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This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with lipid profile abnormalities of children aged 6 to 42 months in a Central-West Brazilian capital city. This cross-sectional study used data from the baseline of a cluster-randomized clinical trial conducted in parallel. It evaluated the lipid profile, usual nutrients intake (direct food-weighing method and 24-hour dietary recall), anthropometric parameters, and socioeconomic aspects of 169 children from early childhood education centers. Poisson regression with robust variance analysis was conducted. Of the total sample, 85% had dyslipidemia, 72% had high-density lipoproteins (HDL-c) levels below the desired range, 49% had increased triglycerides (TG), 17% exhibited elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c), and 15% showed high total cholesterol (TC). An increase in the body mass index (BMI) for age z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of increased TG (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.05-1.41; p = 0.009). Higher age in children was associated with an increased prevalence of high LDL-c (PR = 1.037; 95%CI: 1.01-1.07; p = 0.022) and TC (PR = 1.036; 95%CI: 1.00-1.07; p = 0.037), however it was a protective factor against low HDL-c (PR = 0.991; 95%CI: 0.98-1.00; p = 0.042). High energy intake was associated with low HDL-c (PR = 1.001; 95%CI: 1.00-1.00; p = 0.023). A higher prevalence of increased LDL-c (PR = 1.005; 95%CI: 1.00-1.01; p = 0.006) and decreased HDL-c (PR = 1.002; 95%CI: 1.00-1.00; p < 0.001) were associated with dietary cholesterol intake. Most of the children presented at least one alteration in serum lipids. Lipid profile abnormalities were associated with higher BMI, older age, and increased caloric and cholesterol intake.

ABSTRACT: This study identified the relationship between energy balance and some blood metabolites in primiparous dairy cows with different calving conception interval. Twenty primiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were grouped according to the interval (days) from calving to conception into early-conception (early-c; 150 days) group; and evaluated on day -7 prior to parturition, and days 28, 56 and 90 postpartum. All groups presented positive energy balance, serum concentrations of HDL, urea-N and progesterone with no difference on days 28 and 56 of lactation. On day 90 of lactation all the cows presented negative energy balance; however, the early-c group presented a less intense (P < 0.05) net energy balance (-1.09 versus -2.15 and -1.86 Mcal/day), lower concentrations of serum urea-N (3.28 versus 4.22 and 4.88 mg/dL) and HDL cholesterol (0.84 versus 1.59 and 1.46 mmol/L) and greater serum concentration of progesterone (8.13 versus 4.54 and 1.83 ng/mL) than cows of mid-c and late-c groups, respectively. In conclusion, different from those usually observed for multiparous dairy cows, the energy balance during the first weeks of lactation was not a determining factor affecting the calving conception interval of primiparous dairy cows in the present study. Instead, the nutritional status and the serum concentration of urea-N and progesterone at a later stage, after 56 days of lactation, suggest having a role in delaying these cows’ pregnant status.

