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This paper presents a theoretical reflection to study the processes of work learning and development proceeding in the training environments which intentionally bring together the trainees to other people’s world. These environments are built up from movies of real work or from observations in simulating and/or supported practices situations. These environments seek articulation between mimetic, reflexive, projective and ludic processes. Over the 2011-2020 period, three studies regarding video-training and/or simulation situations in various professional fields (teachers, midwifes and carriage drivers training) have been led within the framework of the empirical research program known as the “Course of action” or “enactive cultural anthropology”. A theoretical modelling has been developed to account for these silent and complex social mimesis processes of linking agents experiences (immersion, imitation, emulation, “acting similarly to”, representation, anticipation). This theoretical reduction based on the hexatomy of the course of action unit opens up some methodological paths to both better comprehend the implicit dimensions of body and sensitive activity, very active in this relation to other’s world, and to better understand the performativity conditions of action (mimesis as a creative remake vs mimesis as a copy of reality).

This article addresses the role North American entrepreneurs have played in the redefinition of productive work in two Mexican villages: Taxco, the city of silver, and Álamos. The entrepreneurial businesses set up by North Americans in these towns have had a fundamental role in the constitution of the social spaces as tourist places. The article analyzes these entrepreneurs as change makers in transforming the cultural identity of these places. Before the entrepreneurs’ arrival, the towns experienced severe economic crises and were not considered tourist destinations. This article seeks to fill the research gap on North American entrepreneurs and their sociocultural impact on tourism sites in Mexico. Resumen Este articulo analiza el papel que desempeñaron turistas norteamericanos en la redefinición de la vocación productiva de dos localidades mexicanas. Estos visitantes desde sus actividades empresariales tuvieron un papel fundamental en la constitución de estos espacios sociales como lugares turísticos. El trabajo analiza el papel de los emprendedores como agentes en la transformación de la identidad cultural de pequeñas poblaciones que, hasta antes de la presencia de estos emprendedores, no eran considerados destinos turísticos y pasaban por una crisis económica por lo que sus proyectos parecían una aventura destinada al fracaso. El papel que los visitantes norteamericanos han tenido en la definición de la cultura y la actividad turística en México ha sido poco analizado. Los casos de estudio son Taxco (Guerrero) y Álamos (Sonora).

Faisant suite au questionnement posé par Maria Hermínia Laurel dans son excellent article intitulé “Lectures d’écrivains: ‘vision du monde’ et référents littéraires dans la correspondance d’Alice Rivaz” (2010), nous nous proposons d’interroger les constructions auctoriales que recèlent les correspondances d’Alice Rivaz. Auteure suisse de la langue française, elle démultiplie les constructions d’un soi-auteure non seulement dans son œuvre littéraire, qu’elle signera d’un nom de plume, mais aussi dans sa prolifique correspondance avec trois auteurs suisses contemporains, que nous proposons d’étudier ici.

El artículo analiza el conflicto que se produce entre una comunidad y el Estado por el uso de un lugar. Específicamente dos espacios sociales que presenciaron dos protestas sociales significativas o Revoluciones culturales; la ocupación de una instalación militar y el surgimiento del Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN). Estudiaremos los casos de Christiania en la ciudad de Copenhague, Dinamarca y San Cristóbal de las Casas en el estado de Chiapas, México. Para el análisis utilizaremos la gubernamentalidad de Mitchell Dean basada en los escritos de Foucault. Este marco teórico nos permitirá conocer los procesos mediante los cuales un Estado y distintos grupos sociales negocian la conformación de lo público, imágenes y significados de actividades, recursos, leyes relacionados a la actividad turística.

Objective: Bedside lung ultrasound (LUS) is a noninvasive, readily available imaging modality that can complement clinical evaluation. The Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol has demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). Recently, bedside LUS has been added to the medical training program of our ICU. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of LUS based on the BLUE protocol, when performed by physicians who are not ultrasound experts, to guide the diagnosis of ARF. Methods: Over a one-year period, all spontaneously breathing adult patients consecutively admitted to the ICU for ARF were prospectively included. After training, 4 non-ultrasound experts performed LUS within 20 minutes of patient admission. They were blinded to patient medical history. LUS diagnosis was compared with the final clinical diagnosis made by the ICU team before patients were discharged from the ICU (gold standard). Results: Thirty-seven patients were included in the analysis (mean age, 73.2 ± 14.7 years; APACHE II, 19.2 ± 7.3). LUS diagnosis had a good agreement with the final diagnosis in 84% of patients (overall kappa, 0.81). The most common etiologies for ARF were pneumonia (n = 17) and hemodynamic lung edema (n = 15). The sensitivity and specificity of LUS as measured against the final diagnosis were, respectively, 88% and 90% for pneumonia and 86% and 87% for hemodynamic lung edema. Conclusions: LUS based on the BLUE protocol was reproducible by physicians who are not ultrasound experts and accurate for the diagnosis of pneumonia and hemodynamic lung edema.

