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Objetivo. Estimar los beneficios económicos y en salud, por sexo y por quintil de ingreso, del incremento de los precios de los cigarros mediante impuestos en México. Métodos. Con un modelo de costo-efectividad extendido (ECEA, por su sigla en inglés) se estimaron los beneficios distributivos en mujeres y hombres con un escenario de incremento del precio de los cigarros de 44% (de 56,4 pesos mexicanos [MX$] a MX$81,2 por cajetilla), como resultado de triplicar el impuesto específico actual (de MX$0,49/cigarro a MX$1,49/cigarro). El modelo se calibró con fuentes oficiales de información nacional Resultados. Con el incremento del impuesto de un peso por cigarro, cerca de 1,5 millones de fumadores abandonarían el consumo (351 300 mujeres y 1,1 millón de hombres). Así, se evitarían aproximadamente 630 000 muertes prematuras atribuibles al tabaco. La reducción de la carga de enfermedad permitiría ahorros para el sector salud cercanos a MX$42 800 millones y evitaría que más de 250 000 personas (entre ellas, 50 200 mujeres fumadoras) cayeran en situación de pobreza. Además, se recaudarían MX$16 200 millones adicionales por año, de los cuales el quintil más bajo aportaría menos de 3% (1% en el caso de las mujeres de menores ingresos). Conclusiones. La epidemia de tabaquismo tiene patrones claramente diferenciados entre mujeres y hombres y reflejan un componente de género. Si bien los beneficios del impuesto al tabaco en México tendrían magnitudes relativas al estado actual de la epidemia en cada caso, estos podrían contribuir a un objetivo más amplio de justicia social mediante la reducción de las inequidades de género.

ABSTRACT This article asks: “When and why do state governments oppose (or support) privatization programs initiated by the central government?” We examined national privatization initiatives in the 1990s in India and Brazil in the areas of electricity and banking and the different responses from state governments in each of the largest financial and industrial centers in their countries, the states of Maharastra and São Paulo. Possible explanations for states’ opposition to federal government initiatives such as Enron and Banespa include: (1) ideological commitments by state leaders, (2) political or political coalition differences between state and federal governments, and (3) an uneven distribution of costs and benefits from privatization between the state and federal governments. This article suggests that explanation (3), conflict of interest, is the best explanation, although the nature of political alliances (2) and political values may have an influence. This article concludes that seemingly irreconcilable political spheres can often be improved and some distribution of benefits can make the package more attractive to state leaders.

Sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) plays effective role in signal transduction in most of the nerve cells like neuron, astrocytes. Sodium ion affects the cytosolic calcium concentration label in Astrocytes via various channels. This affects the movement of the nerve impulse from one cell to other cell. In this paper two dimensional model is developedin the form of diffusion equation to study the effect of NCX in presence and negligence of buffer in Astrocytes. Finite element method is employed to solve the problem and simulated in Matlab to estimate the affect of various parameter like flux, diffusion coefficient, buffer concentration, etc.

Geography enlightened a vast area of social sciences. It consists earth’s land and ocean surface, different landforms and their formation, evolution, sub-surface phenomena, atmosphere and related activities, environment and its attributes, environment as a habitat of living elements as well as a human being and their reciprocal relationships in a very critical and analytical approach. From the inception of geography as a separate discipline, it evolved through its versatile, comprehensive and holistic nature. Alteration and modification change its nature through space and time. And accordingly, the established paradigm always changed depending on the demand of the geographers. This paper highlighted specifically the paradigm shift in geographical research with special reference to geospatial applications. Geography has two basic aspects, Pure and Applied. Recent trend shows that most of the geographical research is focused on the applied field rather than the pure aspects of the subject itself. The most interesting fact is that the applied research is basically depends upon the Geospatial technology. A distinct paradigm shifts have been taking place in both the Geographical Research and the Geospatial Technology through Digitalization. The large growing population of the world require a logical and scientific shift in both pure and applied research in the domain of geography. Particular mention may be made in the fields of Geography such as geomorphology, population geography, urban geography, rural development and environmental geography. This paper also highlights the major paradigmn shifts in the behavioural geography, systematic geography, regional geography, medical geography, geospatial sustainability and cartography from paper map to digital map. It is now established that no discipline can survive without adopting a new strategy and technology.