Background: Lipoprotein cholesterol measurements fluctuated across the menstrual cycle, corresponding to rising and declining concentrations of gonadotropins and ovarian steroid hormones levels in young women, whereas premenopausal women and those who inside the menopausal transition characterized by a poor ovarian response to high secretion of gonadotropin leading to low levels of ovarian steroids. Aims: To investigate the lipoprotein cholesterol changes and their interactions with sex steroid hormones during different phases of the menstrual cycle in menstruated young and old (premenopausal) women. Methods: The sample included thirty healthy women (aged 20-45 years) divided into two groups with 15 women /group according to their ages (20-25 years) (40-45 years). Blood samples were collected on the 8th, 16th, and 24th days of the menstrual cycle from both young and old menstruating women to compare the previous parameters between these days for each group and compare these parameters between similar days for the first and second groups. Lipid profile (Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL), and Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) changes be assayed by Bio-Systems Kit components. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's test, and t-tests were used to assess differences between groups. Results: TC and TG levels did not significantly increase on the 8th day of the menstrual cycle, which represents the follicular phase, in comparison with the other days (16th and 24th days). However, LDL level increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) on the 8th day compared to the other days. On the other hand, HDL and VLDL levels increased on the 16th day of the menstrual cycle, which represents the ovulatory phase. Discussion: TC, TG, and LDL levels increased during the follicular phase and were accompanied by high levels of FSH and estradiol, leading to a favorable lipid profile, whereas FSH and estradiol are considered regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis and a buffering capacity. HDL and VLDL levels rise during ovulation to meet the requirements of ovulation and ensure successful ovulation. Conclusions: Studying and evaluating changes in the lipid profile according to the menstrual cycle phase of the menstrual cycle represents an important issue in knowing the physiological and healthy woman state and preventing cardiovascular disease incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate the profile of fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) and the cholesterol of lamb meat from the crossing of breeds Santa Inês x Dorper handled in the Campomar Farm and subjected to production systems with Experimental and Conventional diet. We used six lambs from the crossing of Santa Inês x Dorper with experimental diet and 6 without experimental diet, uncastrated male, recently weaned with 15 kg of body weight according to completely randomized design with two treatments and six repetitions. Comparisons of the contrasts between treatment averages were made by the Tukey test at 5% and the analysis of variance according to procedures of SAS (1996). The experimental diet provided to the animals was composed of 100% concentrate in the diet consisting of grain corn + pelleted supplement, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and vitamin and mineral supplements, making isoproteic (17% of PB) and isoenergetic (2.95 Mcal/kg of MS of metabolizable energy) diets, according to NRC (2006), while in the conventional diet, the animals were fed large (50%) and concentrate (50%) corn, wheat and soybeans. In the centesimal composition of the palette of lambs subjected to experimental and conventional production systems, only the mineral matter was influenced (P<0.05) with lower value in the experimental system (1.09%) compared to the conventional (1.43%). For the parameters moisture, gross protein and fat and cholesterol (P>0.05) there was no effect of treatments. It was observed that the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were not affected (P> 0.05) by the treatments, however, the polyunsaturated fatty acid C18:2 (linoleic) was higher (4.72%) in the meat of lambs from the experimental system compared to (3.72%) observed in the meat of lambs reared in the conventional system. The palette of lambs subjected to experimental production and conventional systems, was similar on centesimal composition (exception mineral matter), no significant differences in two treatments studied, the fatty acid profile and cholesterol (with the exception of linoleic acid) in the two treatments evaluated in the palette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective. In 2021, Mexico launched the HEARTS program to improve the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 20 primary care facilities in the states of Chiapas and Yucatán. This study projects the annual cost of program implementation and discusses budgetary implications for scaling up the program. Methods. We obtained district-level data on treatment protocols, medication costs, and other resources required to prevent and treat CVD. We used the HEARTS Costing Tool to estimate total and per-patient costs. A “partial implementation” scenario calculated the costs of implementing HEARTS if existing pharmacological treatment protocols are left in place. The second scenario, “full implementation,” examined costs if programs use HEARTS pharmacological protocol. Results. Respectively in the partial and full implementation scenarios, total annual costs to implement and operate HEARTS were $260 023 ($32.1 per patient/year) and $255 046 ($31.5 per patient/year) in Chiapas, and $1 000 059 ($41.3 per patient/year) and $1 013 835 ($43.3 per patient/year) in Yucatán. In Chiapas, adopting HEARTS standardized treatment protocols resulted in a 9.7 % reduction in annual medication expenditures relative to maintaining status-quo treatment approaches. In Yucatán, adoption was $12 875 more expensive, in part because HEARTS hypertension treatment regimens were more intensive than status quo regimens. Conclusion. HEARTS in the Americas offers a standardized strategy to treating and controlling CVD risk factors. In Mexico, approaches that may lead to improved program affordability include adoption of the recommended HEARTS treatment protocols with preferred medications and task shifting of services from physicians to nurses and other providers.

Copyright of Saúde Coletiva is the property of MPM Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the major cause of premature death and disability; effective cardiovascular (CV) risk prevention is fundamental. The World Heart Federation (WHF) Cholesterol Roadmap provides a framework for national policy development and aims to achieve ASCVD prevention. At the invitation of the WHF, a group of experts from the Portuguese Society of Cardiology (SPC), addressed the cholesterol burden at nationally and discussed possible strategies to include in a Portuguese cholesterol roadmap. The literature review showed that the cholesterol burden in Portugal is high and especially uncontrolled in those with the highest CV risk. An infographic scorecard was built to include in the WHF collection, for a clear idea about CV risk and cholesterol burden in Portugal, which would also be useful for health policy advocacy. The expert discussion and preventive strategies proposal followed the five pillars of the WHF document: awareness improvement; population-based approaches for CV risk and cholesterol; risk assessment/population screening; system-level approaches; surveillance of cholesterol and ASCVD outcomes. These strategies were debated by all the expert participants, with the goal of creating a national cholesterol roadmap to be used for advocacy and as a guide for CV prevention. Several key recommendations were outlined: include all stakeholders in a multidisciplinary national program; create a structured activities plan to increase awareness in the population; improve the quality of continuous CV health education; increase the interaction between different health professionals and non-health professionals; increment the referral of patients to cardiac rehabilitation; screen cholesterol levels in the general population, especially high-risk groups; promote patient self-care, engage with patients' associations; use specific social networks to spread information widely; create a national database of cholesterol levels with systematic registry of CV events; redefine strategies based on the evaluation of results; create and involve more patients' associations - invert the pyramid order. In conclusion, ASCVD and the cholesterol burden remain a strong global issue in Portugal, requiring the involvement of multiple stakeholders in prevention. The Portuguese cholesterol roadmap can provide some solutions to help urgently mitigate the problem. Population-based approaches to improve awareness and CV risk assessment and surveillance of cholesterol and ASCVD outcomes are key factors in this change. A call to action is clearly needed to fight hypercholesterolemia and ASCVD burden., (Copyright © 2024. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Copyright of Scire Salutis is the property of CBPC - Companhia Brasileira de Producao Cientifica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in diets for laying hens on serum biochemistry profile. 192 Hisex White laying hens at 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Significant differences (P

