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ABSTRACT Introduction: Degenerative disease is a complex condition to treat, given the multiple possibilities for treatment and the fact that the population with the highest prevalence of the condition tends to be older and more frail. Endoscopic techniques are increasingly used to treat this group of pathologies to minimize the risks and improve patient recovery. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis, with the keywords used in the search engines: “adjacent segment disease” and “endoscopic surgery”. Results: 9 articles, totaling ten entries, were included in the quantitative analysis. The studies, in general, were of low quality. The number of complications per 1000 patients was 94. The average ODI value at the last follow-up point was 12 points, with back VAS averaging 2.17 and leg VAS averaging 1.91. Conclusion: Endoscopic techniques potentially improve patients’ clinical outcomes and have a low complication rate. However, higher-quality studies are needed to visualize the real impact of the technique on the treatment of adjacent-level pathologies. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Revision and Metanalysis.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to present the development and assessment of the measurement accuracy of variables obtained with the Digital Imaged-based Postural Assessment (DIPA©) Capture app and Analysis software as part of a telehealth assessment protocol for idiopathic scoliosis. To enable the correct capture of photographic images for further analysis, the development of an application, called DIPA© Capture, was performed. A photo is automatically obtained only when the smartphone is aligned. The sample of this prospective study was composed of consecutive images of a real plumb line (RPL) taken by using the DIPA© Capture app. Once the photo was captured the app automatically drew a virtual plumb line (VPL). The inclination of the RPL and VPL was measured using the DIPA-S© eHealth Analysis software. A total of 50 images using the App comprised this sample. The median (min-max) inclination angle of the real and virtual plumb lines was 89.8° (88.6°-90°) with a 1.4° range and 90° (89.4°-90°) with a 0.6° range, respectively. The mean difference between the inclination of the two plumb lines (RPL - VPL) was very small -0.1°±0.04° (p= 0.017). The RMS error was 0.3°. The DIPA© Capture app and Analysis software for image acquisition and measurement was developed and is ready for testing with patients. The app accurately captures the alignment of the smartphone during the image acquisition and the software shows adequate measurement accuracy for future assessment of idiopathic scoliosis by photogrammetry. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Studies - Investigation of a Diagnostic Test.

ABSTRACT This review aims to update the cervical laminoplasty techniques described in the literature and perform a systematic review of the open-door (ODL) and French-door (FDL) laminoplasties. A literature review was conducted on the Pubmed and Scielo platforms. This study was separated into two phases. The first section reviewed the laminoplasty techniques described in the literature. In this phase, a literature review was carried out using the descriptor “cervical laminoplasty”, employing “clinical trial”, “meta-analysis”, “review,” and “systematic review” as filters. The second section was a systematic review of the two most-studied techniques, the open-door and French-door laminoplasties. In this phase, a review was carried out using the descriptors “cervical laminoplasty”, “open-door” and “French-door” or “double-door”, employing “meta-analysis” and “review” as filters. In both phases, no limits were defined on the period. The first laminoplasty was described in 1973 and, since then, there have been, at least, six more techniques described that involve opening the spinal canal. Other studies report slight modifications in the type of spine access or details related to the osteotomy technique. Five systematic reviews were performed comparing the ODL and FDL. Only two of them analyzed common variables, and their results were divergent. Both ODL and FDL achieve favorable clinical and radiological results for the patient, and it is not yet possible to say whether one is better than the other. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the clinical management of spinal pathologies by non-specialist medical professionals in the healthcare networks of the state of São Paulo. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted through self-administered online questionnaires. Results: Forty-five responses were obtained, 82% being family and community physicians and 52% having less than five years of graduation. Of the respondents, 91.5% felt capable of initially managing spine cases, and 62.2% reported occasionally referring cases. Only 52.2% worked in institutions that had a referral protocol for specialized care. There was no difference between the analyzed groups regarding the time of training. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals still lack sufficient resources to assist decision-making, and excessive referrals to specialized care still occur. To mitigate these problems, it is essential for healthcare professionals to have access to updated clinical guidelines and appropriate screening tools to assist in referral decision-making. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Comparative Study.

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate Vertebral Pedicular Tethering (VPT) as a less invasive alternative to traditional spinal fusion in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS), focusing on thoracolumbar and lumbar curves (Lenke 5C and 6C) in growing patients. The objective was to correct scoliosis without fusion, preserving spinal mobility and growth. Methods: A series of six female adolescents underwent VPT, three of whom had over six months of follow-up. The procedure applied posterior compression on the convex side of the scoliotic curve, utilizing the Hueter-Volkman principle to modulate growth and correct deformity. Outcomes were evaluated in the coronal, sagittal, and rotational planes using radiographic measurements and clinical assessments. Results: The main Cobb angle improved by an average of 67.5% (34.8°) over six months, with spinal length increasing by an average of 7 mm. Vertebral rotation also improved, with a reduction from Nash-Moe grade +3 to +1. However, one patient experienced over-correction, requiring tether release. Sagittal plane analysis showed increased kyphosis in the proximal segment and improved lordosis in the thoracolumbar region without hyperlordosis. Conclusions: VPT demonstrated promising results in correcting spinal deformities while preserving mobility and growth in selected AIS patients (Sanders stages 3-5). The technique offers a viable alternative to fusion, particularly in thoracolumbar curves. However, the procedure’s timing is crucial to avoid over-correction or insufficient growth modulation. Further research with longer follow-ups and larger cohorts is needed to refine patient selection and improve outcomes. Level of Evidence IV; Case Series.

