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Ticks play the main role, in veterinary terms, in transmitting important pathogens. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a widespread tick known for its ability to thrive in indoor environments and could be the main reservoir host for many TBDs. In this study, the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil was evaluated against R. sanguineus. The aerial part of this plant was extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield obtained from this oil was 0.38%, its major chemical compounds were found to be Camphor (43.52%), Eucalyptol (13.66%), and Camphene (13.2%). The adult immersion test (AIT) using four concentrations (1µl/ml,2µl/ml,10µl/ml, 30µl/ml) revealed that this oil presented oviposition reduction percentages of 5.75%, 20.68%, 33.27%, and 46.84%, hatching reductions percentages of 5%, 15%, 35%, and 60%, and efficacy extract percentages of 10.46%, 32.58%, 56.63%, and 78.74% Further, the larval immersion test (LIT) using five concentrations (0.5µl/ml,1µl/ml, 2µl/ml, 3µl/ml, and 5µl/ml) revealed considerable larvicidal activities with LC50 and LC90 values of 2.286 µl/ml and 5.380 µl/ml, respectively. These results are encouraging and open interesting and promising horizons for its application as a bio-acaricide.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of essential oil from orange peel in the refrigerated conservation of the ‘Benitaka’ table grape, as well as to evaluate its in vitro effectiveness on Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold. Grapes were harvested from a commercial field in the municipality of Cambira, Paraná, during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and five replications of five bunches per plot. The treatments were: a) control; b) essential oil from orange peel at 4.0 mL of the commercial product (c.p.) L-1; c) dual phase SO2-generating pads containing 1 and 4 g of the active ingredient (a.i.) in the fast and slow phases, respectively; and d) essential oil from orange peel at 4.0 mL c.p. L-1 associated with the dual phase SO2-generating pads containing 1 and 4 g of the a.i. in the fast and slow phases, respectively. A commercial product containing 61.14 g L-1 (6% w/v) of 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexane, the source of orange essential oil, was applied by spraying it directly onto the bunches. After drying, the grape bunches were stored in a refrigerated chamber at 1.0±1°C and 95% relative humidity. The following variables were assessed 30 and 45 days after the beginning of cold storage: the incidence of gray mold on berries, loss of bunch mass, stem browning, shattered berries, and bleaching. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the development of B. cinerea was determined, and fungal mycelia were observed using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of orange essential oil. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Fisher's difference test at 5% probability. The effectiveness of orange essential oil in suppressing the development of B. cinerea was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, making it a safe alternative for the postharvest conservation of 'Benitaka' table grapes.

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This study investigated for the first time the effectiveness of therapeutic baths with essential oil (EO) of Piper hispidum against monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni from the gills of Colossoma macropomum, as well as the hematological and histological effects on this fish. In therapeutic baths, 100 mg/L of P. hispidum essential oil and two control groups (water from the culture tank and water from the culture tank with 70% alcohol) were exposed for 1 h/day, with intervals of 48 hours for 3 days, and three replicates each were used. Therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of P. hispidum essential oil had an efficacy of 78.6% against monogeneans. The toxicity of this essential oil was low, since there were a few physiological and histopathological changes that did not compromise the functioning of the gills of the fish. Therefore, 100 mg/L of P. hispidum essential oil was effective for controlling monogeneans in C. macropomum, when short therapeutic baths were used without compromising the health of the exposed fish.

Abstract This work aimed to characterize the allspice leaves essential oil (EO) and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against specific food-borne pathogenic microorganisms as well as its in vitro antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of different concentrations (0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of allspice EO was also evaluated in mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) during storage of up to 10 days at 2 °C. Allspice EO presented as major compounds eugenol (55.52%), myrcene (22.53%) and chavicol (5.12%), and was effective against Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, having greater (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity than its main component eugenol. In the in vitro antioxidant assays, the allspice EO had higher radical scavenging activity (90% versus 65%) than eugenol, presenting lower IC50 values (2.71 versus 9.49 µg/mL), but the antioxidant activity by the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) did not differ (p > 0.05) from the synthetic antioxidant butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT). Incorporating allspice EO in MDPM suppressed lipid oxidation during 8 days of cold storage, regardless of the amount used, exhibiting lower (p < 0.05) TBARS values during all storage periods than MDPM without EO. Allspice leaves EO had the high antioxidant potential to be used in MDPM and could also contribute an antimicrobial effect to the product in which the MDPM is used.

ESSENTIAL AND VEGETABLE OILS: RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BIOPRODUCTS IN CLASSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. A schedule was prepared for three undergraduate classes for the discipline of experimental organic chemistry for obtaining bioproducts. As natural raw materials, lavender flowers and cinnamon peels were used to obtain hydrolates and essential oils (Class 1), coconut and avocado pulp to obtain vegetable oils and annatto seeds to obtain a natural dye (Class 2). Cosmetic bioproducts (Class 3), body emulsions similar to those found on the market, were obtained from the mixture of essential and vegetable oils and the addition of natural dye. The raw materials obtained can also be used in other classes of the discipline, complying with the principles of Green Chemistry. Essential oils, for example, can be used as samples for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) classes and vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel.