Con la perspectiva del espacio social de Bourdieu analizamos un pueblo mexicano que ha convertido al turismo en su principal actividad productiva debido a la presencia de una comunidad de estadounidenses que cambio su lugar de residencia a otro país. El objetivo es estudiar cómo este grupo de migrantes mediante su dinero, estilo de vida, creencias, formas de organización y cooperación construyen una distancia social (simbólica y física) entre ellos y los mexicanos. Este uso de sus capitales les permite ejercer ciertas prácticas de poder y justificarlas, además de definir las características y tipo de turismo que se desarrolla en la localidad, esto último relacionado a una imagen que ellos tienen sobre lo mexicano auténtico.

Résumé Pour faire l’état des lieux du libre accès (LA) en France en 2012, dix ans après la Budapest Open Access Initiative, nous avons examiné les deux voies : la voie verte (l’auto-archivage) et la voie dorée (publications dans les revues en LA). L’archive centrale multidisciplinaire HAL, créée en 2002 pour recevoir les publications scientifiques au niveau national, est reconnue pour sa qualité technique, mais elle ne propose que 10% à 15 % de la production scientifique annuelle française. Ce chiffre est à l’image de ce qu’offrent toutes les autres archives dans le monde où il n’y a pas d’obligation de déposer (pas de mandat). Les archives qui ont un mandat comme celle de l’université de Liège, ont atteint un taux de 80% en deux ans. Quelques archives institutionnelles se sont développées en France parallèlement à HAL, et deux d’entre elles (Archimer and OATAO) ont un bon taux de remplissage, grâce à l’implication d’un personnel dédié. Pour soutenir les offres éditoriales en libre accès le Centre pour l'Édition électronique Ouverte (CLEO) a récemment mis en place OpenEdition Freemium. Cette initiative pourrait favoriser le développement des revues en LA. Cependant, l’étude faite à partir des revues qualifiantes en Sciences Humaines et Sociales montre que les chercheurs sont peu encouragés à publier dans ces revues par les instances d’évaluation : peu de revues en libre accès françaises sont présentes dans les listes des revues qualifiantes de l’agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur (AERES). On note aussi une forte disparité entre les disciplines. Différents exemples de politique en faveur du libre accès sont donnés : un politique forte peut être menée par des universités, comme à l’université de Liège, ou par des bailleurs de fonds, comme le FRS-FNRS en Belgique ou par l’Europe. Elle peut être entreprise au niveau législatif comme aux USA, au Brésil ou en Argentine. En France les deux voies du libre accès sont tracées par des initiatives intéressantes. Le gouvernement français devrait accompagner ces initiatives et devrait s’investir dans une politique forte pour recevoir rapidement les bénéfices du libre accès. Mots clés Libre accès, archives ouvertes, auto-archivage, publications en libre accès, voie verte, voie dorée, politique de la recherche, évaluation de la recherche, mandat Resumo Para verificar como está o Acesso Livre (AL) na França em 2012, dez anos após a Budapest Open Access Initiative, foram examinadas as duas vias: a via verde (auto-arquivamento) e a dourada (publicação em periódicos em AL). O arquivo central multidisciplinar HAL, criado em 2002 para receber publicações científicas em nível nacional, é reconhecido por sua qualidade técnica, mas ele apresenta apenas 10% a 15% da produção científica francesa anual. Este número espelha o que oferecem todos os outros arquivos no mundo em que não há obrigação de depósito (ou seja, não há mandato). Os arquivos com mandato, como o da Universidade de Liège, chegaram a uma taxa de 80% em dois anos. Alguns arquivos institucionais