There are several benefits through the realization of physical exercise programs (EP) in individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Difficulties (DID), however, the literature presents a shortage in the implementation and a small number of studies with very different methodologies and types of training. Short-term interventions, a reduced number of longitudinal studies, methodological gaps and inappropriate training methods, hinder more explicit and consensual conclusions regarding the prescription and its results. However, EP programs, in particular strength training (ST), which has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, can be an asset for the individual with DID, given the prevalence of several comorbidities, namely hypertension, cholesterol and type II diabetes. The present study aims to identify the fundamental and structuring aspects for the prescription of ST, namely the assessment methods, intensity, duration, frequency, appropriate exercises and their relationship with the results, through the methodology using the narrative review, starting from the characterization of various ST programs implemented in individuals with DID. The results are presented in the form of recommendations for the evaluation and prescription of ST programs, in the population with DID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Obesity may be associated with the onset of mammary tumors in women. In companion animals, these data are still scarce, mainly associating the clinic of the patient with laboratory and histological findings. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory aspects of female dogs with mammary neoplasia, investigating whether they are related to obesity. Four groups of spayed or non-spayed female dogs were studied, divided into (G1) female dogs without mammary tumor and normal body condition score (BCS), (G2) female dogs without mammary tumor and obese, (G3) female dogs with mammary tumor and normal BCS and (G4) female dogs with mammary tumor and obese. BCS, canine body mass index (CBMI), blood count, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and cytopathological and histopathological examinations were evaluated. Mixed-breed animals were the most prevalent in this study (67.5%). There was a limitation regarding the use of CBMI related to body proportionality. Considering the 28 tumors evaluated, carcinoma in mixed tumor was the most prevalent malignant histological type, while adenomyoepithelioma was the most prevalent benign histological type. It was possible to conclude that obesity was not related to clinical and laboratory changes in the female dogs affected with mammary neoplasias. In addition, no relationship was noted between BCS and CBMI with the histological type or malignancy of mammary neoplasia, since the malignant histological types were the most prevalent tumors in both the ideal score group and the overweight to obese group.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutritional plans on the productive, physiological and metabolic parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows in different stages of lactation. Sixty lactating cows were allotted to a completely randomized 5 x 3 factorial design with five feed allowances and three lactation periods. The dry matter intake, milk yield and heart rate were reduced by 5.69kg, 2.41kg and 10.36 beats/min (morning) and 10.25 beats/min (afternoon) for each 1% feed restriction, respectively. There was no difference in the concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids for cows subjected to different feed allowances, with means of 95.25, 7.98, 2.95, 121.68 and 0.45mg/dL, respectively. Feed restriction of up to 2.50% BW is a cost reduction strategy that does not alter milk yield, regardless of the stage of lactation.

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Introduction: The best composition of the diet in the treatment of obesity is still quite controversial, considering that the ideal composition for weight loss and maintenance is still unknown, and among this search for the best strategy, it has been highlighted as the most popular currently. carbohydrate-restricted diets. More and more, new types of diets and nutritional strategies have been sought to solve these problems caused by obesity and each professional is looking for a nutrition line to base himself on. Materials and Methods: A case study with a qualitative approach, with the nature of applied research, carried out for a month with an individual who was obese and submitted to a diet with 25% of carbohydrates per day. Results: There was a loss of six kg, a 3.5% reduction in fat percentage, four cm in the waist, five cm in the abdominal and four cm in the hips. All biochemical parameters had a considerable improvement, but there was a reduction in total cholesterol, which reduced 26.33%, followed by blood glucose, which obtained a reduction of 21.73%. Triglycerides had a reduction of 21.13%. Conclusion: It becomes more evident that a low-carbohydrate diet is an effective alternative for weight loss, lipid and glycemic profile improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to define the action of lycopene under CT, HDL, LDL and TG and to analyze which sufficient dosages have a positive effect on metabolic markers. Methodology: The investigation was based on the effect of products containing lycopene and its effect on serum metabolic markers of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. For analysis of in vivo studies, studies that met intervention criteria with controlled design, diet or manipulated controlled by crossed or parallel placebo, randomized clinical trial with standardized dosage of lycopene in the treatment and control group and intervention 2= weeks that included total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides were included.. Results: It was seen that lycopene plays an important role on metabolic markers, due to its ability to reduce the mechanism of HMG-Coa reductase, decreasing the synthesis of cholesterol and its antioxidant capacity under LDL. Lycopene also modulated the activity of PPAR and LXR, modulating the action of ABCA1, Apoa1 and caveolins, improving HDL synthesis and cholesterol efflux. Dosages with a positive cholesterol effect vary, but are around 26.5 mg of lycopene per day, reported in in vivo studies with cholesterol supplementation. Conclusion: The review suggests the efficacy of lycopene in reducing metabolic markers, thus reducing the risk of atherosclerotic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restriction of sodium intake, one of the pillars of antihypertensive treatment, has been associated with the increase in cholesterol levels. Given this, we hypothesize that a sodium intake restriction may increase cholesterol levels in hypertensive women. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium intake, sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables on the blood cholesterol levels of hypertensive women. This was a cross-sectional study with hypertensive and nondiabetic women aged 20 to 59 years, recruited from the primary healthcare units of Maceio, Alagoas, in the Brazilian Northeast. Sodium intake was estimated by the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium; and blood cholesterol was estimated by capillary blood. Age (years), education level (