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to analyze predictive factors for postoperative complications in patients with lymphoproliferative disease in the spine. Materials and Methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted at a quaternary service between 2017 and 2021. Postoperative complications, 1-year survival, and correlations with Karnofsky, SINS, and ASIA scales were evaluated. Results and Discussion: Of the 23 participants, 21.7% experienced postoperative complications, with laminectomy + arthrodesis being the most common procedure. Patients with lower Karnofsky scores showed a higher incidence of complications, while 1-year survival was 60%, which is correlated with preoperative functionality. Factors such as Karnofsky and ASIA are relevant for predicting complications and survival. Patients with preoperative functional impairment had worse outcomes, corroborating previous studies. Conclusion: Multifactorial evaluation, including Karnofsky and ASIA, is essential for planning the treatment of patients with lymphoproliferative disease in the spine, aiming to reduce postoperative complications and improve survival. Level of Evidence IV; Observational Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to compare the use of mono-axial and poly-axial screws in AOSpine type A3 and A4 thoracolumbar fractures. Methods: Prospective case-control study involving patients treated surgically with short fixation using mono-axial or poly-axial screws. The type of treatment was chosen according to the surgeons’ preference and implant availability. The qualitative variables used were the type of implant (mono-axial or poly-axial), type of fracture (A3 or A4), neurological deficit, use of an additional screw in the fractured vertebra, and need for reoperation. The quantitative variables were preoperative Cobb (CobbPre); immediate postoperative Cobb (CobbPOI); late postoperative Cobb (CobbPOL); Delta (∆) kyphosis; preoperative anterior vertebral body collapse (AVBC%); postoperative AVBC%; ∆ AVBC%. For quantitative variables, the Student’s T Test was used. Results: 35 patients were included, 22 in the mono-axial group (eight patients A3 and 14 A4) and 13 in the poly-axial group (two patients A3 and 11 A4). The postoperative AVBC% was statistically superior for the mono-axial group (mean of 0.60±0.09 in the pre-operative AVBC% to 0.77±0.11 in the post-operative), compared to the poly-axial group (0.60±0.12 to 0.69± 0.13), p=0.04. ∆ AVBC% was also statistically different (0.17±0.10 in the mono-axial group and 0.08±0.12 in the poly-axial group), p=0.01. The other quantitative variables had no significant differences. Conclusion: Surgical treatment using mono-axial screws was statistically superior in recovering anterior vertebral body height. Level of Evidence III; Prospective Case-Control Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to correlate the different curve patterns presented in idiopathic scoliosis with the sagittal cervical parameters of patients with this pathology. Method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study. Information was collected from medical records and lateral panoramic radiographs of 49 patients with idiopathic scoliosis were analyzed. The data was assessed quantitatively using the following cervical parameters: Cobb from C2-C7, the distance from the center of gravity of the head to C7, the T1 slope, the thoracic Inlet angle, the cervical version, C7-S1 SVA, the Cobb angle of the main curve, and the kyphosis at T1-T12. These parameters were analyzed in relation to the different curve types presented and the lumbar and sagittal modifiers, as described by Lenke’s classification for idiopathic scoliosis. All the results were statistically analyzed and the significance level adopted was 5% (p

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to present the modifications to the Modified Three-Dimensional Classification (MTC) and show the results of its use in the classification of radiographic images of the spine of four hundred and four patients who underwent surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Method: MTC was used to classify the radiographic images of the spine of four hundred and four patients who had undergone surgery for AIS. A panoramic X-ray of the spine was performed in the orthostatic position, in the lateral and anterior pos-teroanterior views, neutral and with forced inclination to the right and left. The results of the classification variables and the relevant patient data were collected from the medical records and a biostatistical study was carried out. The MTC is made up of three factors: quantitative, localizing and sagittal. Results: A higher incidence of double curve scoliosis was observed. The main curve predominated in the distal thoracic region. The sagittal plane showed a higher incidence of normal angle. There was a higher incidence of hyperlordosis in females. There was a predominance of hypokyphosis in younger individuals. The results tables show that these predominances occurred with significant differences. Conclusion: The study of the MTC variables applied to the classification of patients undergoing AIS surgery showed a three-dimensional scope, and therefore concludes a truly three-dimensional classification. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a case of giant cell tumor (GCT) in conjunction with an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) in the lumbar spine (L4) of a young with post-treatment recovery. Introduction: Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a benign and aggressive bone neoplasm, frequently located in the knees, distal femur, and proximal tibia, and is rare in the spine. It can, and frequently does, coexist with aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), also benign and locally aggressive. The diagnosis requires clinical and radiological correlation. Case report: A young patient with initially mild low back pain, which progressively limited the patient until it reached incapacitating and bedridden levels. He sought care at different levels of health care on numerous occasions and for months until he was admitted to a tertiary hospital. After imaging tests, a fracture of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) was observed, with a pathological appearance and a compressive mass effect on the neural elements at the same level. After surgical treatment and open biopsy, the histology of the mass at L4 was identified as a giant cell tumor with an aneurysmal bone cyst component (histology, pathology, and immunohistochemistry). He underwent surgeries for clinical stabilization and excision of the recurrent and locally aggressive tumor mass, in addition to performing embolization of the tumor mass by radio intervention and adjuvant use of Desonumab. Conclusion: Benign tumors such as aneurysmal bone cysts and giant cell tumors, although rare in the spine, can confuse diagnoses and are locally aggressive. Such pathology should be treated in a tertiary health service by a team specialized in orthopedics and spine surgery, as well as with multidisciplinary assistance and follow-up consisting of a surgeon, interventional radiologist, oncologist, and related specialties. The need for immunomodulatory drugs is present. Level of Evidence V; Case Report.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Currently, Brazil has approximately 464 million electronic devices, referred to as “text neck.” Consequently, the alteration resulting from this term, known as “text neck syndrome,” is an emerging condition related to changes in the head and neck due to mobile devices and computers. This condition is associated with repetitive efforts linked to using these electronic devices. Objective: To conduct a literature review on the influence of “text neck” on the onset of neck pain (cervicalgia). Methodology: A systematic review was conducted following the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.” From October 2023 to February 2024, the descriptors “neck pain” and “text neck” were used, along with boolean operators. Eligibility criteria included observational studies with a population aged 18 to 65 diagnosed with cervicalgia. The selection process utilized Rayyan QRCI, and a methodological assessment was carried out using Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2.0). Results: Four articles published between 2018 and 2022 were included in the review. After the methodological procedure, it was observed that all four articles were classified as having a low risk of bias, totaling 1,067 participants. Conclusion: Therefore, no association was identified between the use of “text neck” and the onset of neck pain. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT Objective: This work aims assess the clinical-epidemiological profile of lumbar spine trauma in patients treated at a tertiary hospital in the ABC region of São Paulo, identifying factors associated with the prognosis of these injuries, to contribute epidemiological data that assist in developing prevention and treatment policies. Methodology: An epidemiological, retrospective, descriptive, and cross-sectional analysis was conducted at the Mário Covas State Hospital in Santo André, São Paulo, including patients with fractures and/or dislocations of the lumbar spine treated from January 2018 to December 2022. Cases of other spinal fractures, non-traumatic or pathological fractures, and incomplete records were excluded. Data collection was based on medical records and radiographic images, using variables such as age group, gender, education level, ethnicity, marital status, trauma mechanism, type of fracture, and neurological deficit. Results: A total of 265 patients were analyzed, predominantly male (61.5%), with an average age of 54.2 years. Traffic accidents and falls were the main trauma mechanisms. A balance was observed between conservative and surgical treatments. The incidence of fractures and/or dislocations of the lumbar spine increased after the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusion: In the present study, fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine occurred more commonly in male patients of economically active age and were caused by falls from heights, followed by falls to the ground and car accidents. The study highlights the need for further research to improve the management of these injuries, aiming to enhance public health policies. Evidence Level III; Retrospective study.