desenvolveram-se paralelamente ao HAL, e dois deles (Archimer et OATAO) mostram um bom índice de preenchimento, graças à dedicação das pessoas envolvidas. Para sustentar a oferta editorial em acesso livre, o Centre pour l'Édition électronique Ouverte (CLEO) implementou recentemente o OpenEdition Freemium. Essa iniciativa poderia favorecer o desenvolvimento dos periódicos em AL. No entanto, o estudo feito com os periódicos qualificados em Ciências Humanas e Sociais mostra que os pesquisadores são pouco estimulados a publicar nauqueles periódicos pelas instâncias avaliadoras: poucos periódicos franceses em acesso livre estão presentes nas listas de periódicos qualificados da agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur (AERES)[1]. Nota-se também uma grande disparidade entre as disciplinas. São fornecidos diversos exemplos de políticas de certos países em prol do acesso livre: uma política robusta pode ser impolementada pelas universidades, como na Universidade de Liège, pelas agências de fomento, como o FRS-FNRS na Bélgica e os Research Councils na Grã Bretanha, e também pode ser empreendida no nível legislativo, como nos Estados Unidos, no Brasil ou na Argentina. Na França, as duas vias do acesso livre são traçadas por iniciativas interessantes. O governo francês deveria acompanhar essas iniciativas e desenvolver uma política forte para obter rapidamente os benefícios do acesso livre. Palavras-chave Acesso livre, repositórios abertos, auto-arquivamento, publicações em acesso livre, via verde, via dourada, política cientifica, avaliação de pesquisa, mandato [1] Com funções semelhantes às da Capes. N.do T. Abstract Ten years after the Budapest Open Access Initiative, we have examined the current situation of Open Access in France via the two open access (OA) roads: the Green (self-archiving) and the Gold (OA publishing). HAL, a central multidisciplinary French archive launched in 2002, is recognized for its technical quality, but 10 years after its creation it only includes 10 to 15% of the annual French scientific output. This figure is similar to other repositories worldwide for which there is no mandatory policy (no mandate). On the other hand, archives such as that of Liège University which has a mandate, achieved an 80% deposit rate within two years. Other than HAL, a number of institutional archives are being developed in France, with Archimer and OATAO being two successful examples, thanks to dedicated library staff. In order to support the editorial offer in open access the Centre pour l'Édition électronique Ouverte (CLEO) recently launched the Open Edition Freemium. This initiative should favor the development of OA periodicals. However, the study based on the list of qualifying periodicals in Human and Social Sciences, shows that researchers are not encouraged to publish in these periodicals by national assessment bodies; very few French open access periodicals are on the different qualifying lists of the agence d’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur (AERES - French research and higher education assessment agency). In addition, a wide disparity can be observed between disciplines. Different examples of strong policies in favor of OA are given: at the university level, as at Liège university, at the level of foundations, as at FRS-FNRS in Belgium, at the level of the Europe or at the legislative level, as attempted in the USA or Brazil or Argentina. In France the two roads are supported by interesting initiatives and these should be accompanied by strong French government policy to enable the benefits of open access to be rapidly reaped. Keywords Open access, repositories, self-archiving, open access publishing, green road, gold road, research policy, research assessment, mandate

