report focuses on the selectivity of two mesh sizes of gillnets (8.89 cm and 10.16 cm) on mackerel's catch and constructing a gillnet in Sungailiat waters. Experimental fishing methods and selectivity analysis were used for the fishing gear’s more selective preparation, if the largest fishing ratio's value at the fork length (L) is high and the standard deviation value (S) is closer to 1. It is concluded that to be more selective a largest S (L) value of 0.999267194 at fork length (L=54.95 cm), and with a larger value of S (L) 0.997096071 and with (L=66.55 cm) for mesh Sizes 8.89 cm and 10.16 cm, respectively.

Resumo Fundamento A presença de Doença Cardiovascular (DCV) em indivíduos infectados pela COVID-19 pode implicar em um pior prognóstico. Objetivo Descrever a prevalência da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 e analisar os fatores associados a essa condição em adultos e idosos com doença cardiovascular no Brasil até a 30ª Semana Epidemiológica de 2020. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), referente às fichas de notificação de SRAG de indivíduos hospitalizados no Brasil, entre a 1a e 30a Semana Epidemiológica de 2020. Foram incluídos adultos e idosos (≥ 18 anos) com DCV. A variável dependente foi a confirmação de SRAG por COVID-19 e foram analisados fatores relacionados a características sociodemográficas, sinais e sintomas e fatores clínicos. Aplicou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Foram analisadas as notificações de 116.343 indivíduos. Destes, 61,9% obtiveram diagnóstico de SRAG por COVID-19. A prevalência do desfecho foi 4% menor nas mulheres (IC95%: 0,94–0,99) e 18% menor em zonas rurais (IC95%: 0,77–0,87). Observou-se prevalência maior na faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos (IC95%: 1,09–1,48) e na região nordeste (IC95%: 1,72–1,91). Febre, tosse, internação em UTI, uso de suporte ventilatório e caso nosocomial também foram significativamente associados a uma maior probabilidade de SRAG por COVID-19 nesses indivíduos. Conclusão Há alta prevalência de SRAG por COVID-19 em adultos e idosos com DCV no Brasil. Associaram-se fatores relacionados a características sociodemográficas, clínicas, sinais e sintomas.

Abstract Background: Malignant skin melanoma is a serious public health problem, especially among the elderly population. Knowing the dynamics of the mortality rates of this disease in Brazil is essential to support the creation of public health policies. Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of mortality from malignant skin melanoma in elderly people in Brazil, from 2001 to 2016. Methods: This was a descriptive analytical study of mortality rates from malignant skin melanoma in the elderly. The data were obtained from the Mortality Information System, and information related to the population was obtained from the 2010 population census and population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Mortality coefficients were calculated and simple linear regression analysis of the coefficients was performed by sex and macro-region. Results: A total 12,712 deaths due to malignant skin melanoma in the elderly were registered. The majority (56.8%) occurred in the male population. In females, a tendency of increase in mortality rates due to malignant skin melanoma was observed in the Northeast (p ≤ 0.001), Midwest (p = 0.002), and Brazil as a whole (p = 0.003). In males, an upward trend was observed in all regions, except for the Southeast region. For both sexes, there was also an upward trend in all regions, with the exception of the Southeast region. Study limitations: Secondary databases are directly influenced by the quality of death certificate completion and their heterogeneous scope in Brazilian regions. Conclusion: The increase in mortality indicates a potential public health challenge for the coming decades. The prevention of skin cancer among the elderly should become a priority, mainly through the implementation of preventive measures.