ABSTRACT Postoperative pain management in spinal surgeries remains a challenge, and the erector spinae plane (ESP) block has emerged as a promising analgesic technique, offering significant benefits in pain reduction and opioid consumption. This prospective case series aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESP block in patients undergoing elective lumbar surgeries. Patients aged 18 to 60 years undergoing surgeries of up to two levels were included, with bilateral ESP blocks performed in conjunction with general anesthesia before the start of surgery. Data were collected in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. The analysis included pain intensity, opioid use, and the occurrence of side effects. Results demonstrated that the ESP block provided satisfactory analgesia, with low morphine usage and no significant adverse effects. Postoperative pain was effectively controlled, with no prolonged hospitalization or block-related complications. Although this study is limited by its case series design, the findings suggest that ESP block may be an effective strategy for pain management in lumbar surgeries. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

ABSTRACT The anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is considered an established technique in cervical degenerative disease treatment, in which the final goal is the fusion of the segments involved. There are options for spacer grafts, such as bone grafts and synthetic bone substitutes like hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. This technical note describes the combination of the stand-alone anchored intervertebral spacer and iliac graft, which is used as a pillar between the vertebrae. The iliac crest removal is performed with a 10 mm or 12 mm diameter trephine. The trephine is employed to make a graft in the same format as the inner portion of the intervertebral spacer. The cylindrical bone graft removed must be 1 millimeter higher than the cage that will be implanted so that it is 0.5 mm above and below the upper and lower edges of the cage. The objective is to establish support between the vertebral plateaus and the bone cylinder, as they present similar resistance and biological aspects, which are fundamental characteristics for proper osseointegration and fusion. When the conventional technique is used, the interaction between the cage and the plateaus occurs more intensely, and a plateau fracture may occur, a phenomenon known as subsidence. This technical note describes a feasible way to obtain autograft bone to be used in ACDF stand-alone surgery. This type of graft may be associated with lower rates of pseudoarthrosis. Level of Evidence IV; Case Series.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the prevalence of lumbar degenerative disease (LDD) according to a classification for LDD and correlate it with the gender and age of patients included in the study. Methods: A sample of the Brazilian population registered in the database of a public tertiary hospital was used for retrospective analysis in this cross-sectional study. Radiographic examinations of patients included in the study were evaluated to identify and classify LDD. The demographic data collected were the age and gender of the patients. Results: There was no statistical significance in the relationship between prevalence by gender and LDD degree classification. For age, there was significance only in older individuals with grades 1, 2, or 3, and it was impossible to observe the same relevance between the ages of patients with some degree of LDD. Grade 1 LDD was the most prevalent. Conclusion: Elderly patients with some degree of LDD (1, 2, or 3) demonstrated a higher prevalence compared to those of younger age without signs of lumbar degenerative disease, and female patients were more prevalent in our sample. However, there was no statistical difference between genders. Level of Evidence IV; Cross-Sectional Study.

ABSTRACT Malignant tumors often metastasize to spine. Metastases in the spine account for 20-40% of cases in cancer patients. Increased mobility and pain control are two forms of treatment for spinal metastases that aim to improve quality of life. Three components of an interdisciplinary team that offers the best therapeutic treatment for spinal metastases are chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. Different authors have created various decision-making frameworks for the treatment of spinal metastases. They are mainly categorized as prognostic systems based on principles and classifications. Four fundamental and comprehensive assessments are integrated into the NOMS framework, a decision-making approach: neurological, oncological, mechanical (stability) and systemic disease. When NOMS is compared to other scoring systems or methods, it turns out that NOMS can manage almost all facets of spinal metastases. To improve patient outcomes and personalize the treatment plan for each patient, the NOMS framework offers a standardized, evidence-based approach to the treatment of spinal metastases. This approach takes into account many characteristics of the disease to inform treatment decisions. Level of Evidence II; Review Article.

