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Digitaria insularis is a Poaceae disseminated mainly by seeds that can cause problems in agroecosystems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the age of D. insularis submitted to mowing on morphophysiological characteristics. Plants were grown in a greenhouse and cut close to the substrate at 21, 35, 49 and 77 days after emergence (DAE) or uncut, with evaluation of the variables up to 105 DAE. Except for chlorophyll b, the other variables were influenced by the age of the plants when cutting (p<0.05). Plant height and number of leaves decreased with increasing cutting age. The highest chlorophyll a content was observed in the cut at 51 DAE. Epicuticular wax mass was greater in the 49 DAE (0.4 mg cm-2) cut. The shoot dry mass decreased with increasing age at the cut, reaching zero (0 g) after 54 DAE. The root dry mass reached the minimum point when the aerial part was cut at 57 DAE. Shoot water content decreased with increasing cutting age. The root water content showed a biphasic behavior, with the lowest water content (18.8%) in the cut at 49 DAE. These results suggest that mowing close to 21 DAE favors the development of D. insularis. Therefore, D. insularis plants in optimal development conditions should be managed by mowing priority between 49 and 60 DAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was carried out with the objective of check the resistance of populations of Digitaria insularis to the herbicide glyphosate in the municipalities of Jaboticabal and Itápolis (SP). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design was used, with four replications. Were evalueted two populations of Digitaria insularis and seven doses of glyphosate (0D, 1/4D, 1/2D, D, 2D, 4D and 8D, where D is the recommended dose of 450 g ha-1 of acid equivalent). Visual evaluations of control were evaluated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after herbicide application (DAA), and, at the end, the dry mass of the plants. The control and fresh weight reduction estimates were fitted to a non-linear log-logistic regression model and the I50, I80 and RF of the populations were calculated. The highest control scores were achieved 20 days after application and the highest amounts of dry mass were from treatments with lower doses. The two populations of Digitaria insularis, from Jaboticabal and Itápolis, were considered to have low resistance to the herbicide glyphosate, indicating the existence of selection pressure for the herbicide glyphosate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed control is essential for sugarcane crop establishment. Was conducted a study to evaluate the control of Ipomea sp and grasses in general using pre and post emergence herbicides. The experiment was carried out in a clayey Oxisol, cultivar cv RB98-5476, between January/20 and April/21 in randomized blocks with 10 treatments in four replications. The treatments consisted of the control with and without weeds and several combinations of the herbicides ametryn, flumioxazin, and sulfentrazone, with and without incorporation into the soil before planting. After planting, each treatment received a reapplication of ametryn plus flumioxazin and after loin breaker sulfentrazone plus clomazone. Were sowed the weeds Panicum maximum, Urochloa decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea purpurea before application in pre-planting. All treatments provided excellent controls (94 to 100%) on Panicum maximum, Urochloa decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea without compromising yield up to 400 days after sugarcane planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was quantify the effect of the herbicides clethodim and paraquat associated with different adjuvants class on phytotoxicity of Digitaria insularis at flowering stage. The herbicides were applied at 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended label isolated or associated with the adjuvants: nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol at 0.05%; silicone polyether copolymer at 0.1%; lecithin-based adjuvant and acid propionic at 0.5% and mineral oil at 0.5%. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replications in factorial scheme (herbicides rates x adjuvants). The phytotoxicity effect was visually assessed for paraquat at 12 days after treatment (DAT) and at 21 DAT for clethodim. The treatments applied clethodim with the adjuvants nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol, lecithin-based adjuvant and acid propionic and mineral oil significantly increased the phytotoxicity of D. insularis plants. For the paraquat the increase phytotoxicity of D. insularis plants was provided by the treatment with the lecithin-based and acid propionic adjuvant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of S-metolachlor applied in pre-emergence conditions for the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in sugar cane mechanically