Inappropriate use of synthetic insecticides in pest management programs contribute in ozone depletion, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenesis and resistance. These negative outcomes have diverted attention towards the use of plant products in insect’s population management. In this study, dill (Anethum graveolens) and star anise (Ilicium verum) essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation method using clevenger apparatus, and evaluated for repellent, toxic and oviposition inhibitory potential against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by fumigation and contact methods. In toxicity assay by fumigation method, median lethal concentrations (LC50) recorded were 0.316 and 0.243 μlcm-3 air; 0.362 and 0.284 μlcm-3; and 0.497 and 0.418 μlcm-3 of A. graveolens and I. verum oils and pure limonene after 24 and 48h exposure to S. zeamais adults, respectively. In contact toxicity assay, LC50 were 0.219 and 0.159 μlcm-2 area; 0.269 and 0.226 μlcm-2; and 0.567 and 0.386 μlcm-2 of A. graveolens and I. verum oils and pure limonene after 24 and 48 h exposure to S. zeamais adults, respectively. Both A. graveolens and I. verum oils and limonene reduced progeny production and acetylcholinesterase activity in S. zeamais adults when fumigated with sub-lethal concentrations. The outcomes of this study will help in preparation of essential oil based formulations for stored grain insect pest management.

Introduction: Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that affects over 200 countries, has some limitations in its treatment, the main ones being the possibility of severe collecting effects promoted by medicines and the development of Leishmania varieties with resistance to medication. Considering the problems presented by the current treatments, new medicines have been researched, among them, the essential oils are pointed out as one of the most promising, because besides having natural origin, have good inhibitory potential and can stimulate the organism's defense system against Leishmania. Aim: To review addresses the antileishmanial activity of essential oils, more specifically the inhibitory potential and its selectivity. The action mechanisms already reported are also commented. Results: The inhibitory potential of essential oils (OE) against Leishmania is influenced mainly by the presence of aromatic hydroxyl in the OE isolated components, by the evolutionary form and by the species of Leishmania. The selectivity presented by the OE is influenced by the chemical composition and the evolutionary form of Leishmania. The main mechanisms of action of OE are mitochondrial apoptosis of Leishmania and, when in amastigote form, stimulation of the immune system of infected macrophage. Conclusion: The OE have the potential to be applied as drugs against Leishmania, however, it is necessary to consider the presence of aromatic hydroxyls in their composition for better applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a medicinal plant that is cultivated worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the variability in the percentage and the chemical composition of volatile oils from 12 turmeric samples. Rhizomes of the turmeric plant were collected from three different producers in the Brazilian like savanna (Cerrado) habitat in the state of Bahia. The chemical composition of the oils derived from the rhizomes was analysed by thin-layer chromatography and GC-MS. The average oil content was 3.97% ± 0.61%, varying from 3.0% to 5.16%. There were differences between producers; however, all samples met the specification of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis revealed qualitative similarity in both oil and curcuminoid components among the samples. The major components identified in the oils by gas chromatography were ar-turmerone (40.00% ± 13.20%), α-turmerone (10.05% ± 2.90%) and curlone (22.73% ± 12.72%). Regarding stability, there was a difference between the essential oil percentages after 6 months, but the content was maintained adequate and the chromatographic profile remained similar. The vegetable raw material obtained from C. longa rhizomes produced in the western region of the state of Bahia met the quality requirement of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.

ABSTRACT: Brazil has one of the largest commercial cattle herds in the world, which naturally coexist with an enormous number of parasitic species. Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is among these species, interfering with animal productivity and causing losses to the beef and dairy cattle sector. The use of chemical acaricides in the control of this mite has resulted in the emergence of resistant populations. In this sense, alternative control measures using plants as sources of botanical acaricides have shown to be effective. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess is a Brazilian plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; however, there are no reports on its acaricidal activity in the literature. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal and larvicidal potential of E. pyriformis leaf essential oil (EO) on southern cattle tick at different stages of the reproductive cycle. E. pyriformis leaves were collected and dried, and had their EO extracted by hydrodistillation (3h) using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 32 compounds belonging to the sesquiterpene class were identified: hydrocarbons (17.98%) and oxygenated forms (81.96%), with spathulenol (43.65%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.17%) as the most common. The EO was evaluated by the Adult Immersion Test at the concentrations (500.00 to 3.12mg/mL) in which the following parameters were measured: mortality of females (%), hatchability of eggs (%), and product efficiency (%). Larvae were assessed by the Larval Packet Test at concentrations ranging from 25.00 to 0.00004mg/mL. Lethal concentrations (LC) required for killing 50 and 99.9% of adult females and larvae were determined using Probit analysis. LC50 and LC99.9 of EO were 0.06 and 24.60mg/mL and 1,208.80 and 2,538mg/mL for larvae and adult females, respectively. Action of the EO in the free-living cycle of R. (B.) microplus larvae was another parameter assessed. To this end, the larvae were deposited in pots containing Brachiaria decumbens and, after migration to the leaf apex, a solution containing LC99.9 (24.60mg/mL) of the EO was sprayed. After 24h, 72.25% of the larvae had died, indicating stability of the EO when subjected to uncontrolled temperature and humidity conditions. The mechanism of action through which the EO killed the larvae and adult females was investigated by the Bioautographic Method, which showed inhibition of 3.15mg/mL of the EO on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The results found in the present experiment indicate that E. pyriformis essential oil is an alternative in the control of southern cattle tick in the larval (parasitic) and free-living cycle (non-parasitic) stages under field conditions.