ABSTRACT Neuromuscular scoliosis usually involves patients in poor health conditions. In this context, minimizing intraoperative bleeding and length of hospital stay is essential while maintaining good clinical and radiological outcomes for the patient. Objective: The study aims to assess how variables such as age, weight, blood loss, and especially total surgical time influence the duration of hospital stay and identify a possible correlation between osteotomies and estimated blood loss. Method: This is a retrospective observational study where data was collected between January 2021 and December 2022. The inclusion criteria consisted of patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy GMFCS V suffering from neuromuscular scoliosis undergoing spine surgery for scoliosis correction, without age restrictions. Correlation analysis and linear regression were performed using the variables of interest, and p < .05 was accepted as a statistically significant difference. Results: A total of 26 patients were included, 14 males and 12 females. The median age was 13 years, and the median length of stay was 8 days. There was a significant, moderate, positive correlation between total surgical time and length of stay amongst class V surgically treated patients, r(24)= .39, p = .043. Conclusions: Prolonging the surgical procedure correlates with an extended hospital length of stay amongst surgically treated neuromuscular scoliosis GMFCS V patients with a pelvic obliquity of less than 20 degrees. Level of Evidence IV; Case-Control Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate and compare sagittal parameters of the spine in different morphological types of cervical curves. Method: ten lateral radiographs of the cervical spine of each morphological type of cervical curvature (lordotic, straightened, sigmoid and kyphotic) were used to measure the C1-C2 angle, C2-C7 angle using the Cobb method, T1 inclination, T1-lordosis inclination C2-C7 cervical and axial sagittal cervical axis. Parameter measurements were compared in the different morphological types of cervical spine curvature. Results: a statistical difference was observed in the C2-C7 angle, T1 inclination and T1 inclination-C2-C7 cervical lordosis in the different morphological types of cervical curvature. No statistical difference was observed in the C1-C2 angle and axial sagittal cervical axis in the different morphological types of cervical curvature.Conclusion: sagittal parameters (C2-C7 angle by Cobb method, T1 inclination, T1 inclination-C2-C7 cervical lordosis) present differences in the different morphological types of cervical curvatures and must be considered in the evaluation and therapeutic development. Evidence level III, retrospective comparative study.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to carry out a retrospective analysis of patients with traumatic fractures of the cervical spine carried out at Mário Covas State Hospital in Santo André, São Paulo, from January 2018 to December 2022. Data were collected from medical records and radiographic image database in the Hospital’s medical-statistical service. The variables analyzed were age group, gender, mechanism of trauma, affected vertebrae, type of fracture and neurological deficit. 89 individuals met inclusion and exclusion requirements. Traumatic injuries to the cervical spine were more frequent in working-age male adults, the most prevalent trauma mechanism was falling from height, the most affected vertebra was C2 followed by C6, the vast majority of patients had no neurological deficit and the most recommended treatment was non-surgical. Obtaining an understanding of the factors involved in this process and the consequences of injuries, public health planning and strategies for the promotion and prevention of traumatic cervical spine injuries are paramount importance. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Compare three methods for evaluating the curvature of the cervical spine (Cobb, Jackson and Harrison method) considering the morphological types of cervical curvature (lordotic, straightened, sigmoid and kyphotic). Method: Ten lateral radiographs of each type of cervical curvature (lordotic, rectified, sigmoid and kyphotic) were used to measure the curvature of the cervical spine using the Cobb, Jackson and Harrison methods. The results were compared. Results: he methods for assessing cervical curvature showed statistical differences in the assessment of the group of individuals and in the individualized assessment of each morphological type of cervical spine curvature. Conclusion: he methods for assessing cervical spine curvature present differences in relation to angular measurement and the difference in measurement was also observed in the different morphological types of cervical spine curvature. Evidence level III, retrospective comparative study.

ABSTRACT Objective: Full endoscopic uniportal spine procedures offer the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. One of the reasons its worldwide acceptance hasn’t been as expected is because of the perception of a long learning curve. This multicentric survey-based study is designed to identify the perception of the learning curve needed for full endoscopic spine procedures. It was applied to spine surgeons of Latin America and looked to assess the different variables that influence the perception of a learning curve. Methods: A 23-item questionnaire focusing on demographics, experience, and education regarding full endoscopic spine surgery was sent to all registered surgeons in the AO Spine LATAM (a specialty group within the AO Foundation) database. Data analysis was done based on the answers provided. Results: 296 members (out of 1164 AOSpine active members) answered the survey. 54.73% of the responders think that the best way to learn the technique is a combination of an Observership with an expert surgeon, cadaveric or model workshop, and operating with an expert. Most of the responders agree that 26 is the average of surgeries needed to master either the interlaminar approach or the transforaminal approach. Conclusions: The learning curve perceived by spine surgeons is below what is reported in the literature for both interlaminar and transforaminal approaches. Endolif was found to be the least performed procedure. Level of Evidence I; Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses).

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of neck pain and back pain in professionals whose primary work activity is related to playing musical instruments. Method: A non-randomized quantitative cross-sectional clinical study was conducted, where data were collected through an online questionnaire. Results: Out of the 98 participating musicians, the majority (73.5%) were male, with an average age of 33. Approximately 70% of participants reported experiencing some type of pain, with back pain (20.4%), neck pain (14.3%), and the coexistence of both conditions (36.7%) being the most frequent complaints. The most common musical instruments were the guitar (19.4%), followed by the piano (11.2%), drums (8.2%), and keyboard (7.1%). Interestingly, most musicians (61.2%) did not warm up before practicing music. Conclusions: This study confirms that musicians face a significantly higher risk of developing neck and back pain than the general population, corroborating previous findings. Factors such as gender, weight, duration of musical practice, and age play complex roles in the manifestation of these pains, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention and intervention strategies for this community. Level of Evidence IV; Retrospective Observational Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To predict lumbar spine flexibility by analyzing the difference in lumbar lordosis between orthostatic and supine positions. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients undergoing interbody fusion and posterior fixation surgery between 2013 and 2019 due to degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine. All patients were over 18 years old, and preand post-operative weight-bearing X-rays and pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging were obtained. The difference between lumbar lordosis in standing X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging was calculated as lordosis delta and compared to post-operative radiographic outcomes. Results: The study involved 49 patients, with the most approached level being L4-L5 (49.0%). The Roussouly type 3 of lumbar lordosis was the most common (53.1%). Disc degeneration syndrome (DDS) was the predominant diagnosis (83.7%). The Pearson correlation between lordosis delta and post-operative lumbar lordosis was significantly positive. Conclusion: This study establishes a correlation between lumbar lordosis delta and post-operative radiographic outcomes, suggesting its utility in the pre-operative assessment of lumbar spine flexibility. Level of Evidence IV; Retrospective Observational Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the radiographic results obtained using a bone substitute of xenogeneic origin as an adjunct to consolidation in a sample of patients diagnosed with scoliosis and undergoing surgical treatment in a tertiary hospital. Methods: The total sample consisted of 12 female patients, with an average age of 13.5 years. There was a predominance of the single posterior approach (83.3%) In all cases, 30g of the xenogeneic graft was used. Results: The average Cobb angle of the main curve was 85.5 degrees and of the minor curve was 49.2 degrees. We obtained a mean main curve correction of 48 degrees or 56%, which remained in the measurements 6 months postoperatively. The analysis of arthrodesis consolidation demonstrated a predominance of cases classified as Molinari Grade 2, n= 7, (58.7%) at 3 months and at 6 months, n= 8, (66.7%), associated with three Molinari cases Grade 1 (25%) noting a total of 91.7% consolidation of the arthrodesis. Conclusion: The use of the xenogenic graft of bovine origin Bonefill Mix from the company BionnovationR demonstrated a good consolidation rate, being a consolidation adjuvant that can be used to treat these patients. Level of Evidence IV; Prospective Case Series.