A presente homenagem a Sam Moyo traz à tona a sua trajetória na tradição Pan-Africanista de economia política e na construção de uma nova dinâmica intelectual autônoma entre África, Ásia, América Latina e Caribe. Nascido no Zimbábue sob o regime colonial rodesiano, iniciou os seus estudos na África do Oeste nos anos 1970, onde obteve a sua duradoura orientação epistemológica pautada na libertação nacional. Ali se consolidava à época um pensamento autóctone do materialismo histórico e lançavam-se importantes iniciativas de colaboração tricontinental inspiradas no movimento de Bandung. Nas décadas seguintes, na época neoliberal, Sam se tornou referência mundial em questões agrárias e fundiárias, destacando-se na sua defesa do campesinato africano e da reforma agrária no Zimbábue. Sempre fiel à libertação dos povos do continente e do Sul, a sua abordagem integrava uma vasta gama de questões relativas ao desenvolvimento sem restrições disciplinares, fazendo de sua missão nada menos que a transformação das ciências sociais herdadas do colonialismo. Foi fundador de diversas iniciativas e instituições de pesquisa no Zimbábue, no continente e no Sul, sendo eleito presidente do Conselho para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais em África (CODESRIA) em 2008-2011 e tendo protagonizado na construção da rede tricontinental Sul Agrário (Agrarian South).

Abstract Tinea incognito resulting from corticosteroid abuse is becoming very common in the tropics. Its diagnosis is tricky owing to its confusing morphology, as well as practical and technical issues associated with mycological tests. Dermoscopy has now evolved as a novel diagnostic tool for diagnosing tinea incognito in such challenging situations, since the typical hair changes such as Morse-code hairs, deformable hairs, translucent hairs, comma and cork screw hairs, and perifollicular scaling may be seen despite steroid use, irrespective of mycological results.

The studies of fossil plant cuticles in palynological samples recovered from three cored boreholes located in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh (Kota/Gangapur Formation, Chintalapudi Sub-basin, Godavari Graben, Jurassic–Cretaceous), Tamil Nadu (Sriperumbudur Formation, Palar Basin, Upper Jurassic–lowermost Cretaceous), and Jharkhand (Dubrajpur Formation, Rajmahal Basin, Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous) are presented herein. Cuticles and palynomorphs were recovered by standard palynological practices in the Gondwana Palynological Laboratory of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India. Fossil specimens were examined under a binocular microscope and photomicrographs were taken with a digital camera. Twenty seven morphotypes of fossil cuticles (occasionally representing stomata, trichomes and secretory structures) and other tissues (e.g., a plicate parenchyma) were recovered. The morphological analysis of cuticles and associated palynomorphs reflect the presence of different groups of plants (Bennettitales, Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Polypodiales, and Pteridospermales). In some occasions, cuticles display distinct structures (e.g., monocyclic stomata, secretory structures) that allow comparisons with some extant and fossil genera. We conclude that the study of well-preserved fossil cuticles and associated palynomorphs allow taxonomic inferences on the composition of the parent floras.

Degradation of lateritic environment as found in the south western and eastern Birbhum district can be considered as irresistible. Inherently poor physical and chemical status of existing lateritic soil profileand radical conversion of land uses as observed at cadastral level are the key factors of land degradation.Lateritic soilscapes are mostly affected by water erosion induced, vegetal and anthropogenic degradation attaining severe and very severe degradation status. Degraded lands in sample mouzas like Ballabhpur, Shyambati, Chawpahari Jungle, Bodakuri and Pachami account for 60.33%, 71.42%, 72.99%, 87.31% and 79.66% respectively out of their total lateritic exposures. In other words about 36.98%, 71.42%, 61.73%, 56.70% and 76.02% out of their total village areas and mostly non agricultural land use areaffected by it. Four degraded villages get the higher priority for friendly landscape conservation actions.

The surficial structure and impressions upon the crust due to endogenetic and exogenetic mechanisms are witnessed all around us. These landforms have evolved as a result of plate movements, subsidence, upliftment and various erosional processes. This concept can be collectively referred to as morphotectonics of any region and can be used as a key to understand its genesis as well as present physical state. Morphotectonics refers to forms and shapes that have evolved in the past or in recent times as a result of past or recent tectonic activity. The most vivid evidences of past tectonic activity can be assessed through drainage lines, in any area which are guided and controlled by physical structures over which they fl ow

eoenvironmental characteristics of the Peninsular drainage basins in Jharkhand State of India is the result of endogenetic, exogenetic and anthropogenetic mechanisms. As the Peninsular landmass is the oldest land mass in its geomorphic history. Since pre-cambrian times the landmass is experiencing phasesof aggradation and degradation. Recently, the man-induces mechanisms have also been dominating mechanisms in changing the surface morphology of the drainage basins. The role of weathering, mass movement and erosion is significant in reducing the strength of the landmass of such basins resulting environmental degradation in the basin landscape. Geoenvironmental factors are responsible in degradingthe landmass ultimately affects the sustainability of the region. Among the geoenvironmental factors the engineering properties of the landscape like topography, drainage network, soil erosion, rockmass strength are more significant in identifying the terrain stability of the basin which causes the degradation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the engineering properties of the basin along with the other geoenvironmental factors to find out the status of degradation in the basin with a view to suggest a sound environmental management for the future development of region.

