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Objective: Mannose‐binding lectin, which belongs to the collectin family, is an acute‐phase reactant that activates the complement system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MBL2 gene polymorphism on short‐term outcomes in preterm infants. Method: Infants of

Abstract Background and objectives Intrathecal administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is more efficacious for post-operative pain management. Cyclooxygenase inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen, may be effective at lower intrathecal doses than parenteral ones. Preclinical safety regarding possible neurotoxicity associated with the intrathecal (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen was not evaluated. Here we analysed the neurotoxicity of intrathecally administered (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen in rats. Methods A randomized placebo-controlled experimental study was conducted. Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) aged 12-16 weeks were randomly divided into 2 treatments [100 and 800 µg (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen] and control (sterile water) groups. Intrathecal catheters were placed via the atlantoaxial space in anesthetized rats. Pinch-toe tests, motor function evaluations and histopathological examinations of the spinal cord and nerve roots were performed at days 3, 7 and 21. Spinal cord sections were evaluated by light microscopy for the dorsal axonal funiculus vacuolation, axonal myelin loss, neuronal chromatolysis, neuritis, meningeal inflammation, adhesions, and fibrosis. Results Rats in all the groups exhibited normal pinch-toe testing response (score = 0) and normal gait at each observed time (motor function evaluation score = 1). Neurotoxicity was higher with treatments on days 3 and 7 than that on day 21 (2, 3, 0, p = 0.044; 2, 5, 0, p = 0.029, respectively). On day 7, the total scores reflecting neuronal damage were higher in the 800 µg group than those in the 100 µg and Control Groups (5, 3, 0, p = 0.048, respectively). Conclusion Intrathecal (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen caused dose-dependent neurohistopathological changes in rats on days 3 and 7 after injection, suggesting that (S)-(+)-Ketoprofen should not be intrathecally administered.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to compare predictive performances of different data-mining algorithms for determining factors influencing the average daily milk yield at dairy cattle enterprises of Ardahan province, located in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The algorithms employed in the present study were Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), Exhaustive Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector (Exhaustive CHAID), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The MARS algorithm outperformed the other algorithms in the study. Visual results of CART revealed that the culture-breed cows with a lactation length greater than 237.500 days had the highest milk yield (10.64 kg/day). Culture-breed cows calving earlier than the 4th month gave the highest yield of approximately 10 kg/day in the regression tree of CHAID. The Exhaustive CHAID results were almost the same as the structure of the CHAID. The use of MARS may provide an opportunity to detect factors affecting milk production (breed, feed supply, type of milking, mastitis control, cow year group, and lactation length) and their interactions. Moreover, the MARS algorithm may be useful in making an accurate decision about increasing milk yield per cow.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The local anesthetics may cause neurotoxicity. We aimed to compare the neurotoxic potential of different local anesthetics, local anesthetic induced nerve damage and pathological changes of a peripheral nerve. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats weighing 200-350 g were studied. Rats were assigned into 3 groups and 26-gauge needle was inserted under magnification into the left sciatic nerve and 0.2 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine, 5% levobupivacaine, and 2% lidocaine were injected intraneurally. An individual who was blind to the specifics of the injection monitored the neurologic function on postoperative 1st day, and daily thereafter. Neurologic examination included assessment for the presence and severity of nociception and grasping reflexes. At the 7th day sciatic nerve specimen was taken for evaluation of histopathologic changes. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference detected among groups regarding grasping reflex and histopathologic evaluation. Two cases in bupivacaine group, 1 case in levobupivacaine group and 2 cases in lidocaine group had slight grasping, while 1 case in lidocaine group had no grasping reflex on the seventh day. Severe axonal degeneration was observed in all groups, respectively in bupivacaine group 4 (20%), levobupivacaine group 3 (15%), and lidocaine group 6 (30%). CONCLUSION: In all groups, histopathological damage frequency and severity were more than the motor deficiency.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of lidocaine and esmolol infusions on intraoperative hemodynamic changes, intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements, and recovery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. METHODS: The first group (n = 30) received IV lidocaine infusions at a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/min and the second group (n = 30) received IV esmolol infusions at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min. Hemodynamic changes, intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements, and recovery characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: In the lidocaine group, systolic arterial blood pressures values were lower after the induction of anesthesia and at 20 min following surgical incision (p < 0.05). Awakening time was shorter in the esmolol group (p < 0.001); Ramsay Sedation Scale scores at 10 min after extubation were lower in the esmolol group (p < 0.05). The modified Aldrete scores at all measurement time points during the recovery period were relatively lower in the lidocaine group (p < 0.05). The time to attain a modified Aldrete score of ≥9 points was prolonged in the lidocaine group (p < 0.01). Postoperative resting and dynamic VAS scores were higher in the lidocaine group at 10 and 20 min after extubation (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Analgesic supplements were less frequently required in the lidocaine group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In laparoscopic cholecystectomies, lidocaine infusion had superiorities over esmolol infusions regarding the suppression of responses to tracheal extubation and postoperative need for additional analgesic agents in the long run, while esmolol was more advantageous with respect to rapid recovery from anesthesia, attenuation of early postoperative pain, and modified Aldrete recovery (MAR) scores and time to reach MAR score of 9 points.

ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation was to determine risk factors affecting production of beekeeping farms in Igdir province of Turkey and to develop strategies in coping with these risks. Research was based on data collected through a questionnaire applied to 85 beekeeping farms registered to Igdir Beekeepers’ Union according to exact counting method. Factor analysis was applied to collected data to identify risk factors and risk management strategies. Factor analysis was conducted under principle component extraction method and VARIMAX rotation. A stepwise regression analysis was used to reveal the relationship between each of four strategy factors and eight risk factors. As risks in procuring labor occur, farmers are more likely to adopt modern agricultural techniques and risk management strategies, such as registering to a cooperative, product insurance, contract farming, and cooperating with public bodies. Unfavorable security conditions and lack of proper bookkeeping in farms are more likely to lead to adoption of careful production and investment planning. As enterprise conditions get better or external conditions get worse, protecting the investment through disease-prevention and better marketing through getting more market information becomes important. Thus, thirteen applicable strategies are determined in the study. As a result, the approach developed in this research could be suggested for beekeepers in selecting necessary strategies against possible risk factors defined here for sustainable honey production and more income.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Predictive value of preoperative tests in estimating difficult intubation may differ in the laryngeal pathologies. Patients who had undergone direct laryngoscopy (DL) were reviewed, and predictive value of preoperative tests in estimating difficult intubation was investigated. METHODS: Preoperative, and intraoperative anesthesia record forms, and computerized system of the hospital were screened. RESULTS: A total of 2611 patients were assessed. In 7.4% of the patients, difficult intubations were detected. Difficult intubations were encountered in some of the patients with Mallampati scoring (MS) system Class 4 (50%), Cormack-Lehane classification (CLS) Grade 4 (95.7%), previous knowledge of difficult airway (86.2%), restricted neck movements (cervical ROM) (75.8%), short thyromental distance (TMD) (81.6%), vocal cord mass (49.5%) as indicated in parentheses (p < 0.0001). MS had a low sensitivity, while restricted cervical ROM, presence of a vocal cord mass, short thyromental distance, and MS each had a relatively higher positive predictive value. Incidence of difficult intubations increased 6.159 and 1.736-fold with each level of increase in CLS grade and MS class, respectively. When all tests were considered in combination difficult intubation could be classified accurately in 96.3% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Test results predicting difficult intubations in cases with DL had observedly overlapped with the results provided in the literature for the patient populations in general. Differences in some test results when compared with those of the general population might stem from the concomitant underlying laryngeal pathological conditions in patient populations with difficult intubation.

Unye bentonite was found to consist predominantly of a dioctahedral smectite along with quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and minor fractions of feldspar and anatase. A considerable amount of Al was retained as a constituent in acid-resistant impurities following the decomposition of the montmorillonite via acid treatment at an acid/clay ratio of 0.4. These impurities were mesoporous with a maximum surface area of 303.9±0.4 m² g-1. A sharp decrease in the d001 lattice spacing of the montmorillonite to 15.33 Å reflected the reduction of the crystallinity in the activated products. In addition, the increase in the ease with which newly formed hydroxyl groups were lost paralleled the severity of the acid treatment.

RESUMO: Os autores decidiram analisar a importancia da atropina como premedicação na broncofibroscopia (BFB).Avaliaram 93 doentes que íam ser submetidos à BFB e dividiram-nos em dois grupos.O primeiro grupo (I) era constituído por doentes a quem foi administrado 10mg de diazepam i.m., enquanto que o segundo grupo (II) era constituído por doentes a quemJoram administrados l0mg de diazepam i.m.e 0,5 mg de atropina i.m.A tensão arterial e o pulso foram monitorizados durante e depois da BFB. A glicémia também foi monitorizada antes e depois da BFB.A quantidade de secreções bronquicas e as complicações foram registadas durante e depois do exame.As tensões arteriais foram elevadas em ambos os grupos mas só a diastólica foi significativamente mais elevada comparada com a diastólica medida antes do exame, no grupo que fez atropina. Nao havia diferenóas na comparação intergrupos.A frequência do pulso estava elevada em ambos os grupos antes e depois da BFB. O aumento da frequência do pulso no grupo II era significativamente maior quando comparada como grupo I (