ABSTRACT The use of alternative foods for rabbits aims to reduce production costs, due to their ability to extracting nutrients from non-conventional feeds. Thus, passion fruit peel (PFP) appears as a potential use in feeding rabbits. This study aimed to determine the chemical and energetic composition of PFP and evaluate the effects of inclusion for growing rabbits. For the digestibility trial, 24 rabbits were distributed between two treatments (reference ration and test ration, composed of 70% reference ration and 30% PFP) with 12 replications of one animal per plot. For the performance trial, 120 rabbits were distributed within a randomized block design, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with 5 levels of inclusion of PFP (0, 8, 16, 24, 32%) and 2 sexes (male and female) corresponding to a total of 10 treatments with 12 replications each. PFP had 10.99% CP, 6.25% EE, 47.40% ADF, 54.66% NDF and 4,156.50 kcal DE/kg, on a dry matter. The inclusion of PFP did not influence the final weight and weight gain of rabbits, however it was observed that rabbits fed at the level of 32% inclusion of PFP consumed less amount of feed, with no negative effect on performance. Decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed in relation to control and an increase of creatinine in rabbit's blood. As there was an improvement in the economic parameters without affecting the performance and carcass characteristics, it’s recommended to include this ingredient up to level of 32% in the feed for growing rabbits.

ABSTRACT: Mayonnaise is one of the most consumed sauces in the world and beans have great technological functional properties. As a result, beans can be used in the production of mayonnaise as a partial substitute for egg yolk (EY), reducing cholesterol content, post-harvest losses and adding nutritional value to mayonnaise. This study evaluated the effect of the partial replacement of EY by landrace common bean flour (LCBF) on the parameters of rheology, chemical and physical composition of mayonnaise. Four mayonnaise formulations were developed: T1 (Standard), 100% egg yolk (EY); T2, 75% EY and 25% FFC; T3, 50% EY and 50% LCBF; T4, 25% EY and 75% LCBF. The partial substitution of EY for LCBF increased the protein content, decreased the content of lipids and cholesterol. The obtained mayonnaise continued to exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour, being a characteristic of non-Newtonian fluid. The water activity of the mayonnaise was not changed with the replacement of the partial of the egg yolk and the pH decreased during the storage. The substitution of EY can be carried out in quantities of up to 50% without prejudice to mayonnaise, the formulation with 50% substitution presented the best viscosity and remained stable, similar to the standard mayonnaise.

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Introduction: The current demographic and epidemiological transition in Brazil, reflected in the aging population, has a higher prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases (CD), neoplasms, metabolic disorders, chronic respiratory diseases, and chronic renal failure (CRF). These diseases may be due to modifiable risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, anemia, physical inactivity, stress, obesity, and alcoholism. Chronic renal failure occurs due to the slow, progressive, and irreversible loss of renal function, and cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality caused by atheroma resulting from dyslipidemia. Objectives: Based on dyslipidemia as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and on the susceptibility of its development by chronic renal patients, the objective of this study was to analyze whether the hemodialysis treatment and the medical monitoring is efficient to minimize or avoid dyslipidemia in these patients. Methodology: This is a longitudinal descriptive study carried out through an analysis of laboratory data of tests related to the lipid profile: Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and Triglycerides from November 2018 to June 2019. Results: Twenty patients were followed up and had their data analyzed, 50% were aged between 60 and 69 years old and had a previous underlying disease, such as arterial hypertension (45%), hypertension associated with diabetes (25.0%), and isolated diabetes (10.0%). The analysis of the presence of dyslipidemia showed the laboratory tests that had the most changes were HDL with a result under the desirable (<40.0mg / dl) and triglycerides with results considered above normal (> 150.0 mg / dl) with risk for DC. Only 1 female subject (5.0%) presented all the results of the lipid profile altered throughout the study, even using the statin drug, while the majority (95%) of the patients had desirable results. The analysis of all the results of the lipid profile showed that only one male subject presented changes in the entire study period with undesirable triglycerides and HDL, while in the female sex, patient number 14 presented changes in all tests throughout the analysis period, with Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol with undesirable values above normal and undesirable HDL-cholesterol with values under the desirable. The triglycerides test showed the most alteration with undesirable results in 11 (55.0%) subjects, mainly female, with subsequent LDL above normal and reduced HDL, considered an important cardiovascular risk factor due to the formation of atheromas. Conclusion: For patients with CRF, medical follow-up and the hemodialysis treatment performed by the Brazilian Health System is extremely important. This study demonstrated it is as an effective method for the control and prevention of dyslipidemias, minimizing the risk for cardiovascular diseases in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For decades, low levels of muscle strength (MS) have been associated with an increased risk of mortality from all causes. Objective: To identify the correlation between values of different manifestations of MS and metabolic risk markers (MRM) in young university students. Materials and methods: The study included 50 participants (37 men, 13 women), aged between 19 and 23 years. The grip strength of both hands and the muscular strength of upper and lower limbs were evaluated, as well as height, weight, body mass index (BMI), skin folds, HDL, cholesterol and triglycerides. Results: No significant associations between MRM and the different manifestations of MS were found. Conclusion: MS and MRM are separately associated with mortality risk factors and with suffering from cardiovascular diseases

Abstract: CHILD syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia, Ichthyosiform erythroderma, Limb Defects) is a rare X-linked dominant disease. The authors report a 2-month-old patient presenting with typical features of CHILD syndrome that was treated with a topical solution containing cholesterol and lovastatin, with complete clearance of her CHILD nevus. The changes in skin lipid metabolism that explain the CHILD ichthyosiform nevus and their correction through topical application of cholesterol and lovastatin are discussed.