The aim of study to investigate inhibition effects of cinnamic acid (volatile compound of cinnamon), limonene (essential oil of lemon) and eugenol (essential oil of clove, cinnamon) on Metschnikowia fructicola, Candida oleophila, Schisosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera apiculata. In this study, tube dilution method was used. Among eugenol, limonene and cinnamic acid, it was found that cinnamic acid has the most inhibition effect with low concentrations (%2.8, %3.84, %4.36, %5,4) at tube dilution methods. Also it was found that test yeast have different resistance against test materials.

Essential oils are products from aromatic plants, which, due to their biological, allelopathic, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, are important for food preservation. Kajikia audax is a fish of great commercial importance, however, it is highly perishable, requiring strategies to extend its shelf life. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Bursera graveolens essential oil was determined against microorganisms isolated from K. audax. Essential oil was extracted by steam distillation, obtaining a yield of 1.25%, a density of 0.83 g/ml and a refractive index of 1.473°, in addition, it was determined by GC-MS that D-limonene (77.6%) is the majority compound. Antimicrobial tests showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Aeromonas salmonicida and Pichia kudriavzevii was 1.62 mg/ml and 6.48 mg/ml respectively, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 25.92 mg/ml for both microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed total resistance against the concentrations used. B. graveolens essential oil turned out to be a potential product to control the growth of microorganisms isolated from K. audax, however, it should be tested against species of the genera Vibrio, Flavobacterium, Shewanella, Lactococcus and Streptococcus that cause spoiling of hydrobiological products.

ABSTRACT Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as an aromatic and medicinal plant. Basil is grown in different regions with varying climates; the productivity and quality are influenced by both abiotic and biotic factors. This study was aimed to determine the impact of the application of different types of fertilizers on the yield and contents of some bioactive components in basil. The treatments consisted of three different types of fertilizers (mineral, organomineral, and organic) and control (without fertilization). The yield per plant and the essential oil content with fertilizer treatment were better than that in control. The highest fresh yield (450.9 g per plant) and oil content (0.94 mL 100 g-1) were recorded in basil cultivated using mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, the fresh yield (333.9 and 327.8 g per plant) and oil content (0.87 and 0.85 mL 100 g-1) were higher after the application of organic and organomineral fertilizers compared to that in the control treatment. There was no significant effect of fertilizer application on the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. This study demonstrated a suitable practical application of organomineral fertilizers as a nutrient source in basil crop production in areas where the use of mineral and organic fertilizers is limited.

Currently, the use of alternative medicine is necessary, even in animals. Our study focused on the valorisation of the use of herbal products in Algerian veterinary medicine. This study is based on a 6-month exploratory survey of 257 private practicing veterinarians, followed by a study of the bacteriological activity of the essential oil of the Pistacia lentiscus plant. The survey results generally indicate that private veterinarians support phytotherapy as an alternative to conventional drugs in several areas and species. Also, the results of research conducted on the antibacterial activity of Pistacia lentiscus essential oil show that it inactivates 50% of the bacterial strains. This confirms the well defined role of this medicinal plant used as an alternative in veterinary medicine.

Laboratory bioassays on fumigation, ovicidal and oviposition deterrence activity of the essential oil from Indigofera suffruticosa and its constituents [eugenol, (E)-asarone, dill apiole, (Z)-asarone, thymol, (E)-nerolidol and safrole] against Tetranychus urticae were carried out. Components of Indigofera leaf oil were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) ad mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which revealed the identification of 17 components, representing 97.7 ± 0.6% of the total oil, with a high percentage of phenylpropanoids (89.9 ± 0.5%), among which eugenol (45.6 ± 0.4%) and (E)-asarone (17.4 ± 0.2%) were major constituents. The ovicidal activity and oviposition deterrence tests revealed that the essential oil as well as its main compounds affected the oviposition and hatchability of mite eggs. Eugenol and thymol were the most potent compounds and were approximately 225-fold more potent than the oil. The acaricidal action exerted by sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids of the leaf oil is also discussed. The results suggest that the Indigofera oil and selected components associated with ovicidal activity and oviposition deterrence can serve as the basis for a promising agent that could be used in the formulation of a product for use against the T. urticae.