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aims to report and analyze two cases of tension hemothorax in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) undergoing scoliosis surgery, highlighting the incidence, etiology, and optimal treatment strategies. Methods: We present two detailed cases of tension hemothorax in NF1 patients who underwent scoliosis surgery. Clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, treatment interventions, and outcomes were meticulously documented. A literature review was conducted to contextualize these cases within the broader spectrum of tension hemothorax in NF1 patients undergoing similar surgeries. Results: Both cases involved severe complications requiring immediate surgical interventions. The first patient experienced arterial bleeding necessitating endovascular embolization, while the second patient required open thoracotomy. Postoperative management included intensive monitoring and multidisciplinary care. The literature review supported these findings, indicating that surgical interventions such as chest tube insertion, thoracoscopy, and angiography with endovascular embolization are common in such cases. Conclusion: These cases underscore the critical need for vigilance and prompt intervention in managing tension hemothorax in NF1 patients undergoing scoliosis surgery. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving understanding of this rare but life-threatening complication in this specific surgical context. Level of Evidence IV; Case Report.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cervical degenerative disc disease is a highly prevalent pathology in the general population, which can cause disability and high costs for the health system. Among the surgical modalities for treatment, cervical arthrodesis and cervical arthroplasty stand out. Objective: To compare the performance of surgical modalities of cervical arthrodesis and cervical arthroplasty in patients with degenerative cervical disc disease regarding quality of life and functional capacity. Methodology: Retrospective observation study, data analysis of information collected from medical records of patients undergoing arthrodesis and cervical arthroplasty, followed on an outpatient basis from 2015 to 2020. Functional capacity was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and quality of life using the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) in the pre-and postoperative periods (06 months, 01 year, 02 years, 03 years, 04 years, and 05 years). Statistical significance was established with values of p≤0,05. Results: 122 patients were evaluated (56 in the arthrodesis group and 66 in the arthroplasty group). After the surgical interventions, individuals migrated from severe disability (50.8% / 54.3%) to minimal disability (15.3% / 9.0%). There was a decline in the ODI scores over the follow-up time (p≤0.001) as well as in the SF-36 values (p≤0.001) for both surgical techniques. Evaluating the difference in means revealed better performance of cervical arthroplasty (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Considering the findings for functional capacity and quality of life, cervical arthroplasty performed better as a surgical technique for the treatment of degenerative cervical disc disease. Level of Evidence IV; Retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive and observational study.

ABSTRACT Objective: In this study, we aim to compare total surgical time and length of hospital stay for the interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy (IELD) and transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD). Methods: This is a retrospective observational study in which we collected data from one center’s medical records, from March 2022 to February 2023, of patients who underwent uniportal endoscopic lumbar discectomies. The following data were collected: age, gender, endoscopic approach, length of stay, total surgical time, and surgical levels. The data were applied to a nonparametric test, the Mann-Whitney U test. A type I error of up to 5% was accepted as a statistically significant difference. Results: From the total of 107 patients (49 males and 58 females), the median duration of hospital stay was 19 hours. The most common surgical level was L5-S1, and the interlaminar uniportal endoscopic approach was performed in 87.85% of the cases. A significant statistical difference was observed in the total surgical time when comparing the interlaminar approach with the transforaminal approach when all levels (L2-L3 to L5-S1) are considered together in the analysis. Ultimately, no statistically significant difference was observed in the length of stay when comparing the interlaminar approach with the transforaminal approach. Conclusion: The study showed a statistically significant difference in total surgical time, showing shorter operative time for the interlaminar approach. There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of hospital stay. Level of Evidence lV; Comparative Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) involves several maneuvers already described to align the scoliotic curve and, subsequently, vertebral derotation. Objective: The goal is to be able to achieve the greatest possible correction, thus preserving sagittal balance parameters and leaving the greatest number of mobile segments possible. The aim of the study is to verify the combined derotation technique implemented at the Reespalda Clinic and its correction rate in idiopathic scoliosis and to evaluate implant density to achieve it. Method: Observational retrospective study collected between 2021 and 2023, with a 6-month follow-up, including clinic and radiologic data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed (R 4.3.2). Derotation technique: posterior transpedicular instrumentation with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, inserting a rod in a proper sagittal contour on the convex side. Specialized reduction tool with loosely affixing anchors, doing a vertebral translation. Then, a global derotation with only one rod, fixing anchors. Placing the concave rod with mild hypokyphosis. Distraction on the concave side, and compression on the convex side. Results: 25 cases were totalized (no. 15 of Lenke 1, no. 5 of Lenke 3 and no. 5 of Lenke 5). Preoperative Cobb mean angle of 60.44º and postoperative Cobb mean angle of 22.22º, with a mean correction rate of 67.45º. High screw density was related to a better correction rate (p=0.0266) in Lenke 1. Meanwhile, 100% of Lenke 3 and 5 were high density. Conclusion: Combined derotation technique reached a successful correction rate; however, high-density screw was needed to achieve it. Level of Evidence IV; Cases of Series.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of vertebral bone tuberculosis (TBO) in a public tertiary hospital in Recife, PE, from 2018 to 2023. Methods: Retrospective epidemiological study with a descriptive and quantitative approach. Medical records of patients reported with vertebral tuberculosis between 2018 and 2023 were evaluated. Results: 14 cases were found treated as vertebral tuberculosis. The sample was predominantly composed of male individuals, with an average age of 49 years, residing in the metropolitan region of Recife. The majority had the diagnosis established by clinical radiological criteria and surgical treatment for decompression and arthrodesis, which occurred in 11 (78.5%) of the cases. Conclusion: It concludes that the profile of patients with vertebral tuberculosis is made up of men of working age, and that clinical-radiographic diagnosis predominates mainly in endemic areas. Level of Evidence II. Retrospective study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and correlate the bacterial profile identified in blood cultures, urine cultures and vertebral biopsies in patients at Hospital Santa Marcelina in São Paulo - SP. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 20 patients affected by spondylodiscitis. Blood culture, urine culture, and spinal biopsy results were evaluated, in addition to sex and age. Results: The sample consisted of 20 patients, between 32 and 79 years old, predominantly male, diagnosed with spondylodiscitis. Most blood culture and urine culture results were negative, 80% and 65%, respectively. Among the spinal biopsy samples, 60% identified pathogens. When correlating the samples, 50% of the blood culture and biopsy cases presented the same result; however, between urine culture and biopsy, none identified the same germ between the samples. Conclusion: It is concluded that results from blood cultures, urine cultures, and spinal biopsies may frequently differ, making biopsy essential in diagnosing and treating spondylodiscitis. Level of Evidence IV; Cross-Sectional Study.