Bixin is the main carotenoid present in annatto seed (Bixa orellana). The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of bixin in the broiler diets and their effects on growth performance and meat characteristics. A total of 750 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, with six replications of twenty-five birds each. Treatments consisted in different levels of bixin in diets (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15%). Were evaluated the parameters of growth performance (weight gain-WG, feed intake-FI, feed conversion ratio-FCR, productive efficiency index-PEI and viability), meat quality (pH, color, drip loss, cooking loss-CL and shear force-SF), cholesterol levels and meat oxidation. The inclusion of 0.25% of bixin resulted in negative effect on WG and PEI. The values of b * (intensity of yellow) increased linearly with the inclusion of bixin. The addition of 0.10% bixin in diet reduced the cooking loss and the addition of 0.15% reduced the shear force. The inclusion of 0.25% of bixin in diet had an antioxidant effect on breast and thigh meat, 10 days after cooking. The addition of bixin in broilers diet did not affect performance and had positive effects on meat quality, in parameters that directly affect the consumer's purchase decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This is the second article in the series that aims to break the paradigms related to the alleged harm caused by saturated fats and cholesterol to health. These substances are actually present in human biochemistry and physiology, a fact that makes them essential for homeostasis. In case of ingestion deficit, they are produced endogenously, as they participate in numerous organic reactions, including structuring, fluidity and permeabilization of cell membranes, brain plasticity, nerve protection and communication, hormone formation, bile acid synthesis, and vitamin transport. It also prevents the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, anxiety, depression and suicidal tendencies. The assumption that saturated fats and cholesterol are harmful to health, therefore, is unfounded, which requires understanding their real importance. Scientifically, it is proven that its deficit causes metabolic deficiencies and homeostatic imbalance, significantly compromising health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this systematic review is to demonstrate the results of published studies on the action of Lycium barbarum on lipid metabolism. Scientific articles published between the years 2013 to 2018 were investigated in the scientific databases PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. The PICO (patient, intervention, comparison and outcomes) method was used to guide the research. The Cochrane Collaboration Tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the studies included in this review. Of the findings, we selected 05 articles relevant to this review. The results of the studies showed beneficial effects of supplementation of the Lycium barbarum fruit on the decrease of VLDL-C, LDL-C, TC (total cholesterol) and increase in HDL-C levels. However, further studies should be performed to standardize the preparation, type, dose and recommended intake time to standardize or ensure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on endocrinological interrelations in Fighting Bulls are rare, and all the mechanisms that contribute to their aggressiveness are not well understood. How Testosterone deficiency adjusts exactly the metabolism of Cholesterol and Vasopressin remains misunderstood. A total of 10 Fighting Bulls Breed were studied. Blood samples were collected and analyzed immediately after slaughter to determine the levels of Testosterone, Cholesterol and Vasopressin (ADH). There is a combination of low levels of cholesterol, high levels of testosterone and ADH, coinciding with a greater aggressiveness. The correlation of ADH vs testosterone is positive and significant at a level of 5%. The averages found for total cholesterol, serum testosterone and ADH are respectively - 139.4 mg / dL, 14.14 ng / dL and 440.7 pg / ml. And, there is an evident and putative correlation between Serum Testosterone above 10.4 ng / dL and the Behavior of the fighting bulls, qualified with greater aggressiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1950s, a new paradigm in health was established: saturated fats and cholesterol are harmful because they are the primary causes of cardiovascular disease. Clinical and metaanalyzes, however, have shown the opposite. In fact, these substances, obtained from food or endogenous sources, are essential for physiological performance and good health. The concept that their intake should be avoided is a fallacy, which has generated irreparable consequences for health, well-being and even the economy. This review presents and discusses the evolutionary lipid theory, which enabled the cognitive and expansionist development of the human being. It also focuses on the historical and biased events that have led to the marginalization of saturated fats and cholesterol, as well as presenting scientific opinions that counteract this myth and offer another understanding of the true causes of cardiovascular and associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the context of people living with HIV (PLHIV), dyslipidemia is an issue that has been widely discussed, both because of its multifactorial origin and its cardiovascular implications as well as because of its possible prevention strategies. Thus, this study aims to assess the presence of dyslipidemia in people living with HIV and its association with socio-demographic, attitudinal and clinical aspects. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2016. The data were collected through interviews in which questionnaires and clinical records were used. To analyze the association, Chi- Squared and Fisher's Exact tests and Kappa statistics were used for concordance analysis with a level of significance of p<0.05. Results: 340 individuals participated in the study of which 59.1% showed desirable values in terms of total cholesterol, 55.9% of HDL and 56.8% of triglycerides. The variables associated with dyslipidemia were: altered total cholesterol and being over 40 years old (p=0.02); desirable HDL-C and female sex (p=0.007); altered triglycerides and time of diagnosis greater than ten years (p=0.008); and desirable HDL-C and undetectable viral load (p=0.04). Discussion: Although dyslipidemia is a problem in the HIV context, the desirable values were more prevalent, which is reflected in the catalytic effect of the HIV-caused inflammatory activity on lipid alterations. Conclusions: Dyslipidemia on people living with HIV mainly showed desirable values for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. There was an association between lipids and socio-demographic and clinical aspects related to VIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to evaluate possible changes in serum lipid profile of castrated dogs, weight gain, body fat percentage and IMCC, and possible correlations of these changes with the time of castration. We also evaluated the influence of variations of sex, age, size, type of nutrition and physical inactivity on the serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose, weight gain, percentage of body fat and IMCC. We evaluated 44 dogs, seven entire and 37 castrated, without distinction of race and gender, aged one to 13 years, healthy. The dogs were divided into six groups according to the length of castration and a control group. Morphometric measurements were used to calculate the percentage of body fat, and IMCC calculation was also performed. In addition, animals were weighed and sorted in body condition scores. Serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were measured for verification of probable alteration. Regarding the results, there was influence of sex and size (P≤0,05) on cholesterol levels, the size also influenced (P≤0,05) the percentage of body fat and the IMCC. Age influenced (P≤0,05), triglyceride levels. The type of feeding had effect (P≤0,05) in the IMCC and physical inactivity affected (P≤0,05) the percentage of body fat. It was also verified that there is correlation between time since castration and serum cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose, as well as weight gain, fat percentage and IMCC.