Introduction: The obesity is closely related to quality of life, beyond that, psychological and behavioral factors may explain the relationship between obesity and anxiety/depression, to encourage health expansion, aromatherapy is a resource with enough results, few explored in anxiety and weight reduction on obese people. Objective: To investigate the relation of using Lavender angustifolia oil in anxiety score reduction and loss' weight in obese women. Materials and Methods: intervention study with no group control, composed by obese women, the data were collected from April until October 2019, anthropometic measures were analyzed (weight/stature), to measure their anxiety, was used the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The intervention was with massage and essencial Lavender angustifolia 3% oil inhaling, diluted on sweet almonds' vegetable oil totalizing eight massage sessions in witch had dured 35 minutes, in addition to contact with the lavender oil during the massage, the participants took home a bottle with the same oil as used on the procedure to drip one (1) drop on the pillow before the sleep, every night for the 30 subsequent research days. Results: Anxiety decreasing (p=0,002), just like loss' weight (p=0,022) but without changing the body mass index (p=0,110). Conclusion: The aromatherapy with Lavender angustifolia essencial oil can be used as an alternative treatment to reduce anxiety and in consequence, loss weight in obese people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant and toxicity activity of essential oils (EOs) of Hymenaea courbaril L. var. courbaril bark and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels leaves. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ABTS and DPPH assay were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. For the toxicity assay, lethality was evaluated against Artemia salina Leach. For the antimicrobial assay, the method of Disc Diffusion and Dilution in Broth was applied to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal. The major constituent of the EO of H. courbaril was ß-ocimene (23.33%) and the EO of S. cumini was isocaryophyllene (18.01%). Both OE showed relevant antioxidant activity and low toxicity against Artemia salina. The EOs showed bactericidal activity against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., B. cereus and P. mirabilis. The results obtained are encouraged by the potential use of the OE's studied in the control and fight of pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate two feed additives, one based on encapsulated sodium butyrate (Adimix® Precision) (AD) and the other, a phytogenic (Apex® 5) (AX), associated or not with an antimicrobial growth promoter (tylosin) during the growth and finishing phases on performance, carcass characteristics and health conditions. A total of 300 barrows and females were distributed in six treatments in a randomized block design with ten replicates. The treatments consisted of a negative control (NC), positive control (PC) (tylosin), AD (encapsulated sodium butyrate), AX (phytogenic), PC+AD (tylosin+encapsulated sodium butyrate), and PC+AX (tylosin+phytogenic). The performance (live weight, daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion) and carcass data (carcass weight, backfat thickness, loin depth, lean meat on the carcass) were submitted to ANOVA plus Tukey’s test, and the health conditions (occurrence of diseases, culling, and spontaneous deaths) were analyzed by χ2. Animals of the AD group had the highest average daily gain (ADG) over the evaluation period and the highest live weight at 120, 140, and 164 days of age, in addition to the highest carcass weight compared to NC and PC groups. The AX treatment increased the ADG in growth phase II and the live weight at 120 and 140 days of age in relation to the NC. The PC+AX group had a higher final live weight compared to the NC and PC groups and higher carcass weight in relation to the NC group. There was no difference among treatments for backfat thickness, percentage of lean meat in the carcass, or occurrence of diseases and deaths. The inclusion of encapsulated sodium butyrate (AD treatment) was effective in increasing ADG, final live weight, and carcass weight compared to supplementation with tylosin (PC treatment), as was the inclusion of a phytogenic (AX treatment) on FC compared to the PC.

Abstract Thirty-six compounds were identified from aerial parts of Solidago chilensis cultivated at PAF/FIOCRUZ campus in Rio de Janeiro city (RJ) using solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These compounds are mainly non-oxygenated mono and sesquiterpenes. Germacrene D is the major compound of two the essential oil analyzed samples (12 to 23%) and of two of the volatiles samples analyzed by SPME (central stems and dry inflorescences samples). Limonene is the major compound in the fresh inflorescences sample (about 21%). The bornil acetate is present in both volatile fractions (16%) and essential oils (7-8%). All the essential oils samples evaluated shown a great antinociceptive activity, considering the used dose of the samples (1 mg/kg) and the standard substance (50 mg/kg). Solidago chilensis is one of Brazil arnicas and it is a medicinal plant widely used by the brazilian population. Other plants of the genus Solidago are also used in traditional medicine in North America and Europe. This is the first report of SPME analysis from Solidago genus and of the antinociceptive effect from Solidago chilensis essential oil.