Este artigo visa a introduzir a relação de ajuda manual no campo da educação para a saúde. Argumentamos em favor do interesse em se integrar a dimensão humana no tratamento dos pacientes, através do tocar relacional. O leitor encontrará um inventário da questão na França e descobrirá uma abordagem de acompanhamento baseada na mediação corporal fundamentada no Sensível.

Résumé Les premières archives ouvertes se sont développées en France, en 2002 avec le logiciel E-Prints. Dans ce même temps une archive centralisée, à vocation nationale (HAL)1 a été mise en place par le CNRS. En 2006, la plupart des institutions de recherche française ont adhéré au projet HAL et se sont engagées à participer au développement de cette archive en signant un « protocole d’accord ». Presque au même moment, en 2005, un organisme de recherche l’’Ifremer a mis en place une archive institutionnelle (Archimer)2 indépendamment de HAL. Nous avons comparé le développement de HAL et celui d’Archimer. Les résultats montrent que la politique de l’Ifremer permet de mettre en Libre Accès (LA) 80% la production « majeure » de l’organisme. HAL qui n’a pas été accompagnée de mesures fortes ne met en LA qu’environ 10% de la production française. Les moyens mis par l’Ifremer (financement de postes dédiés à l’autoarchivage) ne peuvent sans doute pas être pris par toutes les institutions de recherche françaises mais celles-ci peuvent exiger que leurs chercheurs déposent eux-mêmes leurs documents dans une archive -les études d’Arthur Sale ayant montré que l’obligation de dépôt est l’élément essentiel de la réussite d’une archive. L’Association des Universités Européennes (UEA) qui a vu tout l’intérêt de cette obligation pour le chercheur et pour son organisme, soutient cette démarche. Cette obligation a déjà été adoptée par plusieurs institutions de recherche dans le monde (entre autres Harvard, Southampton, le CERN et un laboratoire du CNRS) tout comme 27 fondations qui subventionnent la recherche (parmi lesquelles les NIH, l’ECR et les RCUK). Le Libre Accès permet une meilleure utilisation de la recherche et augmente son impact. Les universités françaises et les organismes de recherche pour tirer profit de tous ces avantages, doivent maintenant obliger le dépôt de leur production. Mots-clés Libre Accès, LA, Auto-archivage, Politique de la recherche, Obligation d’autoarchiver, Production de la recherche Abstract In France, the first Institutional Repositories (IRs) were set up in 2002, using the EPrints software. At the same time, a centralized repository was organized by CNRS, a French multidisciplinary research institute, for the deposit of all French research output. In 2006, most of the French scientific and scholarly research organisations signed a “Protocol of Agreement” to collaborate in the development of this national archive, HAL. Independently, the Ifremer Research Institute launched its own IR (Archimer) in 2005. We have compared the development of HAL and Archimer. Our results show that Ifremer’s policy of self-archiving has resulted in 80% of its research output being made Open Access (OA). In the same time interval, HAL, lacking a self-archiving mandate, had only 10% of its target research output deposited. Ifremer’s specific implementation of its mandate (a staff dedicated to self-archiving) is probably not affordable for most French research institutions but its self-archiving mandate itself is, and Arthur Sale’s comparative studies in Australia have shown that the essential element is the mandate itself. The European Universities Association, mindful of the benefits of mandating OA, has recommended self-archiving mandates for its 791 universities. Self-archiving mandates have already been adopted by 22 universities and research institutions worldwide (including Harvard, Southampton, CERN, and one CNRS research laboratory) as well as 22 research funding agencies (including NIH, ERC, & RCUK). OA maximizes research usage and impact. It is time for each of the universities and research institutions of France to adopt their own OA selfarchiving mandates. Keywords Open Access, OA, Self-archiving, Research policy, OA Mandates, Research Productivity Resumo: Os primeiros arquivos abertos foram desenvolvidos na França em 2002 com o programa E-prints. Ao mesmo tempo, um arquivo centralizado nacional (HAL) foi criado pelo CNRS, instituto francês multidisciplinar de pesquisa científica, como repositório de toda a produção científica francesa. Em 2006, a maioria das instituições de pesquisa francesas assinou um Protocolo de Acordo comprometendo-se a participar da iniciativa. Pouco antes, o Instituto Ifremer havia implementado um repositório institucional (Archimer), independentemente do HAL. Neste estudo, comparou-se o desenvolvimento de HAL e do Archimer. Os resultados mostram que a política de auto-arquivamento do Ifremer resultou no Acesso Livre de 80% de sua produção. No mesmo período, na ausência de um sistema de auto-arquivamento, o HAL disponibilizou apenas 10% da produção francesa em Acesso Livre. Os meios implementados pelo Ifremer (com pessoal exclusivamente dedicado ao auto-arquivamento) certamente não são financeiramente accessíveis à maioria das instituições francesas de pesquisa, mas seu mandado de auto-arquivamento é, e os estudos de Arthur Sale mostram que esse mandado é o fator essencial do sucesso de um arquivo. A Associação das Universidades Européias, sabedora dos benefícios da obrigatoriedade do AL, recomendou mandados de auto-arquivamento a suas 791 universidades. Mandados de auto-arquivamento já foram implementados por 22 universidades e institutos de pesquisa no mundo (incluindo Harvard, Southampton, CERN, e um laboratório do CNRS), além de 22 agências de fomento (incluindo NIH, ERC e RCUK). Constata-se que o Acesso Livre maximiza o uso e o impacto de resultados de pesquisa. Já é hora de as universidades e institutos franceses adotarem seus próprios mandados de auto-arquivamento. Palavras-chave Acesso Livre, AL, auto-arquivamento, política de pesquisa, obrigação de autoarquivamento, produção de pesquisa

SPOT satellite imagery has been used to follow the development of aquaculture over the last decade in the wetlands and former salt-pans between the mouths of Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers in Atlantic Andalusia (Spain). The rapid spread of aquaculture is observed and measured. The effects on the environment, discernible by remote sensing, are also studied.

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