Abstract: Background: Although many factors are involved in the etiology of xanthelasma palpebrum, lipid disorder is strongly associated with its induction. Xanthelasma palpebrum, the most common type of xanthoma, usually presents in middle-aged females and results in aesthetic problems. Objective: To evaluate thelipid profile and important clinical aspects of xanthelasma palpebrum patients. Methods: In this descriptive study, we enrolled 42xanthelasma palpebrumpatients, and 42 cases of non-inflammatory skin disorders as thecontrol group, matched for age and gender.The clinical characteristics of the patients and fasting serum lipid profile were recorded for both groups. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS-16. Results: Xanthelasma palpebrum was found more commonly in middle-aged females with disease onset of less than 1 year, and without significant familial history of xanthoma. Furthermore,xanthelasma lesionswere most often seen in the upper lid with mild extension and was rarely associated with systemic disease. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups regarding hypertriglyceridemia (p= 0.231) and hypercholesterolemia (p= 0.302). The mean serum levels of cholesterol (221.51±60.4 mg/dl), triglyceride (185.98±71.1 mg/dl) and VLDL (37.7±17.6 mg/dl) were significantly higher and themedian HDL (36.2 (31, 41) mg/dl) level was lower in thepatient group. Conclusion: In our study, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia did not reveal a significant difference between thepatient and control groups; however, mean serum values for cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL showed a significant difference between the two groups. Therefore, in addition to lipid abnormality, other factors could be involved in the pathogenesis of xanthelasma palpebrum.

Supplementation with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PPUFA) has positive effects on cow reproduction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding a source of PPUFA to energy supplements for embryo recipient heifers on productive performance and plasma concentrations of progesterone, cholesterol and insulin. For this purpose, 44 Angus x Hereford embryo recipient heifers (average body weight = 385 kg) raised on pasture were studied in a completely randomized design. The effects of PPUFA added to isocaloric energy supplements for 60 days on production parameters and serum concentrations of cholesterol, progesterone and insulin were evaluated. The treatments consisted of individual supplementation with: 1) control (no supplement); 2) corn (corn, 70%; soybean meal, 30%); 3) PPUFA supplement (Megalac-E®, 30%; soybean meal, 20%; commercial ration, 50%). The treatments did not affect (P>0.05) dry matter intake, pregnancy rates, or serum insulin concentration. However, PPUFA supplement increased (P0.05) in dry matter intake between treatments, PPUFA supplement increased (P

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of Omega-3 plus on some the physiological and biochemical traits in growing Baladi goats under hot summer conditions. Thirty-four growing male goats (4-5 months old) were randomly divided into two equal groups. Animals in group 1 were fed a concentrate feed mixture (CFM), which was the control group. Goats in group 2 (the experimental group) were offered Omega-3 plus (1,000 mg/animal day-1) (30% fish oil, containing 18% eicosapentaenoic acid and 12% docosahexaenoic acid + 100 mg wheat germ oil (0.22% tocopherols)) daily in addition to the basal diet for four months (the experimental period) during the hot summer season. Body weight (BW) changes of both groups were recorded monthly during the experiment. Blood samples were collected monthly, and total protein, immunoglobulin G (IgG), total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes (AST and ALT), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were estimated. A significant increase in the live BW of growing goats was recorded as a result of dietary supplementation of Omega-3 plus. Total protein, IgG, and T3 levels were higher than those obtained with control. In contrast, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, ALT, and AST levels were significantly reduced. The serum concentration of creatinine and T4 levels was indistinguishable from those of control. Addition of Omega-3 plus as a dietary supplement to growing goats under hot summer conditions increases their daily weight gain and improves their general physiological and biochemical status by decreasing total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, ALT, and AST. It is thus suggested that Omega-3 plus should be used as a supplement in the growth period of goats.