The Cerrado domain has numerous plant species that naturally produce essential oils, that are include in one of several classes of secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Cochlospermum regium flowers. The flowers from C. regium were collected in an area of Cerrado, in Rio Verde/GO, Brazil. To extract the essential oil, 100 g of flowers were used, and then they were subjected to hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus, and the essential oil yield, determined in percentage. Then, the essential oil was analyzed for composition by gas chromatography with coupled mass spectrometry GCMS, and determined as to the antioxidant potential in reducing DPPH and, as antifungal by agar diffusion in the isolate from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatograph associated with mass spectrometry CG-MS and its antioxidant potential was evaluated by the free radical sequestration technique DPPH. The average yield of essential oil was 0.10%. 32 compounds were identified, in especially majority caryophyllene E 9.76%, γ-muurolene 16.69% and bicyclogermacrene 39.82%. The antioxidant activity showed 100% reduction in the DPPH radical, for concentrations between 50 to 2 mg mL-1, and reductions of 85.77 to 13.18% (IC50) for concentrations 1 to 0.031 mg mL-1 of the essential oil. It is concluded that the essential oil from C. regium showed low yield, however, it contains many hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes compounds, presenting itself as an exceptional natural antioxidant and antifungal agent in the fight against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Thus, the essential oil of the flowers from C. regium presents itself as strong candidate for new research that can be applied in the areas from health, agricultural and foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the essential oils of Cochlospermum regium and its antioxidant and antifungal activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Roots and leaves were collected in individuals of C. regium in a Cerrado area, the material was processed, weighed and extraction of the oils were by the hydroventilation method in Clevenger. The oils had their evaluated yield, as well as the antioxidant and antifungal activities against S. sclerotiorum and C. gloeosporioides. Yields were 0.168 and 0.301% for leaves and roots; the antioxidant activity showed 100% reduction of the DPPH radical was 100% in the concentrations between 50 and 30 μL mL-1 and the mycelial inhibition of 14.2 and 60.1% in the concentration of 100 μL mL-1 for S. sclerotiorum and 84.4 and 81.3% for C. gloeosporioides for root and leaf oils, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aspergillus species are a cause of a high number of fungal infections of difficult treatment, presenting an expressive number of deaths due to the complications in the severe cases of infection. The objective was to evaluate the antifungal action of carvacrol against Aspergillus species, as well as to evaluate the interactions when associated with amphotericin B or ketoconazole. The antifungal activity of carvacrol was evaluated by the broth microdilution method. The combinations of the substances were performed by the checkerboard methodology, to determine the Index of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration. Carvacrol showed antifungal activity against all Aspergillus strains used in the trials. In combinations of substances, only a combination of carvacrol and amphotericin B presented satisfactory results. Combinations of carvacrol and ketoconazole have not shown good. It is concluded that carvacrol is a good candidate for the antifungal drug because of its good activity against Aspergillus demonstrated in the present study, as well as in other studies in the literature. Their combination in vitro with amphotericin B or ketoconazole did not present any advantages over the use of antifungal drugs alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Praksis is the property of Universidade Feevale and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding crude glycerin with food additives (sodium monensin or essential oils) to the diets of beef cattle on feed intake, ruminal parameters, in vitro digestibility, and production of greenhouse gases. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were randomly assigned in a 5×5 Latin square design. The treatments were: control, without crude glycerin and additives; with essential oils and without crude glycerin; with sodium monensin and without crude glycerin; with essential oils and crude glycerin; and with sodium monensin and crude glycerin. The addition of crude glycerin caused a reduction in dry matter (DM) intake, increase in vitro dry matter digestibility, and decrease in vitro crude protein digestibility, regardless of the food additive. All treatments were effective in maintaining the rumen environment with pH values above 6.2 and ammonia nitrogen concentrations above 10 mg dL−1. No difference was observed in the production and quality of protozoal and bacterial fractions. The addition of crude glycerin at 200 g kg−1 DM in the total diet can partially replace corn grain and soybean hulls and be combined with either sodium monensin or essential oil without impairing the rumen fermentation, being effective in reducing gas methane production and, when combined with sodium monensin, enables more efficient utilization of the diet by the animal. Therefore, feedlot experiments at large scales of production should be evaluated to prove these positive results.

Abstract Chagas disease is a major neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It has been treated with the antiparasitic drugs nifurtimox and benzonidazole, which cause several side effects. The market for natural products has considerably grown lately and the use of plants has become an alternative to the development of novel drugs to cure the disease. Therefore, this study aimed at describing the chemical analysis of the essential oil from green fruits of Protium ovatum and evaluating their trypanocidal and cytotoxic potential. The essential oil was obtained by Clevenger hydrodistillation whereas its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds found in the essential oil from green fruits of P. ovatum were ß-myrcene (62.0 %), a-pinene (11.3 %) and limonene (7.3 %). To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that the chemical composition of the essential oil from green fruits of P. ovatum was described. Results showed that the essential oil had strong trypanocidal activity against trypomastigote forms of theY strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 = 1.2 µg/mL). In addition, the essential oil from green fruits of P. ovatum did not display cytotoxicity against LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cell at the concentration range under analysis (CC50 = 550.3 µg/mL). As a result, it is an excellent option for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs.