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Objective: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a third-wave psychological intervention that has attracted considerable clinical and research attention. A previous meta-analysis of ACT trials in psychosis reported a large effect size of ACT against overall psychotic symptomatology. However, there were critical methodological issues in the review that justify replication. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing ACT vs. any comparator condition in a sample of adults with psychosis. The outcome of interest was overall psychotic symptomatology. Results: The search identified seven published and eight unpublished trials (of which we were able to obtain data from one). Data on symptomatology were extracted from six trials that involved 274 participants. The summary effect size (Hedge’s G) for overall symptomatology was small and not significant (-0.21, 95%CI -0.60-0.18). Trials were generally rated as having a high risk of bias. Safety reporting was inadequate across included trials. Conclusions: Our observed effect size contrasted with that reported in a previous meta-analysis; differences were likely explained by errors in data extraction. The findings of this review suggest that there is currently inadequate evidence to conclude that ACT is a safe and effective treatment against psychotic symptomatology. Systematic review registration: CRD42018097200

Objectives. This study summarizes the findings of a training needs and priority assessment completed in Haiti. Its objective is to describe the characteristics of nursing and allied professions providing first level maternal health care and identify training needs and priorities to inform planning of Human Resources for Health interventions. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was completed between October 2016 and March 2017 by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Haiti office in collaboration with national health authorities. Participants reached consensus to submit one finalized version of the survey. Data were collected on composition, capacities, and training needs and priorities of traditional birth attendants, community health workers, registered nurses, professional midwives, and auxiliary nurses. Results. Haiti relies heavily on community level workers including community health workers, auxiliary nurses, and traditional birth attendants. Traditional birth attendants attend the majority of Haiti’s births, despite having low education levels and not being regulated by the Ministry of Public Health and Population. All professional categories prioritize preventive capacities such as timely identification of complications, while none are trained to manage postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Management of obstetric emergencies is a training priority for Haiti but is not part of the scope of work of the nursing and allied health professions included in this study. Conclusions. Community level health workers are key in providing preventive care and referral of complicated pregnancies, but lack of access to providers qualified to treat obstetric complications remains a challenge to reducing maternal mortality.

The understanding of law in the Middle East requires not simply different disciplinary perspectives but bringing disciplines into dialogue with each other. It also requires analysis that crosses historical periods in order to understand legal systems as ones that develop over time based on longstanding traditions and earlier transformations, not simply European intrusion. We present a series of analyses by scholar who, while anchored in their own discipline, historical focus, and geographical specialization consciously work to address a broad social scientific audience.

Nas salas de aula, os professores envolvem explicitamente e implicitamente os alunos na exploração das ideologias linguísticas que influenciam suas atitudes sobre a variação da linguagem e as relações raciais. O estudo de caso relatado aqui usa análise do discurso etnogeograficamente detalhada para examinar como as conversas instrucionais em uma sala de aula de artes de língua secundária convidaram os alunos a refletir, desconstruir e reconstruir ideologias linguísticas isso influenciou a forma como eles viam o uso da linguagem e as relações raciais. Empregamos um quadro mircoetnográfico, analítico do discurso, informado por sociolinguística interacional, teoria racial crítica e raciolinguística para analisar a conversa instrucional. A análise tornou visível como a conversa instrucional orientou a desconstrução e a reconstrução da variação da linguagem pelos alunos através do posicionamento uns dos outros para questionar binários linguísticos, ligações entre ideologias linguísticas e raciais hierarquias e ideologias linguísticas que carecem de aterramento em suas próprias experiências linguísticas cotidianas. Os resultados também mostram que as próprias identidades sociais dos alunos foram implicadas nas ideologias linguísticas que detinham, desconstruídas e reconstruídas.

Se analizaron los diferentes factores que inciden en la intención emprendedora de hombres y mujeres. A partir de una encuesta aplicada al alumnado de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, se construyeron variables con un análisis factorial que, junto con las características demográficas del alumnado, se estimó un modelo Logit. Los resultados destacaron que las mujeres poseen menos probabilidades de emprender que los hombres. Otras divergencias fueron el “nivel de la carrera”, “características personales empresariales”, “presencia de empresarios en la familia” y “acceso al financiamiento”. Estos hallazgos muestran la necesidad de diseñar políticas públicas que fomenten el emprendimiento en mujeres.

