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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the anesthetic and mucosal effects of the rectal application of dexmedetomidine to rats. METHODS: Male Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were divided into four groups: Group S (n = 8) was a sham group that served as a baseline for the normal basal values; Group C (n = 8) consisted of rats that received the rectal application of saline alone; Group IPDex (n = 8) included rats that received the intraperitoneal application of dexmedetomidine (100 µg kg-1); and Group RecDex (n = 8) included rats that received the rectal application of dexmedetomidine (100 µg kg-1). For the rectal drug administration, we used 22 G intravenous cannulas with the stylets removed. We administered the drugs by advancing the cannula 1 cm into the rectum, and the rectal administration volume was 1 mL for all the rats. The latency and anesthesia time (min) were measured. Two hours after rectal administration, 75 mg kg-1 ketamine was administered for intraperitoneal anesthesia in all the groups, followed by the removal of the rats' rectums to a distal distance of 3 cm via an abdominoperineal surgical procedure. We histopathologically examined and scored the rectums. RESULTS: Anesthesia was achieved in all the rats in the Group RecDex following the administration of dexmedetomidine. The onset of anesthesia in the Group RecDex was significantly later and of a shorter duration than in the Group IPDEx (p < 0.05). In the Group RecDex, the administration of dexmedetomidine induced mild-moderate losses of mucosal architecture in the colon and rectum, 2 h after rectal inoculation. CONCLUSION: Although 100 µg kg-1 dexmedetomidine administered rectally to rats achieved a significantly longer duration of anesthesia compared with the rectal administration of saline, our histopathological evaluations showed that the rectal administration of 100 µg kg-1 dexmedetomidine led to mild-moderate damage to the mucosal structure of the rectum.

Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial é o fator de risco mais prevalente e modificável para a fibrilação atrial. A sobrecarga de pressão no átrio esquerdo induz alterações fisiopatológicas que ocasionam alterações na função contrátil e nas propriedades elétricas. Objetivo: Nesse estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a função do átrio esquerdo em pacientes hipertensos para determinar a associação entre a função atrial esquerda e a fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP). Método: Foram estudados 57 pacientes hipertensos (idade: 53 ± 4 anos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo: 76 ± 6,7%), incluindo 30 pacientes consecutivos com FAP e 30 indivíduos de controle pareados por idade. Os volumes do átrio esquerdo (AE) foram medidos através do método biplano de Simpson modificado. Foram determinados três tipos de volume do AE: volume máximo do AE (AEVmax), contração atrial prematura do AE (AEVpreA) e volume mínimo do AE (AEVmin). Foram calculadas as funções de esvaziamento do AE. Volume total de esvaziamento do AE = AEVmax - AEVmin e a FEtotal do AE = (AEVmax - AEVmin)/AEVmax, volume de esvaziamento passivo do AE = AEVmax-AEVpreA, e a FE do AE = (AEVmax - AEVpreA)/AEVmax, o volume de esvaziamento ativo do AE = AEVpreA- AEVmin e a FE ativa do AE = (AEVpreA - AEVmin)/AEVpreA. Resultados: O período hipertenso é maior no grupo de hipertensos com FAP. O AEVmax aumentou significativamente no grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado ao grupo de hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,010). A FEAE diminuiu significativamente no grupo de hipertensos com FAP em comparação com o grupo de hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,020). A' diminuiu no grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado com hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,044). Conclusão: O volume aumentado do AE e função de esvaziamento ativa do AE prejudicada foram associados com a FAP em pacientes hipertensos não tratados. Um período hipertenso mais longo está associado com a FAP.

Background: The prevalence and significance of microalbuminuria have not been well studied in patients with different heart failure subtypes., Objective: The prevalence and significance of microalbuminuria have not been well studied in patients with different heart failure subtypes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the frequency and prognostic value of microalbuminuria in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)., Methods: All consecutive adult patients referred to the hospital due to AHF between June 2016 and June 2019 were enrolled. Microalbuminuria is defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) level in the range of 30-300 mg/g. Hospital mortality was the endpoint of this study., Results: Of the 426 AHF patients (mean age 70.64 ± 10.03 years, 53.3 % female), 50% had HFrEF, 38.3% had HFpEF, and 11.7% had HFmrEF at presentation.The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 35.2%, 28.8%, and 28.0% in HFrEF, HFpEF, and HFmrEF, respectively. A total of 19 (4.5%) patients died during the in-hospital course, and in-hospital mortality was higher in HFrEF patients (6.6%) compared to patients with HFpEF (2.5%) and HFmrEF (2.0%). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of microalbuminuria predicted in-hospital mortality in patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF but not in HFpEF., Conclusion: Although microalbuminuria was common in all subgroups of AHF patients, it has been found to predict prognosis only in patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF.