harvested without previous burning of the crop (green harvest) with the crop residue either left or not on the soil surface. The experiments were established in the field according to a randomized complete block design with four repetitions in a 7 x 2 split-plot scheme. In the plots, five herbicide treatments were studied (S-metolachlor at 1.44, 1.92, and 2.40 kg ha-1, clomazone at 1.20 kg ha-1, and isoxaflutole at 0.188 kg ha-1), and two control treatments with no herbicide application. In the subplots, the presence or absence of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface was evaluated. S-metolachlor efficacy was not hampered by either 14 or 20 t ha-1 of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface. When sugar cane crop residue was covering the soil surface, S-metolachlor at a rate of 1.44 kg ha-1 resulted in weed control similar at their larger rates, where as without the presence of crop residue, S-metolachlor controlled B. decumbens, D. horizontalis, and P. maximum at the rates of 1.92, 1.44, and 1.92 kg ha-1, respectively. The herbicides clomazone and isoxaflutole were effective for the studied species, independently of the crop residue covering the soil surface. S-metolachlor caused no visible injury symptoms to the sugar cane plant. Clomazone and isoxaflutole caused visible injuries to the sugar cane plant. None of the herbicides negatively affected the number of viable culms m² or the culm height and diameter.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o controle em pré-emergência de Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis e Panicum maximum pelo herbicida S-metolachlor aplicado em pré-emergência em área de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente sem queima prévia das plantas, com e sem palha sobre o solo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela subdividida 7 x 2. Nas parcelas, foram estudados cinco tratamentos de herbicidas (S-metolachlor a 1,44, 1,92 e 2,40 kg ha-1; clomazone a 1,20 kg ha-1; e isoxaflutole a 0,188 kg ha-1) e duas testemunhas sem aplicação. Nas subparcelas, foi avaliada a manutenção ou não da palha de cana na superfície do solo. A eficácia do herbicida S-metolachlor não foi prejudicada pela presença de 14 ou 20 t ha-1 de palha de cana sobre o solo. Com a manutenção da palha, a dosagem de S-metolachlor para o controle adequado das plantas daninhas foi de 1,44kgha-1. No ambiente sem palha, o S-metolachlor controlou B. decumbens, D. horizontalis e P. maximum nas dosagens de 1.92, 1.44 e 1.92kgha-1, respectivamente. Nas duas condições de palha, os herbicidas clomazone e isoxaflutole foram eficazes para as espécies estudadas. O S-metolachlor não causou nenhum sintoma visível de intoxicação à cana-de-açúcar. O clomazone e o isoxaflutole ocasionaram injúrias visuais às plantas de cana. Os herbicidas estudados não afetaram o número de colmos viáveis por m², a altura e o diâmetro de colmos.

This project aimed to relate the control efficiency of ACCase inhibiting herbicides applied post-emergence to Digitaria horizontalis plants under different soil water contents. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, with the application of three different herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and sethoxydim + mineral oil Assist). The experimental design used for each herbicide was completely randomized, with four replications, consisting of a 3 x 4 factorial, with the combination of water management strategies (-0.03, -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) and four doses of these products (100%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of the recommended dose). Herbicide application was made at two vegetative stages, 4-6 leaves and 2-3 tillers. The visual phytotoxicity evaluations were performed at 14 days after application and the plant dry weight at the end of the study was evaluated. The control efficiency was not affected by water management strategies when applied to the recommended dose of the herbicides in early stages of plant development (4-6 leaf stage). In late applications (2-3 tiller stage) the plants held under drought stress showed less phytotoxicity.Este projeto objetivou relacionar a eficiência de controle de herbicidas inibidores da ACCase aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de Digitaria horizontalis submetidas a diferentes teores de água no solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, com a aplicação de três diferentes herbicidas (fluazifop-p-butil, haloxyfop-methyl e sethoxydim + óleo mineral Assist). O delineamento experimental utilizado para cada herbicida foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, constituído de um fatorial 3 x 4, sendo a combinação de três manejos hídricos (-0,03, 0,07 e -1,5 MPa) e quatro doses desses produtos (100, 50, 25 e 0% da dose recomendada). A aplicação dos herbicidas foi feita em dois estádios vegetativos: 4-6 folhas e 2-3 perfilhos. As avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade foram realizadas aos 14 dias após a aplicação e avaliou-se a matéria seca das plantas ao final do estudo. A eficiência de controle não foi influenciada pelos manejos hídricos quando se aplicou a dose recomendada de todos os herbicidas na fase inicial de desenvolvimento das plantas (estádio de 4-6 folhas). Em aplicações tardias (estádio de 2-3 perfilhos), as plantas mantidas sob estresse hídrico apresentaram menor fitotoxicidade.