The effects of partial or total substitution of soybean oil (SO) with canola oil (CO) supplemented or not with organic selenium (SeO) in the diet of quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) on external egg quality, yolk cholesterol and fatty acid profile were studied. A total of 252 quails were fed throughout three 28- day periods with six treatments: Control, (SO); SO + 0.3 ppm SeO; canola Oil (CO); CO + 0.3 ppm SeO; SO (50%) + CO (50%); SO (50%) + CO (50%) + 0.3 ppm SeO. A completely randomized design was used and treatment means were compared by orthogonal contrasts and Duncan’s multiple range test with ? = 0.05. A significant, 4% increase in oleic acid levels in egg yolk was observed with canola oil supplementation, relative to the control and soybean oil treatments. SeO supplementation did not change the yolk fatty acid profile. Neither canola oil nor SeO supplementation affected yolk cholesterol. Egg weight was higher in birds fed CO supplemented with SeO compared with CO alone, but did not differ significantly from that of other treatments. In conclusion, the substitution of SO with CO in the quail’s diet changes the fatty acid profile of the yolk, and increases the concentration of oleic acid while decreasing that of linoleic acid without affecting other egg quality traits. Birds fed diets containing CO supplemented with 0.3 ppm SeO also show increased egg weight.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar a autorreferência de colesterol elevado em residentes de São Paulo, Brasil, e verificar os fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. Foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo de 2015, estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra probabilística de residentes do município. Foram incluídos 886 indivíduos com informações do questionário estruturado, dosagem de colesterol total e frações ou que referiram tratamento farmacológico do colesterol elevado. A validade da informação autorreferida de colesterol elevado foi determinada por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) e kappa, considerando as dosagens de colesterol total e LDL-c e o tratamento farmacológico como padrão-ouro. Modelos de regressão logística foram realizados a fim de investigar os fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. A sensibilidade da informação de colesterol elevado tendo em conta o colesterol total como referência foi de 50,6%, a especificidade de 90,19%, VPP de 51,64%, VPN de 89,82% e kappa de 0,41. Considerando o LDL-c como padrão-ouro, a sensibilidade foi 53,52%, a especificidade 89,93%, o VPP 49,22%, o VPN 91,39% e kappa 0,43. Utilizando a dosagem de colesterol total como referência, a idade (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,24-2,29) e o plano de saúde (OR = 2,91; IC95%: 1,06-7,99) se associaram à sensibilidade dessa informação. Considerando a dosagem de LDL-c como padrão-ouro, a idade (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,13-2,57), o tabagismo (OR = 3,33; IC95%: 1,08-10,27) e o plano de saúde (OR = 3,64; IC95%: 1,10-12,08) foram associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. Os resultados indicam baixa sensibilidade e VPP da autorreferência do colesterol elevado em residentes de São Paulo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing diet of lambs with agroindustrial co-products on the nutritional quality of meat fat and study the variation of fat quality parameters based on the type of muscle. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups and fed a control diet or diets containing cottonseed, sunflower meal, and castor cake. After 106 experimental days, the animals were slaughtered. Samples of Biceps femoris, Longissimus dorsi, Semimembranosus, and Triceps brachii muscles were taken for fatty acid and cholesterol analyses. Castor cake and sunflower meal diets produced meats with lower levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with the control diet. Castor cake diet contributed to tissue reduction of n-3 PUFA. Lower conjugated linoleic acid concentration and polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratio and higher saturated fatty acids content and Thrombogenicity Index were observed in Longissimus dorsi meat. Of the co-products studied, although castor cake diet reduced cholesterol levels in Biceps femoris muscle, sunflower meal was identified as the preferred choice for lamb feeding, since it reduced n-6 PUFA without, however, decreasing n-3 PUFA. Longissimus dorsi meat had the lowest fat quality indexes. The more oxidative muscles, such as Biceps femoris, tend to generate meats with higher cholesterol concentrations.

Abstract Background: Genetic cascade screening is the most cost-effective method for the identification of individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), but the best strategies for the enrollment of at-risk individuals in a FH screening program are not fully known. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the best predictors of familial enrollment into genetic screening, using features derived from tested probands. Methods: One hundred and eighty-three index-cases (ICs) with a positive genetic result that had relatives screened from 01/2011 to 07/2015 were included. The response variable was the number of relatives for each enrolled IC. All variables in the study were based on ICs’ derived clinical and socioeconomical features. The effect size of predictor variables were obtained through a general linear model using a negative binomial regression link function. Significance was considered with a p < 0.05. Results: Mean IC age when enrolling into the program was 50 years old; 78.1% of individuals reported knowledge of relatives with dyslipidemia. Mean baseline LDL-cholesterol level was 316 ± 90 mg/dL. Referral origin through the cascade program website vs. tertiary care, IC LDL-cholesterol and familial history of high LDL-cholesterol levels were independent predictors associated with a higher number of enrolled relatives. Conclusions: Our data suggest that FH cascade screening programs can predict family enrollment based on IC features. This information may be useful for devising better and more effective screening approaches for at-risk individuals.