Various methods are been used to control post-harvest diseases of tomato fruits. With the increasing restrictions on the use of fungicides, due the food safety and environmental impacts, the use of alternative methods and biological control of postharvest diseases have been stimulated. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of alternative products in post-harvest treatment of tomato “Delta” and “Debora” produced under two cropping systems: intermediate (IS) and conventional system (CS). The components evaluated were the reduction of fresh mass, pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and the pathogens incidence after being treated by immersion with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), Azadirachta indica crude extract, citric biomass extract and fumigation with essential oils (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum and Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia. The products did not affect the parameters analyzed in the fruits from the CS, regardless of cultivar. In the fruits produced in IS was observed influence of the treatments. For weight reduction, were observed the lowest values in fruits of “Debora” treated with EO and ASM. Were observed also, the highest values of SS and TA in fruits “Debora” treated with S. aromaticum EO and ASM. The fruits “Delta” had the highest pH when treated with S. aromaticum EO.

GC-FID, GC-MS and NMR spectral data were used to analyze the composition of the essential oils extracted from young and mature leaves of E. uniflora L. grown in Seropédica - RJ. Thirty and twenty-five compounds were identified, corresponding to approximately 98.19% and 93.77% of the total amount of oils, respectively. The major components of the young leaves were (3Z,7E)-3,7-dimethyl-10-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclodeca-3,7-dienone (germacrone, 34.59%), 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-6-vinylbenzofuran (curzerene, 26.56%) and (1Z,5E)-1,5-dimethyl-8-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclodeca-1,5-diene (germacrene B, 12.72%), and of the mature leaves were curzerene (35.75%), germacrene B (19.22%) and β-(E,1R,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene (caryophyllene, 12.55%). The multivariate analysis applied to data from GC-MS allowed discrimination of the differences in the chemical composition of oils based on the age of the leaves. The components germacrone, curzerene e furanodiene (not observed during conventional chromatographic analysis) were isolated from the essential oil of young leaves. These compounds were characterized by GC-MS, and 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D).

ABSTRACT The use of natural compounds is a less aggressive alternative for the control of insects in stored grains, in relation to synthetic chemical agents. Plants with insecticidal properties can be used as a source of these compounds to the direct application in pest control. In this work, the essential oil of Cinnamodendron dinisii was chemically characterized and tested regarding its insecticidal and repellent effect on the control of Sitophilus zeamais in stored grains. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal potential was evaluated through the maintenance of the insects during 24 hours in contact with several doses of the oil, in the absence of feed substrate. The Bioassays of repellency were conducted with lethal doses (LD5, LD25, LD50 and LD95) obtained from insecticidal bioassay. In order to compare the treatments, the preference index (PI) was used. The essential oil of C. dinisii had insecticidal activity against S. zeamais, causing a linear and crescent mortality with LD of 0.04, 0.17, 0.34 and 0.63 µL/cm2, respectively. The repellency ranged from 55.4% to 85.2%, using the LD values previously mentioned. The DL5 was neutral regarding repellence (PI index -0,09), but from DL25 on, the PI index was between -0.1 and -1.0, indicating repellence activity.

Candida species are among the leading causes of bloodstream infection, promoting high mortality rates, with Candida albicans as the most common species in hospital infections. Currently, many antifungal medicines are used, but they can be toxic to the host and with their excessive use, yeasts have acquired resistance to the conventional treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the association of the Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with Methylene Blue to Safeteam® oil and its effect on the inactivation of Candida albicans strains isolated from a catheter. The experiment was conducted with the irradiation of the groups, in Kline card, using LED (Light Emitting Diode) and an energy density of 15 J / cm², following incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, as well as quantitative analysis to evaluate the percentage of reduction of Colony Forming Units (CFU). When the effect of the Safeteam® oil association to PDT was observed, a significant reduction in CFUs was observed when compared to the control group and the group using oil and PDT alone, proving to be a promising therapeutic modality in the in vitro inactivation of Candida albicans strains isolated from the catheter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) leaf is a residual product during root harvesting operations. Traditionally, these leaves, are widely used in cooking, are aromatic and contain essential oil. The Brazilian production of turmeric is concentrated in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the senescent leaves of a germplasm bank containing 36 access in São Paulo, in order to select the best plants and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from their senescent leaves. The essential oil content varied from 0.27 to 1.01% and 17 substances were identified, which represented 97% of the identified compounds. Of this total, the main compounds found in the essential oil were the monoterpenes (91 to 94.5%). The α-felandrene was the major compound (ranging from 20.7% to 31.1%), followed by p-cymene (19.2% to 30.8%), terpinolene (12.8% to 20.1%), 1,8-cineole (8.1% and 13.2%), limonene (4.2% to 5.2%), ß-pinene (2.4% and 4.8%), myrcene 2.4% to 3.4%), ß-pinene (1.6% to 3.1%) and d-3-carene (1.2% to 1.6%). The germplasm bank can be grouped into three distinct groups according to the chemical characteristics of the senescent leaves, each group 1,2 and 3 being represented randomly by the respective access 22, 30 and 10. The antimicrobial properties of the essential oil showed MIC 2 mg / mL for Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Fennel is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is commonly used in Brazilian cuisine and in the manufacture of cosmetics. The exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) can act on the hormonal action stimulating plant growth and development and the induction of plant defense responses under stressful conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the foliar application of SA on the production of biomass and synthesis of secondary compounds in fennel plants. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in potted plants in a greenhouse with the application of SA at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mM, 20 days and 90 days after transplanting the seedlings to the pots. The effect of SA on the metabolism of the fennel plants was evaluated using growth and biochemical parameters. The exogenous application of SA increased the plant shoots dry weight at the concentration of 0.50 mM, whereas an improved dry root mass and root/shoot ratio was achieved with the concentration of 0.25 mM. The elicitor effect was observed at 0.25 mM of SA, resulting in greater economic value of the biomass due to the higher production of secondary compounds, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. In addition, an increase in antioxidant activity of the plant extracts and of the essential oil content of the species was obtained at the concentration of 1.00 mM.