Objective: The prevalence of sleep disorders during the perinatal period is high and large health administrative database surveys have shown that the use of exogenous melatonin in pregnant populations is quite common, about 4%. Much of the concern about using melatonin during pregnancy and breastfeeding stems from animal research. Thus, the objective of this article is to provide a critical review of human studies related to exogenous melatonin use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Methods: The electronic databases Ovid, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched using terms and keywords related to melatonin, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Results: Fifteen studies were included in this review. Eight focused on melatonin use during pregnancy and seven focused on melatonin use during breastfeeding. There was a variety of study designs, including case reports, cohort studies, and clinical trials. There is a lack of randomized, controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of melatonin as a treatment for sleep disorders during pregnancy or breastfeeding and, notably, insomnia was not the primary outcome measure in any of the studies included in this review. Clinical trials that used exogenous melatonin during pregnancy and breastfeeding for other clinical conditions have not suggested major safety concerns or adverse events. Conclusion: Contrary to what animal studies have suggested, evidence from clinical studies to date suggests that melatonin use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is probably safe in humans. This review further emphasizes the need for clinical studies on sleep disorders, including exogenous melatonin, during pregnancy and lactation.

Este artigo situa o teatro laboratório na história da inovação social e busca mostrar como o fenômeno dos laboratórios sociais do século XXI proporciona modos de pensar que possam efetivamente informar concepções contemporâneas de teatro laboratório. Ao examinar o Maketank, uma organização incipiente em Exeter, no Reino Unido, o artigo propõe uma nova abordagem organizacional, denominada laboratório cultural, que combina princípios dos laboratórios teatrais e sociais com o objetivo de estender o teatro laboratório para esferas de ação cultural mais amplas.

This article situates the theatre laboratory in the history of social innovation and attempts to show how the twenty-first century phenomenon of social labs productively offer modes of thinking that can usefully inform contemporary conceptions of the theatre laboratory. Through an examination of Maketank, a fledgling organization in Exeter, UK, the article proposes a new organisational approach called the cultural laboratory that combines principles of both the theatre and social lab with the aim of extending the theatre laboratory into broader realms of cultural action.

Abstract Student conceptions of the purposes of assessment are an important aspect of self-regulated learning. This study advances our understanding of the Student Conceptions of Assessment Inventory (SCoA) by examining the generalizability of the factorial structure of the SCoA using bifactor analysis and conducting cross-cultural invariance testing between Brazil and New Zealand. Eight different models were specified and evaluated, with the best model being adopted for invariance testing. This research adds to our understanding of the cross-cultural properties of the SCoA because the introduction of the bifactor model resulted in metric equivalence between countries, which had previously had only partial metric equivalence. Future studies should attempt to create more items around several SCoA constructs.

ABSTRACT: Adult learning, or andragogy, provides a novel way of appreciating using food analogies as an effective learning tool in veterinary pathology. Facilitation of adult learning requires that new concepts be presented in a way that draws on the learner’s experience. Because veterinary students will have had considerable experience with a plethora of food items prior to enrolling in a pathology course, food analogies can provide an easy conduit for incorporating key learning concepts regarding veterinary pathology. In this paper, many of these analogies are presented, along with the mechanisms responsible for each of the characteristic lesions, in the hopes that their usefulness in the classroom can be highlighted to create a more engaging and facilitated learning environment.