ABSTRACT Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common disease with an increased anticipated burden to health systems worldwide. Methods to predict outcomes in these patients are needed so physicians can provide more effective care. Fractional anisotropy (FA) analysis is a promising technique used to quantify how preserved the diffusion is in neural pathways. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using the PRISMA guidelines. Full articles available online were searched for correlation coefficients between FA values and mJOA scores. Average FA values, preoperative mJOA, and postoperative mJOA scores were gathered to perform a correlation analysis. A total of 5 articles presented correlations between FA and mJOA change and were included in the correlation meta-analysis. Correlation coefficients varied from -0.42 and 0.55. The number of patients in each study varied from 15 to 95. The Random effects model resulted in a non-significant correlation coefficient of 0.1315 (95% CI: -0.2575 to 0.4839; p= 0.5124). Spearman's correlation analysis was significant for preoperative vs postoperative mJOA (r = 0.79, p = 0.02), while preoperative FA did not correlate significantly with preoperative or postoperative mJOA. At this point, the data available in the literature is insufficient to determine a real correlation between FA and mJOA scores. More studies are necessary for a better understanding of this matter. Level of Evidence III; Study Review.

ABSTRACT Multilevel spinal epidural empyema (SEE) is a rare and serious infection of the spine with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Although abscesses or empyema of the spine sector are well studied, this pathology is surprising due to its rarity and diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It stands out for being more common in adulthood and in males and is associated with predisposing pathologies. The bacteriological agent responsible in most cases is Staphylococcus aureus. Early treatment is essential and is based on two pillars: antibiotic therapy and decompressive surgery. We present two clinical cases with multilevel involvement that evolved favorably both infectiously and neurologically without causing spine instability and we carried out a bibliographic review of the subject. Level of Evidence IV; Case Report.

ABSTRACT The great advances in using new devices and imaging systems in surgeries aim to reproduce an ideal and safe scenario for the surgeon, the team, and the patient. New systems and devices are constantly available to demonstrate and facilitate intraoperative navigation, thereby reducing errors and avoiding complications for the patient and staff. This study evaluates and compares using the O-arm® system and radioscopy in the freehand technique in spine surgeries. For this, searches were conducted in PubMed and Embase for randomized and non-randomized studies using the O-arm® system and radioscopy in spine surgery. Twenty-four studies were included and compared regarding procedure time, accuracy of implant positioning, effective radiation dose, safety, and efficacy. In one study, the O-arm® group showed a shorter surgical time when compared to the freehand technique (222.5 min. [SD=38.0] vs. 255.2 min. [SD=40.3], p=0.011, respectively). In two studies, the freehand technique resulted in a lower effective radiation dose for patients. In 12 studies, a higher incidence of complications was observed among patients undergoing surgery with the freehand technique. It was concluded that using the O-arm® is associated with a reduction in malposition of implants and more safety for instrumented procedures. Still, no evidence exists that its use can result in less surgical time. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic Analysis and Studies, Investigation of a Diagnostic Test.

ABSTRACT Objective: The study’s main purpose is to identify changes in the epidemiological profile of spine surgeries before and during the pandemic. Furthermore, we seek to understand how these changes affected the training of resident doctors. Methods: To achieve the proposed objectives, a retrospective analysis of spine surgeries was carried out between March 2019 and February 2021. The data were obtained from the patient’s medical records and subjected to a comparative statistical analysis. Results: The results revealed a significant change like the surgeries performed, with a notable increase in traumatic cases during the pandemic compared to the previous period. Conclusion: It is concluded that the pandemic caused changes in orthopedic surgical practice, with an increase in trauma surgeries and a decrease in elective surgeries. In training spine residents, the pandemic brought challenges that highlighted the need for resilience and adaptability in complex environments. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective Observational Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: Quantify the time elapsed between the arrival of the patient with surgical trauma in the spine at the emergency room and the completion of the surgical procedure, analyzing the factors that may have influenced this process. Methods: Retrospective study that included individuals of both sexes aged between 18 and 100 years who arrived at a tertiary trauma center with surgical fractures in the spine. Patients treated between March 2018 and March 2022 were included in the sample. All data to compose the study sample were collected from secondary data sources (medical records). Results: Medical records of 259 patients with spinal injuries were evaluated. Approximately one-third of the patients were operated on between 13h and 24h, and the other third over 72h. Only 6.6% were operated within 12 hours. The mean time to perform the surgical process was 84.3 ± 144.6 hours. Surgical intervention for most patients (59.1%) occurred within the first 48 hours. Patients with systemic arterial hypertension and patients with at least one comorbidity had a statistically longer mean waiting time for the surgical procedure than patients who did not have these characteristics. Conclusion: Most surgical interventions occurred in the first 48 hours, which is considered early. In addition, some factors, such as the existence of comorbidities, are directly associated with the time it takes to perform the surgical procedure. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective Prognostic.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare patients who underwent anterior cervical arthrodesis with autologous iliac crest graft and those who used synthetic graft. Methods: Analysis of 38 patients aged between 18 and 100 years with anterior cervical spondylosis of 1 or 2 levels in a spine surgery service. Results: degenerative cervical spine changes associated with cervicalgia and cervicobrachialgia. Excluded: previous cervical spine surgeries, fractures, or surgery above two levels. Two groups were formed with 19 patients, one using autologous graft and the other using synthetic tricalcium phosphate - a questionnaire assessed satisfaction (Oswestry and VAS) pre- and postoperatively. Bone consolidation was evaluated by tomography at nine months. Results: Mean ODI (Group 1) was 68.5% ± 4.6% preoperatively and 27.2% ± 3.8% postoperatively, being statistically relevant (p