It is a known fact that no part of the earth surface is free from threat.It applies to Birbhum District,West Bengal, Indian Lateritic Terrain also. The existing terrain is characterized by mainlyclimatogenetic processes. Though the impact of climate change is vital in the shaping of the lessertopographies in the study-area. The study-area is characterized by micro landforms e. g. rills,gullies, water falls, terraces, gorges type features and limestone topographic type features. Thedenudational processes are very significant in the area in general but the differential erosion isevident in particular. It resembles the topographies with the African and the Brazillian Highlands.This paper interprets the rill and gully erosion risk in the lateritic terrain and their consequencesin regional sustainable development and environmental management.

Floods in the West Bengal are responsible for colossal loss of human life, crops, and property. In recent years, various measures of flood control and management have been adopted. However, flooding in such rivers like Brahmani profoundly challenges flood-hazard management, because of the inadequacy of conventional data and high spatio-temporal variability of floods. To understand flood hazards and environmental change it is imperative that engineers and hydrologists utilize historical and paleoflood records to improve risk analyses as well as to estimate probable maximum flood on rivers such as these in a highly flood-prone region(Parkar,2000). The flood frequency analysis, probable peak discharge analysis, its return period analysis and floodplain zoning based on ancillary data will help better management of flood in the Mayurakshi River basin situated in the districts of Birbhum and Murshidabad.

ABSTRACT Caving is an art which can be best experienced in the mystic Mawsmai Cave of Meghalaya. This Cave is fast becoming a hot tourist’s destination offering great adventurous opportunity to the tourists. The cave is located in the East Khasi Hill region near Cherrapunjee and is made of limestone. The emotion of thrill heightens after entering the cave. The entrance has a narrow vertical opening and is well lit. Due to its location in the world’s largest rainfall region, dripping of water from the cave roofs occurs almost throughout the year. The formation of stalactites and stalagmites create wonderful phenomena specially found in this caves. The conspicuous pillars formed due to the joining of the roof and the floors are an awe-inspiring creativity of the creator of this world. Keywords: Cave, Limestone, Stalactite, Stalagmite, Pillar, Solution.

Flood is one of the basic factors for sustainable development and environmental management in the humid, tropical and sub-tropical regions. Flood characteristics decide the status of the terrain for its capability for sustaining the increased population of that area. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the flood characteristics using the Gumble’s Method and their impact on sustainable development and environmental management in the Deltaic Region of West Bengal, India. The Murshidabad District of the West Bengal State, India has been selected as a case study to assess the environmental impact of flood and their characteristics which includes different measures like flood elevation, discharge, volume and duration. The physical and socio-economic condition of the study-area have also been analyzed. An attempt has also been made to suggest some measures for the development of the study-area. Key Words: Flood, Flood Plain, Flood Characteristics, Gumble’s Method, Sustainable Development and Environmental Management

Geography enlightened a vast area of social sciences. It consists earth's land and ocean surface, different landforms and their formation, evolution, sub-surface phenomena, atmosphere and related activities, environment and its attributes, environment as a habitat of living elements as well as a human being and their reciprocal relationships in a very critical and analytical approach. From the inception of geography as a separate discipline, it evolved through its versatile, comprehensive and holistic nature. Alteration and modification change its nature through space and time. And accordingly, the established paradigm always changed depending on the demand of the geographers. This paper highlighted specifically the paradigm shift in geographical research with special reference to geospatial applications. Geography has two basic aspects, Pure and Applied. Recent trend shows that most of the geographical research is focused on the applied field rather than the pure aspects of the subject itself. The most interesting fact is that the applied research is basically depends upon the Geospatial technology. A distinct paradigm shifts have been taking place in both the Geographical Research and the Geospatial Technology through Digitalization. The large growing population of the world require a logical and scientific shift in both pure and applied research in the domain of geography. Particular mention may be made in the fields of Geography such as geomorphology, population geography, urban geography, rural development and environmental geography. This paper also highlights the major paradigmn shifts in the behavioural geography, systematic geography, regional geography, medical geography, geospatial sustainability and cartography from paper map to digital map. It is now established that no discipline can survive without adopting a new strategy and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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