Contemporary cultural media illustrates the vampire as an important symbolic figure in the Brazilian imaginary. For example, in twentieth and twenty-first century Brazilian fiction, television, and political discourse, vampires have risen from their supposedly European origins as expressions of urban decay, comic excess, and government corruption in Brazil. Beyond these representations, I focus on three contemporary novels in which the vampire also plays a starring role. O vampiro que descobriu o Brasil (1999) by Ivan Jaf, Aventuras do vampiro de Palmares (2014) by Gerson Lodi-Ribeiro, and Dom Pedro I Vampiro (2015) by Nazarethe Fonseca stand out from other creative reimaginings of the vampire within a Brazilian cultural context. Exploring fiction’s potential for rewriting dominant national narratives, they cast vampires as historical actors in order to protagonize indigenous and black “Others” in Brazilian history. However, at the same time as they rewrite both the nineteenth-century European literary origins of the vampire and the history of Brazil, they also reinscribe the modern myths of racial mixture, or mestiçagem, and cannibalism, or antropofagia, popularized by Gilberto Freyre and Oswald de Andrade, respectively. In this way, the novels exemplify the complex tension between revising and perpetuating cultural stereotypes in fictional retellings of Brazilian history.

In this paper, we address the condition that, in Chile, the Adolescent Criminal Responsibility Law gives to the young offender. Based on disciplines such as psychology and neuroscience, this law characterizes the young person as a "developing subject" to support his/her special criminal treatment according to their "vulnerable", "risky" and "transgressive" nature. The statistical analysis shows that the law protects, in its differentiated juridical consideration, a reinforced government regime of the youth risk. This regime seeks to resolve the subjection to the law of young people through the extended and dominant idea of their subjection to development.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito de série única de AM na região anterior e posterior de coxa sobre a frequência cardíaca (FC), duplo produto (DP) e saturação de oxigênio (SpO2) em mulheres normotensas. Participaram do estudo nove mulheres normotensas, as quais realizaram três visitas durante cinco dias consecutivos com intervalo de 24 horas entre as visitas. Durante a primeira visita, os sujeitos realizaram familiarização dos exercícios de AM e de todos os procedimentos que envolveram a coleta de dados. Após a familiarização, seguiu-se aleatoriamente duas sessões, que incluiu: 1) grupo controle (CG) e 2) AM com foam rolling com duração de 120 segundos (AM120). Durante a GC, nenhum procedimento experimental foi realizado. Já, na AM o procedimento foi realizado aleatoriamente e unilateralmente para as regiões anterior e posterior de coxa. Não foi observado diferença significativa (p>0,05) em ambas as condições experimentais para HR, DP e SpO2. Apesar de não ser possível observar diferenças significativas, o tamanho do efeito indica tendência de reduções de caráter clínico na frequência cardíaca e duplo produto a partir de 30 minutos após a sessão, fato este que corrobora com a prescrição da AM como importante instrumento para controle das cifras cardíacas.

Resumo Introdução O bruxismo é uma condição prevalente e pode ser destrutivo à cavidade bucal, sendo amplamente abordado na Odontologia, especialmente por sua etiologia multifatorial e prevalência controversa. Objetivo Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a prevalência do autorrelato de bruxismo entre universitários e correlacionar a parafunção com a ansiedade e o estresse autopercebidos Material e método Utilizaram-se o autorrelato de bruxismo, Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) e Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse de LIPP (LIPP) para avaliar a prevalência de bruxismo, ansiedade e estresse, respectivamente. Setecentos e quatorze estudantes de todos os cursos da universidade foram entrevistados, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos. Análises estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas por cálculos de frequências (absolutas e relativas), bem como medidas de tendência central e dispersão (média e desvio padrão). Quanto às análises estatísticas inferenciais, o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foi utilizado na comparação de proporções e o teste t de Student ou ANOVA, como critério para comparar médias, todos com nível de significância de 5%. Resultado A prevalência de bruxismo foi 46,92%; houve diferença significante da proporão do bruxismo com a ansiedade estado (p = 0,00) e traço (p ≤ 0,0001) de personalidade. Conclusão Conclui-se que, apesar de o bruxismo não ter prevalecido entre estudantes, um elevado percentual de estudantes afirmou realizar essa atividade repetitiva e a proporção de bruxistas com ansiedade foi relevante, evidenciando a importância desse fator psicológico na fisiopatologia da parafunção.