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos da massa seca de plantas de capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis), incorporadas ao solo em diferentes densidades, sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de milho, girassol e triticale. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, e as parcelas foram constituídas de uma planta, conduzida em vasos com capacidade para 2,5 L, dispostos inteiramente ao acaso. Material seco de capim-colchão nas quantidades equivalentes a 0, 2,5, 5,0 e 10 t ha-1 foi incorporado à terra. A emergência foi avaliada diariamente até 10 dias após a semeadura, quando se calculou a porcentagem final de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). A altura e a massa seca das plantas foram avaliadas 35 dias após a semeadura. A incorporação da palhada da planta daninha não interferiu na germinação e no IVE das espécies avaliadas. A massa seca e a altura de plantas de todas as espécies foram influenciadas pela palhada, decrescendo de acordo com o aumento da concentração da palhada incorporada ao solo, com exceção do triticale, que não teve alteração quanto à altura.The aim of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the dry mass of plants of crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis), incorporated into the soil at different densities, on the germination and early growth of corn, sunflower and triticale. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and the plots consisted of a plant, in pots with a capacity of 2.5 L, arranged in a completely randomized design. Dry material of crabgrass in amounts equivalent to 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10t ha-1 was incorporated into the soil. Emergence was checked daily until ten days after sowing, when the final percentage of emergence and emergence speed index were calculated. Plant height and dry weight were evaluated 35 days after sowing. Weed germination residue incorporation and emergence speed index were found to interfere in the species evaluated. Dry weight and plant height of all species were affected by the crop residues,decreasing according to the concentration of straw incorporated into soil, with the exception of triticale, whose height remained unchanged.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia dos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase sobre uma população de capim-colchão (Digitaria ciliaris) com histórico de falha de controle, bem como propor herbicidas alternativos a serem aplicados em condições de pré e pós-emergência na cultura de soja, foram conduzidos dois experimentos a campo no município de Palmeira-PR, durante o ano agrícola 2003/2004. No primeiro experimento, foi avaliada a eficácia dos tratamentos envolvendo herbicidas com mecanismo de ação de inibição da ACCase (g ha-1): sethoxydim (230), clethodim (108), butroxydim (75), tepraloxydim (100), fluazifop-p-butil (187,5), haloxyfop-r (60), propaquizafop (125), cyhalofop-butyl (225), fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + clethodim (50 + 50), além de testemunha sem herbicidas. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos constaram de herbicidas com mecanismos de ação alternativos, visando também o teste de eficácia de controle da planta daninha (g ha-1): trifluralina (2.700), clomazone (1.000), smetolachlor (1.920), sulfentrazone (600), trifluralina + sulfentrazone (2.100 + 400), clomazone + sulfentrazone (600 + 400), S-metolachlor + sulfentrazone (768 + 400) aplicados em condições de pré-emergência da planta daninha e da cultura e testemunha sem controle de plantas daninhas; os tratamentos apresentavam-se com ou sem complementação de controle através do herbicida imazethapyr (100), aplicado em condições de pós-emergência, com as plantas daninhas no estádio de duas a quatro folhas. Os resultados sugerem que a população estudada é resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase; os melhores resultados de eficácia de controle com os inibidores da ACCase foram obtidos com os herbicidas tepraloxydim, clethodim e butroxydim; os tratamentos com sulfentrazone isoladamente ou em mistura e os tratamentos com trifluralina, clomazone e S-metolachlor, em complementação com imazethapyr e imazethapyr isolado, foram eficazes no controle do biótipo resistente de Digitaria ciliaris, permitindo assim a recomendação destes tratamentos como alternativas de manejo de populações resistentes da planta daninha.The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of aplying ACCase inhibiting herbicides on a population