Analysis of the volatile fraction of Aristolochia trilobata stem led to the identification of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-yl acetate (23.31 ± 0.28%), limonene (15.43 ± 0.030%), linalool (8.70 ± 0.29%), p-cymene (7.81 ± 0.12%), bicyclogermacrene (4.21 ± 0.11%), and spathulenol (4.17 ± 0.14%) as the major constituents of the essential oil. Linalool (29.51 ± 0.49%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol (19.54 ± 0.82%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-yl acetate (8.92 ± 0.16%), and a-terpineol (4.62 ± 0.05%) were identified as major constituents of the hydrolate. The compound 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-yl acetate was isolated for the first time from this plant and was identified as the major component of the volatile fraction.

Thermal and spectroscopic analyses of essential oil extracted from Siparuna guianensis Aublet, an aromatic plant belonging to medicinal ethnobotany family Siparunaceae, were carried out. The plant is known throughout the North and Northeast of Brazil by the name negramina and has wide application as a natural insect repellent. Thermogravimetric analyses were correlated with the Arrhenius Equation to provide kinetic parameters of evaporation, including activation energy and frequency factor. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed the presence of an exothermic oxidation peak, probably as a result of transformations and decomposition of the solid structure before melting.

Fertilization of the soil with organic fertilizers has been gaining importance within the concept of sustainable crop production. This study aimed evaluates the effects of dosages of cattle and poultry manure on Achillea millefolium L. as regards the vegetative growth and the content and chemical composition of its essential oil. For the cattle manure fertilization the dosages evaluated were: 1) soil with no fertilizer; 2) soil + 3.0 kg m-2; 3) soil + 6.0 kg m-2; 4) soil + 9.0 kg m-2 and 5) soil + 12.0 kg m-2. For fertilization with poultry manure: 1) soil without fertilizer; 2) soil + 1.5 kg m-2; 3) soil + 3.0 kg m-2; 4) soil + 4.5 kg m-2 and 5) soil + 6.0 kg m-2. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment and four plants per experimental plot. Harvesting took place at 110 days and the following variables were measured: shoot and root dry biomass; root to shoot ratio and the content, yield and chemical composition of the essential oil. Data were submitted to variance and regression analyses. A. millefolium has more intense response in fertilization with poultry manure than to that of cattle, where the dosage of 6 kg m-2 presented the greatest shoot dry weight and highest yield of essential oil. Without regard to fertilization, the essential oil of A. millefolium consists mainly of chamazulene, with the applied treatments not significantly interfering in the oil chemical composition and content.

Croton zehntneri, a plant native to northeastern Brazil, is widely used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal problems and has rich essential oil content. The essential oil of C. Zehntneri was analyzed by GC-MS, and its inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was characterized by both vibrational spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Estragol was the major component identified in the essential oil by the study. IR spectra indicated an interaction of β-CD with essential oil from C. zehntneri, a finding corroborated by the stability constant and scanning calorimetry. Microencapsulation within β-CD has the potential to mask sensory attributes and increase aqueous solubility of oils, thereby improving their applicability as drugs.

