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La relation internormative entre le droit de l’Union européenne et le droit français en matière de protection de la biodiversité semble plutôt positive. Le droit français, en adéquation avec les dispositions européennes, intègre ses objectifs à l’échelon national. Dans une perspective plus théorique, la France s’intéresse aux notions et concepts émergents peu saisis par le droit mais proposés par l’Union européenne afin de mieux les comprendre et les exploiter par la suite. C’est l’exemple type des « services écosystémiques ». Toutefois, il demeure également la question délicate de l’application du droit. Car si la volonté de transposition textuelle est évidente, les instances de contrôle et les contrôles effectifs d’application du droit sont en revanche plus discrets, ce qui vient atténuer le dynamisme du mécanisme de transposition The internormative relationship between European Law and French Law in the field of biodiversity conservation seems positive. French law is consistent with European measures and integrates its provisions at national level. In a more theoretical perspective, France takes into account new concepts proposed by European Law, in order to use them in the future. This is for instance the concept of “ecosystem services”. However, it remains delicate problem of law implementation. Whether a textual transposition exists between France and European Union, supervisory bodies and controls for the application of Law remains rare. This reduce the dynamism observed for the transposition for the European Law in French Law.

This study analyzes the evolution of policies and programs for Payments for Environmental Services - PES in Brazil and discusses the implications of prevailing models for reconciling conservation and development. PES emerged from initiatives of productive diversification and agroecological transition. However, its institutionalization in public policies favors a convergence towards forest conservation and restoration. This shift is related to: 1) the priority given by the Federal Government to deforestation control; 2) the expectations around REDD funds; 3) the proposal to include PES in the Brazilian Forest Code. This trend coincides with the use of satellite images to monitor land-use, which produces a binary representation of the landscape. This justifies conventional models of agricultural intensification and nature protection, which do not take into account the provision of environmental services through traditional agricultural practices. Therefore, access of farmers to PES is contingent on their access to scientific-technical networks that structure local institutional arrangements.