Advanced chronic kidney disease and the different modalities of renal replacement therapies have been a great limitation when prescribing the different conventional and biological therapies used for the treatment of different autoimmune diseases. Many of them persist with great activity, requiring the use of other types of medications such as glucocorticoids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, further perpetuating their adverse effects. Addditionally, most clinical studies have excluded patients with chronic kidney disease and the evidence for continuing biological treatments in this scenario is based on pharmacokinetic properties or case reports where the outcomes have been favorable. The lack of knowledge and the absence of clear guidelines for decision-making regarding starting conventional or biological therapy in this context generate a lack of continuity in the prescription of treatments, which decreases the therapeutic response and negatively affects the quality of life. from the patients. For this reason, a narrative review is carried out with the aim of establishing a practical consensus that unifies the recommendations for each of the treatments most frequently used in the control of various autoimmune diseases in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: Certolizumab pegol (CTZ) is a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor biological agent that has demonstrated efficacy in controlling rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Identifying predictive factors for treatment success and assessing its effectiveness in a real-world clinical setting are crucial for decision-making. Objective: To evaluate the response to CTZ in patients with RA in a real-world cohort, measuring the reduction in DAS 28, HAQ, frequency of remission, and low disease activity (LDA) at three months, identifying predictive factors, and evaluating the reduction in the use of corticosteroids. Methods: A prospective real-world observational study included patients over 18 years of age with RA (ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria) who initiated CTZ and were followed for three months. Demographic, clinical, comorbidity, treatment, and disease activity data were recorded. Results: Out of 2092 RA patients treated with CTZ between 2016 and 2021, 90% had a poor prognosis, and 60% had high disease activity. Among 1673 patients followed for three months, a reduction in DAS 28 (-1.9) and HAQ (-0.63) was observed. At three months, 10.5% achieved remission, and 40% achieved LDA. Predictive factors for remission included age (OR: 0.97) and DAS 28 (OR: 0.58); for LDA, age (OR: 0.97), DAS 28 (OR: 0.61), first-line CTZ (OR: 1.6), and HAQ (OR: 0.61). Additionally, there was a reduction in the use of glucocorticoids (-3.1 mg prednisone). Conclusions: CTZ is effective in RA, emphasizing patient selection and an early treatment approach. This study supports the efficacy of CTZ

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform an analysis of the anatomy of the great vessels relevant to the access for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), determining the level of their bifurcation, the distance between the iliac vessels at L5-S1, the morphological configuration of the left iliac vein and the presence of fatty tissue between the vessel and the disc. Methods: Two hundred magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the lumbar spine of patients (18-80 years old) were evaluated using axial, coronal, and sagittal cuts at levels L1-S1 in T2 weighting. The interiliac distance was defined as the measurement between the left iliac vein and the right iliac artery. The presence of fatty tissue was defined as the identification of space between the vessel and the disc. Vessel morphology was divided into oval and flat. Results: The population’s average age was 49.6 years, with 52% being female. The average interiliac distance at L5-S1 was 27.48mm. The bifurcation of the aorta artery was identified at the level of L4 in 56.3%, as well as the confluence of the iliac veins (37.2%). The left iliac vein was identified as oval in 69% of patients and flat in 31% of patients. Fat tissue was evidenced in 60.5% of the exams. Conclusion: As a routine preoperative examination and surgical planning, lumbar MRI is fundamental in investigating the anatomy regarding anterior approach surgeries, allowing an effective assessment of the relationships between the great vessels and the lumbar spine. Level of Evidence IV; Retrospective Investigation.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the epidemic profile of patients with spinal fractures referred for evaluation by Spine Group of IOT-HCFMUSP between 2019 and 2022. To enable the effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on these epidemic profiles. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with spinal fractures referred by the São Paulo Center for the Regulation of Health Offers and Services (CROSS) to the Spine Group of IOT-HCFMUSP between 2019 and 2022. The epidemiological profile between the pre-pandemic Covid-19 period and the period of the Covid-19 pandemic until December 2022 in the city of São Paulo was compared. Results: The medical records of 427 patients were analyzed between March 2019 and December 2022. During the period, males accounted for 71.9% of cases, and the mean age was 46.7 years. Falls from heights were the most frequent trauma mechanism (63.7%), followed by motorcycle accidents (14.3%). The absence of neurological deficit occurred in 76.8% of the cases, and the most injured region was the lumbar region (39.3%). There were changes in the epidemiological profile during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic. Conclusions: A predominance of middle-aged males was observed, in addition to the trauma mechanism of falling from a height, as well as the absence of a neurological deficit in the initial evaluation. The lumbar and cervical regions were the most frequent sites of injury. The pandemic period interfered with the epidemiological profile presented and in the time interval between the injury and the evaluation at the IOT-HCFMUSP. Level of Evidence IV; Case Series.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The knowledge of the intervertebral disc morphology and its relation with the vertebrae is vital for managing degenerative spine disease. It is imperative to study the role of preventable and treatable causes, such as Vitamin D deficiency, so that standard guidelines can be framed for apt management. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and MRI morphometry of lumbar intervertebral discs. Methods: A total of 100 subjects (20-40 years) underwent an MRI of the lumbosacral spine. Intervertebral disc and vertebral body heights were measured, and disc degenerative changes were noted. Serum vitamin D levels were correlated with disc changes using the Pearson/Spearman rank correlation coefficient. A p-value of