Introduction and Objective: Arrhythmias are often recorded in strength training athletes without cardiovascular abnormalities but may also be a sign of an underlying cardiovascular disease which carries a risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Nowadays, bodybuilding is a popular sport among adolescents and young adults. There have been few studies of arrhythmias comparing bodybuilders with healthy controls and excluding anabolic steroid use. We aimed to assess the structural, functional and electrical characteristics of bodybuilders' hearts compared with control subjects., Methods: In this study, we assessed 35 male competitive bodybuilders and 35 healthy control subjects matched for age, gender, and body mass index. A detailed cardiovascular and systemic examination was performed at the beginning of the study to collect demographic data and anthropometric measures. Biochemical and hematologic, echocardiographic, 24-h Holter, and ECG measurements were obtained from all participants., Results: Ventricular arrhythmias were encountered significantly more frequently in bodybuilders than in the control group. QT and QTc were not significantly different between groups. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio were significantly greater in bodybuilders than in the control group (p<0.001 for all). There was a positive correlation between Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio, and Tp-e/QTc ratio and right ventricular (RV) diameter and arrhythmias., Conclusion: Prolonged repolarization is common in athletes, although its predictive value is unclear. In this study, alterations in ventricular repolarization were positively correlated with RV dimensions. Therefore, we postulate that arrhythmias in strength athletes may be predicted by assessing the right ventricle echocardiographically and dispersions of repolarization on the ECG, and that SCD could be avoided in strength athletes by careful application of this information., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on colistin nephrotoxicity in rats., Methods: Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were allocated into four groups. Intraperitoneal (ip) saline at 1mL.kg -1 was administered to the control group and 10mg.kg -1 ip colistin was given to the colistin group. In the DEX10 group 10mcg.kg -1 dexmedetomidine ip was given 20min before the injection of 10mg.kg -1 ip colistin. In the DEX20 group ip 20mcg.kg -1 dexmedetomidine was injected 20min before the administration of 10mg.kg -1 ip colistin. These treatments were continued twice a day for seven days. Samples were taken on the eighth day. BUN, Cr, KIM-1, TAS, and TOS were examined in blood samples and caspase-3 was examined in kidney tissue samples., Results: The values for BUN, Cr and TOS were significantly higher in the colistin group than in the control group. BUN, Cr and TOS changes in the DEX10 and DEX20 groups were not significant compared with the control group but they were significantly lower compared with the colistin group. TAS values in the DEX10 group were significantly lower than in the control group. Apoptotic activity was significantly higher in the colistin group compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference in terms of caspase-3 staining activity when DEX10 and DEX20 groups were compared with the control group., Conclusion: Oxidative damage and apoptosis played roles in colistin nephrotoxicity, and colistin nephrotoxicity could be prevented by treatment with dexmedetomidine., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: In this study, we investigated the anesthetic and mucosal effects of the rectal application of dexmedetomidine to rats., Methods: Male Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300g were divided into four groups: Group S (n=8) was a sham group that served as a baseline for the normal basal values; Group C (n=8) consisted of rats that received the rectal application of saline alone; Group IPDex (n=8) included rats that received the intraperitoneal application of dexmedetomidine (100μgkg(-1)); and Group RecDex (n=8) included rats that received the rectal application of dexmedetomidine (100μgkg(-1)). For the rectal drug administration, we used 22G intravenous cannulas with the stylets removed. We administered the drugs by advancing the cannula 1cm into the rectum, and the rectal administration volume was 1mL for all the rats. The latency and anesthesia time (min) were measured. Two hours after rectal administration, 75mgkg(-1) ketamine was administered for intraperitoneal anesthesia in all the groups, followed by the removal of the rats' rectums to a distal distance of 3cm via an abdominoperineal surgical procedure. We histopathologically examined and scored the rectums., Results: Anesthesia was achieved in all the rats in the Group RecDex following the administration of dexmedetomidine. The onset of anesthesia in the Group RecDex was significantly later and of a shorter duration than in the Group IPDEx (p<0.05). In the Group RecDex, the administration of dexmedetomidine induced mild-moderate losses of mucosal architecture in the colon and rectum, 2h after rectal inoculation., Conclusion: Although 100μgkg(-1) dexmedetomidine administered rectally to rats achieved a significantly longer duration of anesthesia compared with the rectal administration of saline, our histopathological evaluations showed that the rectal administration of 100μgkg(-1) dexmedetomidine led to mild-moderate damage to the mucosal structure of the rectum., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for atrial fibrillation. The pressure overload in the left atrium induces pathophysiological changes leading to alterations in contractile function and electrical properties., Objective: In this study our aim was to assess left atrial function in hypertensive patients to determine the association between left atrial function with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF)., Method: We studied 57 hypertensive patients (age: 53 ± 4 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 76 ± 6.7%), including 30 consecutive patients with PAF and 30 age-matched control subjects. Left atrial (LA) volumes were measured using the modified Simpson's biplane method. Three types of LA volume were determined: maximal LA(LAVmax), preatrial contraction LA(LAVpreA) and minimal LA volume(LAVmin). LA emptying functions were calculated. LA total emptying volume = LAVmax-LAVmin and the LA total EF = (LAVmax-LAVmin )/LAVmax, LA passive emptying volume = LAVmax- LAVpreA and the LA passive EF = (LAVmax-LAVpreA)/LAVmax, LA active emptying volume = LAVpreA-LAVmin and LA active EF = (LAVpreA-LAVmin )/LAVpreA., Results: The hypertensive period is longer in hypertensive group with PAF. LAVmax significantly increased in hypertensive group with PAF when compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.010). LAAEF was significantly decreased in hypertensive group with PAF as compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.020). A' was decreased in the hypertensive group with PAF when compared to those without PAF (p = 0.044)., Conclusion: Increased LA volume and impaired LA active emptying function was associated with PAF in untreated hypertensive patients. Longer hypertensive period is associated with PAF.