of the weed large crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) with a history of control failure, as well as to propose alternative herbicides to be sprayed in pre- and post-emergence on the soybean crop. Thus, two field experiments were carried out in Palmeira (PR), Brazil, during the growing season 2003/2004. The first experiment evaluated the efficacy of the ACCase inhibiting herbicides (g ha-1): sethoxydim (230); clethodim (108); butroxydim (75); tepraloxydim (100); fluazifop-p-butyl (187.5); haloxyfop-r (60); propaquizafop (125); cyhalofop-butyl (225); fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + clethodim (50 + 50) and weeded check. The second experiment consisted of treatments using herbicides with alternative mechanism of action (g ha-1): trifluralina (2,700); clomazone (1,000); S-metolachlor (1,920); sulfentrazone (600); trifluralina + sulfentrazone (2,100 + 400); clomazone + sulfentrazone (600 + 400); S-metolachlor + sulfentrazone (768 + 400) in pre-emergence and a weeded check; all herbicides were applied with or without imazethapyr (100) application in post-emergence, sprayed when the weeds were at the stage of 2 to 4 leaves. The results suggested that the population studied is resistant to ACCase inhibiting herbicides; the best results of control efficacy with the ACCase inhibiting herbicides were obtained with tepraloxydim, clethodim and butroxydim; the treatments with sulfentrazone, alone or in mixture; the treatments with trifluralin, clomazone and S-metoalachlor, with imazethapyr complementation and imazethapyr alone were effective in controlling the resistant biotype of Digitaria ciliaris, showing that these treatments are management alternatives for the control of weed resistant populations.

The genus Digitaria has a great ecological adaptability, being exceptionally harmful to maize crops. Appropriate management practices are necessary to reduce the negative effects of this weed and avoid maize yield losses. The effects of different cover crops straw levels, when incorporated or maintained on the soil surface, on the initial development of Digitaria spp. (crabgrass) were evaluated. The experimental design used consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in factorial scheme with the following factors: (A) - cover crops management (incorporated and on the soil surface), (B) - cover crops (Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, Trifolium vesiculosum and Lolium multiflorum, and (C) - straw levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 t ha-1). At least 6 t ha-1 of straw were needed on the soil surface to reduce crabgrass growth. Lolium multiflorum straw provided, in general, greater reduction in the growth parameters of Digitaria spp. As the cover crops straw levels increased on the soil surface, a reduction of Digitaria spp. growth was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical substances released by plant residues left on soil surface have different behaviors from the incorporation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of cover crops straws, when incorporated or maintained on the soil surface, on the emergence of Digitaria spp. (crabgrass). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme with the following factors: (A) - cover management (incorporated and on the soil surface), (B) - cover crops (Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, Trifolium vesiculosum and Lolium multiflorum) and (C) - straw levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 t ha-1). The Digitaria spp. emergence rates were favored by the increasing levels of straw on the soil surface. With increasing levels of cover crop straws incorporated into the soil a tendency on the reduction of Digitaria spp. emergence was observed. The cover crops had little influence on reducing the emergence of Digitaria spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two experiments were carried out in no-till organic soybean area in São Miguel do Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the weed control using electrical discharge. The experiments were arranged in a complete block design, with four replicates. The voltages were fixed in 4400V (experiment 1) and 6800V (experiment 2). In both experiments, the treatments consisted by different revolution tractor: (i) 2200rpm (revolutions per minute); (ii) 2000rpm; (iii) 1600rpm; and two checks [(iv) unweeded control and (v) weeded control]. The equipment Eletroherb (Sayyou do Brasil) was used to apply the electrical discharges. The weeds presented in the experimental area were wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), morningglory (Ipomoea spp.), prickly sida (Sida spp.), alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea) and crabgrass (Digitaria spp.). The electrical discharge use was efficient in controlling weeds in soybean crop; 2200rpm produced efficient weed control and, consequently high soybean yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]