ABSTRACT Introduction: In healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the curvature of the cervical spine varies greatly, with approximately 36-40% of AIS patients having kyphosis of the cervical spine. Aim: To assess the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients and subgroups according to Lenke’s classification (1 to 6). Methods: 107 patients with AIS were assessed for cervical lordosis (C2-C7) using the Cobb method, subdivided into lordosis and cervical kyphosis. The following parameters were assessed and compared between the subgroups: T5-T12 thoracic kyphosis (TK); L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), C2-C7 cervical lordosis, C1-C2 cervical lordosis, T1 slope (T1s), neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA) and cervical sagittal axis (CSVA). Results: Kyphosis of the cervical spine was observed in 48% of patients. The Lenke classification curves (1 to 6) showed no difference with regard to the curvature of the cervical spine. In the subgroup with cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and T1 slope were significantly higher. Neck tilt was significantly higher in the subgroup with kyphosis. Conclusions: Almost half of the patients have kyphosis of the cervical spine, and the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients varies widely. Thoracic kyphosis, T1 slope, and neck tilt are significantly different between the subgroups of patients with lordosis or kyphosis. Level of Evidence III; Observational and Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The correlation between sagittal and coronal parameters in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) presents contradictory results and is not fully understood. Objective: To evaluate the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and its correlation with sagittal parameters and the main curve in patients diagnosed with AIS. Methods: 109 patients with AIS and indications for surgical treatment were evaluated. The correlation of the SVA with sagittal parameters (thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence, lumbar lordosis, pelvic version, and sacral inclination) and with the main curves (main thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar) was evaluated. Results: The SVA ranged from -208 to 66.30 mm (mean -19.64 ± 36.21), above 50 mm in two patients (1.83%). There was no correlation between the sagittal parameters and the magnitude of the main curve and the SVA. Conclusion: The SVA showed great variability in the group of patients with AIS; a small percentage of patients had an SVA greater than 50 mm. The low percentage of patients with sagittal misalignment showed the compensatory capacity of young patients with vertebral deformity. Level of Evidence: III; Observational and Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the inter and intra-observer reliability of Nash and Moe’s grades, used to assess patients diagnosed with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Methodology: Forty-seven representative x-rays of patients with AIS were randomly selected to evaluate the apical vertebral rotation (AVR) using Nash and Moe’s grades. The evaluation of the AVR was made independently in two distinct moments by two observers. The inclusion criteria in the study were a patient diagnosed with AIS and an orthostasis radiography with a good-quality image. An agreement study between the evaluations and the inter and intraobserver’s reliability was determined using Kappa’s statistics with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The interobservers’ Kappa’s value in the first evaluation was 0,44 (CI 95%; 0,22-0,66) and 0,37 (CI 95%; 0,17-0,56) in the second. In the intraobservers’ evaluations, the Kappa’s value for examiner 1 was 0,61 (CI 95%; 0,40-0,81) and 0,46 (CI 95%; 0,22-0,70) for examiner 2. Conclusion: This study’s results demonstrated that Nash and Moe’s grades are unreliable for evaluating vertebral rotation in patients with AIS. Level of Evidence III; A Cross-Sectional Study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on spine surgeries at a Reference Center for High Complexity Urgencies in Goiás. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was carried out based on data from medical records of patients undergoing spine surgery between September 2017 and September 2021. Volunteers were divided into two groups: before and during the pandemic, considering April 2020 as a starting point. The following was extracted from the medical records: age, gender, education, etiology, neurological deficit, region of the spine addressed, mechanism of trauma, fractured vertebrae, type of fracture, length of stay in the ICU, COVID test (PCR), and deaths. Student t, chi-square, and Fisher’s exact statistical tests were used to compare the preand post-pandemic profiles. In addition, Spearman’s correlation test was applied to verify the correlation between variables, considering p

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the impact of surgery on gait characteristics of individuals with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) after one month of the procedure. Methods: Observational, cohort type study, with a quantitative analysis approach. Two assessments were performed, the first one week before surgery and the second 30 days after the decompression procedure. The following space-time variables were analyzed: steps per minute, step length, cycle time, speed, steps per minute, support time, swing time, step time. The kinematic variables obtained were analyzed by Gait Profile Score (GPS) and Movement Analysis Profile (MAP). Results: comparing pre and postoperative values, there was a decrease in the number of steps per minute (p=0.006), an increase in support time (p=0.011) and an increase in cycle time (p=0.004). Other variables did not present statistically significant differences. The patients’ total GPS average in the pre-surgery assessment was 10.41 and 1 month after the procedure, an average of 10.56 was obtained, which does not characterize a statistical difference between the assessments. When establishing a comparison between the two assessments specifically on each joint movement of the lower limbs using the MAP, it was observed that the obliquity and rotation of the pelvis showed some improvement immediately after the surgical procedure. Knee flexion and extension were significantly (p=0.018) more compromised after the procedure when compared to the value of the same population before surgery. Conclusion: the preliminary analysis of the gait of these patients after one month of intervention did not show immediate benefits of the procedure. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment outcomes.

ABSTRACT Objective: The analysis of the X-ray results of surgical treatment performed in patients with post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis and identification of the compensatory mechanism for this deformity. Methods: The data of 140 patients surgically treated for painful post-traumatic kyphosis at the level of T12, L1, and L2 vertebrae was analyzed. Results: In the studied group, the initial kyphotic deformity was 23° to 81°, with a mean of 28.1°. All patients underwent staged surgical intervention in a single surgical session. Post-traumatic kyphosis (LK) was completely corrected, on average, to -0.25°. After kyphosis correction, increased thoracic kyphosis (TK) decreased lumbar lordosis (LL), including at the expense of low lumbar lordosis (LowLL), but no changes in pelvic balance parameters were observed. Statistically significant correlations of local kyphosis correction magnitude of 28.36±8.89°, with magnitudes of lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), low lumbar lordosis (LowLL) were obtained. The global sagittal and pelvic balance demonstrated no correlations with the magnitude of kyphosis correction. The X-ray parameters were studied in patients of Group I with no signs of initial sagittal imbalance and in Group II patients with signs of sagittal imbalance. The groups demonstrated statistically significant differences in global balance parameters and spinopelvic parameters both before and after correction surgery. Conclusion: The study revealed that the basic compensatory mechanism for post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis is implemented by changes in the curves adjacent to kyphosis - a decrease in thoracic kyphosis and an increase in lumbar lordosis but not by changes in global or spinopelvic balance. Level of Evidence - III; A case-control study.