In the present research, an analytical methodology to micro scale based on the use of the HS-SPME/GC-MS to determine volatile compounds present in Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) was employed, and settled differences and similarities with its essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. A systematic description of the volatile components of flowers, stems, leaves and combined aerial parts (whole plant) was constructed via GC-MS analyses of HS-SPME adsorbed compounds and of essential oils obtained through hydrodistillation of the same tissues. Piperitenone oxide and piperitone oxide were the main components of both the HS-SPME analysis and essential oil analysis. The HS-SPME method can achieve comparable results to those obtained by essential oil analysis, by using very fewer samples, a shorter extraction time and a much simpler procedure. Para citar este artículo Vázquez, A., Aimar, M.,Decarlini, M., Demmel, G., Cantero, J y Ruiz, G. (2016). Volatile Organic Constituents of Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kuntze: Analysis by HS-SPME and classic hydrodistillation. Rev. Colomb. Investig. Agroindustriales, 3(1), 91-100. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23850/24220582.351

Aromatherapy is the therapy of aromas, created by the scientist Frances René Maurice Gatefossé. Aromatherapy aims at a psychosomatic and physiological balance. It relies on the powers of the essential oils, whose actions are from the penetration of its components into the bloodstream, dermal or inhalation, stimulating the central nervous system, or even other organs and systems. The properties and indications of the essential oils are innumerable and for the present work the focus was the selection of oils to combat stress and anxiety, which nowadays, becomes common to the Brazilian population. Formulations of perfume, hand cream and facial serum have been developed, containing essential oils with relaxing, antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. In order to compose the aromatic blend, essential oils of May Chang (Listsea Cubeta), Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata), Tahiti Lemon (Citrus limon), Geranium (Pelargonium graveilens), Copaíba (Copaifera officinalis), Cedro (Cedrus libani), Bergamot (Citrus bergamia). Through the results presented by the appropriate combinations of aromatic oils and their formulations, the purpose of creating a perfume, hand cream and facial serum was satisfactory, since they are excellent flavoring vehicles, important for therapeutic success in aromatherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-helminths have shown reduced efficiency due to the presence of multi-resistant helminth strains. Essential oils are natural compounds with promising anthelmintic potential. Anethole (10%) and carvone (10%) were microencapsulated in a solid matrix in order to facilitate its administration. Our research was experimental, case-control, longitudinal, with a sample of 34 lambs of the new breed, without previous parasitic infestation. The study sample was divided into two treatments: Control (CTL) = animals received basal feed and treatment Essential oils (OE) = animals received OE at the dose 100 mg / kg PV / day mixed to the feed throughout the period (6 months) and were kept separated by treatment in a collective per. Weight, parasitic infestation (FEC) and complete hemogram w«re evaluated. In the first 3 months, CTL and OE treatments remained free of parasites. During this period, both treatments presented similar weight gain (approximate gain of 1.15 kg every 15 days) and absence of parasitic infestation. From the 4th to the 6th month, the animals were taken to the pasture on intercalary days to acquire natural infestation and, thus, to evaluate the possible preventive and curative action of OE. Both treatments had lower weight gain (approximate gain of 0.5 kg every 15 days) due to infestation, which was similar between treatments: mean final FEC of CTL = 2859 and EO = 3673 (P> 0.05) ; As well as the parameters of the hemogram (P> 0.05). Coprocultures of CTL and OE presented similar results demonstrating infestation by about 90% of Haemonchus spp. About 5% Trichostrongylus spp. We conclude that the administration of microencapsulated OE was not effective for the prevention and treatment of parasitic infestation of sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to flavor olive oil with essential oils of basil and ginger and determine the chemical composition of the compounds present in the respective essential oils. Essential oils of basil and ginger were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GCFID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the formulation of the basil flavored olive oil it was incorporated 0.04 % (v/v) of basil essential oil, and for the ginger flavored olive oil it was incorporated 0.03 % (v/v) of ginger essential oil. The flavored olive oils were then submitted to sensory analysis. The major components determined for the basil essential oil were 1,8-cineole (33.63 %) and linalool (35.29 %). The six major volatile compounds found in essential oil of ginger were citral, geranial (18.79%) and neral (9.90 %) mixing, γ-amorphene (10.38 %), camphene (9.98 %), β-phellandrene (9.32 %) and E,E-α-farnesene (8.83 %). The results of sensory analysis showed good acceptance for the two olive oils formulated, indicating the existence of a market to be exploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to generate information for the Piper hispidinervum breeding program, in the Acre State, Brazil, the genetic divergence among fifteen populations collected in different regions of the State was evaluated. The following morphoagronomic traits were assessed: leaf length and width, petiole length and diameter, canopy volume, essential oil yield and safrole content (major component of this essential oil). Cluster analyses, using the Tocher's optimization and single linkage methods, besides the canonical variables analysis, were applied. Significant differences were observed in all traits. The Tocher's grouping method allowed to identify three divergent groups. The first three canonical variables accounted for 76% of the original data variance, forming four groups that corroborated most the results of the previous analysis. The two most important variables for distinguishing the groups were the safrole content and the essential oil yield, which were considered basic for the selection of superior genotypes. The similarity or divergence groups allowed to identify populations with interesting characteristics for breeding programs involving this species.