Abstract Background: Long-term safety, effectiveness and criteria for treatment with statins in children are still unclear in clinical practice. There is very limited evidence for the use of medication to treat children with dyslipidemia secondary to obesity who do not respond well to lifestyle modification. Objective: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials of statin use to treat children and adolescents with dyslipidemia secondary to obesity. Methods: We performed a search in PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and LILACS for data to evaluate the effect of statins on: improvement of surrogate markers of coronary artery disease in clinical outcomes of adulthood; increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipropotein B (APOB); and decreased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) from inception to February 2016. Participants were children and adolescents. Results: Of the 16793 potentially relevant citations recovered from the electronic databases, no randomized clinical trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria for children with dyslipidemia secondary to obesity. Conclusions: We found no specific evidence to consider statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia secondary to obesity in children. The usual practice of extrapolating findings from studies in genetic dyslipidemia ignores the differences in long-term cardiovascular risks and the long-term drug treatment risks, when compared to recommendation of lifestyle changes. Randomized clinical trials are needed to understand drug treatment in dyslipidemia secondary to obesity.

ABSTRACT Atheroembolic renal disease (AERD) is a kidney manifestation of atherosclerosis as a systemic disease. AERD is defined as a renal impairment secondary to embolization of cholesterol crystals with consequent occlusion of renal vascularization. The current case report describes one patient with multiple risk factors but without any inciting event history who presents a very atypical clinical course of a severe and massive atheroembolic disease that developed spontaneously and silently.

The Neotropical region has the highest freshwater sponge diversity in the world, with the presence of species of the families Metaniidae, Potamolepidae, and Spongillidae. Due to the remarkable lipid diversity in these organisms, this study aimed to characterize the sterols and volatile compounds of the sponge Trochospongilla paulula collected in the Tapajós River. Seven volatile compounds were identified, with the long-chain alcohols tetradecanol, pentadecanol, and hexadecanol representing 51.65% of this fraction. Cholesterol is the major sterol species, as reported for other species of the family Spongillidae; however, T. paulula may be distinguished by a chromatographic profile of its sterols.

Addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or cholesterol to a freezing diluent can modify the sperm plasma membrane composition, influencing its behavior during cryopreservation, thus, favoring seminal cryoresistance. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of oleic-linoleic acid, (OLA); ?-sitosterol (?-sit), a plant analog of cholesterol; and OLA + ?-sit in combination to a freezing diluent, on the cryopreservation bull and stallion semen. The following variables were analyzed: motility/vigor, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity (by Trypan Blue/Giemsa staining), mitochondrial activity (by DAB staining), and lipid peroxidation (by a TBARS assays). The lipids were added according to experimental treatments: C – control group, A1 and A2 – OLA at concentrations of 37 ?M and 74 ?M, B1 and B2 – ?-sit at concentrations of 1 ?g mL-1 and 2 ?g mL-1; AB1 and AB2 – OLA 37 ?M + ?-sit 1 ?g mL-1 and OLA 74 ?M + ?-sit 2 ?g mL-1, respectively. The study was divided into three experiments; in Experiment 1, the concentrations of the groups A1, B1, and AB1 were evaluated, whereas in Experiment 2 the concentrations of the groups A2, B2, and AB2 were analyzed, both experiments were performed with bull semen. We conducted Experiment 3 using equine semen with the addition of lipids at all of the concentrations described. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, using the GLM procedure of SAS, with treatment means compared by Duncan test considering 5% significance. These variables differed significantly after thawing the semen post-collection. However, there was no significant difference between treatments when variables were compared within the same time point, except for Experiment 2, where there was a decrease in motility and vigor decrease post-thaw in the groups following ?-sit addition (C – 51.0 ± 13.7%/2.9 ± 0.4; B2 – 35.8 ± 15.8%/2.3 ± 0.6; AB2 – 38.5 ± 16.6%/2.5 ± 0.5, respectively; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the tested concentrations of these lipids did not confer greater cryoresistance to the spermatozoa, and were not effective in preserving the structural integrity of plasma and acrosomal membranes after thawing. Furthermore, there was no change in the mitochondrial activity and lipid peroxidation due to lipids addition.

Neutering females may be associated to weight gain in dogs. In order to diagnose possible alterations, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemias, laboratory assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is important. The aim of this study was to verify glycemia and serum lipid profile in non-spayed and spayed female dogs, and associate these results with the body condition score. Thirty-two spayed (n=16) and non-spayed (n=16) female dogs had their blood collected for biochemical analysis, and were classified as to their body condition score (BCS). Nine had normal BCS, 10 were overweight, and 13 were obese. Little difference was observed among spayed and non-spayed dogs. Glycemia of spayed canine females is higher than that of non-spayed dogs, regardless of the body condition score. Likewise, total cholesterol levels are higher in non-spayed females. The HDL is higher in non-spayed obese dogs than in spayed dogs with the same body condition, this parameter did not differ in other weight groups. Contrary to what happens in post-menopausal women, spaying dogs does not seem to have such a strong effect on the metabolic parameters assessed. This study revealed unique results, where neither spaying nor weight group had a strong association with metabolic alterations.