ABSTRACT: The shape is one of the key features of a lesion and a pathologist must be able to identify and interpret these forms in the context of any gross and microscopic changes. One of the principles of adult learning is to engage the learner with previously understood information. If, when presenting material that is new, a connection with something the student already has familiarity with, the learning process is accelerated. As the learners are already familiar with shapes they have encountered throughout their pre-pathology learning, these can be used to hasten the incorporation and understanding of lesions. This paper describes various shapes that are used in describing lesions in veterinary pathology.

This translation of José Martí's Nuestra América (Our America) and accompanying essay offer English-speaking readers a new version of his seminal text, situating it more firmly within the realm of literary and translation studies, and decentering it from the world of Latin American history or politics, where the extant English translations tend to live in North American libraries. The translator’s meditation focuses on some of the more poetic aspects of Martí's language and the logic he employs to create interconnected evolving metaphors and metonyms, while also explaining some of the lexical and syntactic choices made in key areas that have traditionally caused difficulty with previous translations of this essay.

The forced transition to online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic has fast-tracked the integration of ICT use by teachers across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) . Given the slow adoption of ICT by LAC teachers before the pandemic it is useful to investigate how, why and in what ways, LAC teachers overcame their prior reluctance and resistance to learn and practice digital literacy. Using qualitative interview data from a global report on teachers’ experiences during Covid-19, this paper analyses how the pandemic changed the ways in which 53 teachers from 15 LAC countries think about and use ICT. It suggests their concern for student loss of learning due to school closures empowered them to overcome barriers that normally impede ICT use by teachers. At the same time, initial acceptance of ICT use has wavered due to ongoing widespread challenges with internet connectivity and access. This has implications for what we know about supporting professional development in the use of ICT after Covid-19 and beyond.

Historians have tended to ignore the South American experience of cycling. The continent’s diverse history of sports has been effaced by a popular and academic focus on soccer. The global history of cycling has therefore omitted South America from its analysis, perpetuating mistaken assumptions about the continent’s absence from technological and social innovation. This article analyses the sources located across the continent to demonstrate that cyclists raced, toured, and did acrobatics, often watched by thousands of spectators, attracting the attention of chroniclers and the media. The physical sensations of travelling through the environment on a pedal-powered machine were new and unexpected. With its focus on cycling as sport, recreation and mode of transport, this article inserts South America into the early global history of cycling.

Introdução: As desordens temporomandibulares (DTM’s) são um conjunto de condições que afetam as articulações temporomandibulares (ATM’s), os músculos da mastigação e estruturas associadas. Existem várias subclassificações das DTM’s que podem ocorrer de forma isolada ou combinadas. A osteoartrite é definida como uma condição inflamatória que resulta na erosão da cartilagem articular e degeneração do osso subcondral adjacente. Os sinais e sintomas clínicos incluem a crepitação, limitação dos movimentos mandibulares e dor articular intermitente. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico sobre osteoartrite na ATM e avaliar a eficácia do plano de tratamento indicado para o caso. Relato de Caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 19 anos, compareceu à clínica Odontológica da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – Campus Governador Valadares, com a seguinte queixa: “dores na região de cabeça, pescoço e ombros, sensação de cansaço e sensibilidade a luz”, que se iniciaram há cinco anos. A avaliação da paciente consistiu na anamnese, aplicação de questionários: questionário baseado na Academia Americana de Dor Orofacial, hipervigilância, catastrofização e qualidade do sono, e exame físico. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi realizado o diagnóstico de osteoartrite e mialgia centralmente mediada. Diante do quadro, foi escolhido um tratamento conservador com a utilização de medicamentos, exercícios de alongamento muscular, termoterapia e higiene do sono e em especial para a osteoartrite a redução de carga por meio de orientação da paciente e uso, durante o sono, de dispositivo interoclusal. Conclusão: A paciente apresentou melhora significativa em relação a sintomatologia dolorosa e amplitude de movimento.