ABSTRACT The present study aimed at comparing predictive performance of some data mining algorithms (CART, CHAID, Exhaustive CHAID, MARS, MLP, and RBF) in biometrical data of Mengali rams. To compare the predictive capability of the algorithms, the biometrical data regarding body (body length, withers height, and heart girth) and testicular (testicular length, scrotal length, and scrotal circumference) measurements of Mengali rams in predicting live body weight were evaluated by most goodness of fit criteria. In addition, age was considered as a continuous independent variable. In this context, MARS data mining algorithm was used for the first time to predict body weight in two forms, without (MARS_1) and with interaction (MARS_2) terms. The superiority order in the predictive accuracy of the algorithms was found as CART > CHAID ≈ Exhaustive CHAID > MARS_2 > MARS_1 > RBF > MLP. Moreover, all tested algorithms provided a strong predictive accuracy for estimating body weight. However, MARS is the only algorithm that generated a prediction equation for body weight. Therefore, it is hoped that the available results might present a valuable contribution in terms of predicting body weight and describing the relationship between the body weight and body and testicular measurements in revealing breed standards and the conservation of indigenous gene sources for Mengali sheep breeding. Therefore, it will be possible to perform more profitable and productive sheep production. Use of data mining algorithms is useful for revealing the relationship between body weight and testicular traits in describing breed standards of Mengali sheep.

Resumo Objetivo Os anestésicos locais podem causar neurotoxicidade. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o potencial neurotóxico de diferentes anestésicos locais, os danos induzidos aos nervos e as alterações patológicas de um nervo periférico. Métodos Foram estudados 60 ratos Whistler com 200‐350 g. Os ratos foram divididos em três grupos, uma agulha de calibre 26 foi inserida no nervo ciático esquerdo, com o uso de ampliação, e 0,2 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5%, levobupivacaína a 5% e lidocaína a 2% foram injetados por via intraneural. Um colaborador, cego para os conteúdos das injeções, monitorou a função neurológica no primeiro dia de pós‐operatório e depois diariamente. O exame neurológico incluiu a avaliação da presença e da gravidade da nocicepção e dos reflexos de agarrar. No sétimo dia, uma amostra do nervo ciático foi colhida para avaliar as alterações histopatológicas. Resultados Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação ao reflexo de agarrar e à avaliação histopatológica. Dois casos no grupo bupivacaína, um no grupo levobupivacaína e dois no grupo lidocaína apresentaram um leve reflexo de agarrar; também no grupo lidocaína, um caso não apresentou reflexo de agarrar no sétimo dia. Degeneração axonal grave foi observada em todos os grupos: quatro casos no grupo bupivacaína (20%), três no grupo levobupivacaína 3 (15%) e seis no grupo lidocaína (30%). Conclusão Em todos os grupos, a frequência de dano histopatológico e de gravidade foi maior do que a deficiência motora. Objective The local anesthetics may cause neurotoxicity. We aimed to compare the neurotoxic potential of different local anesthetics, local anesthetic induced nerve damage and pathological changes of a peripheral nerve. Methods Sixty Wistar rats weighing 200–350 g were studied. Rats were assigned into 3 groups and 26‐gauge needle was inserted under magnification into the left sciatic nerve and 0.2 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine, 5% levobupivacaine, and 2% lidocaine were injected intraneurally. An individual who was blind to the specifics of the injection monitored the neurologic function on postoperative 1 st day, and daily thereafter. Neurologic examination included assessment for the presence and severity of nociception and grasping reflexes. At the 7 th day sciatic nerve specimen was taken for evaluation of histopathologic changes. Results There was no statistical difference detected among groups regarding grasping reflex and histopathologic evaluation. Two cases in bupivacaine group, 1 case in levobupivacaine group and 2 cases in lidocaine group had slight grasping, while 1 case in lidocaine group had no grasping reflex on the seventh day. Severe axonal degeneration was observed in all groups, respectively in bupivacaine group 4 (20%), levobupivacaine group 3 (15%), and lidocaine group 6 (30%). Conclusion In all groups, histopathological damage frequency and severity were more than the motor deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os efeitos de infusões de lidocaína e esmolol sobre as alterações hemodinâmicas no período intraoperatório, a necessidade de analgésicos intra‐ e pós‐operatoriamente e a recuperação após colecistectomia laparoscópica. Métodos O primeiro grupo (n = 30) recebeu infusões IV de lidocaína a uma taxa de 1,5 mg/kg/min e o segundo grupo (n = 30) recebeu infusões IV de esmolol a uma taxa de 1 mg kg/min. Alterações hemodinâmicas, necessidade de analgésicos no intra‐ e pós‐operatório e características da recuperação foram avaliadas. Resultados No grupo lidocaína, os valores da pressão arterial sistólica foram menores após a indução da anestesia e 20 minutos após a incisão cirúrgica ( p < 0,05). O tempo até o despertar foi menor no grupo esmolol ( p < 0,001), os escores na escala de Sedação de Ramsay 10 minutos após a extubação foram menores no grupo esmolol ( p < 0,05). Os escores de Aldrete modificados em todos os tempos mensurados durante o período de recuperação foram relativamente baixos no grupo lidocaína ( p < 0,05). O tempo necessário para atingir um escore de Aldrete ≥ 9 pontos foi prolongado no grupo lidocaína ( p < 0,01). Os escores Eva em repouso e em movimento no pós‐operatório foram maiores no grupo lidocaína nos minutos 10 e 20 após a extubação ( p < 0,05, p < 0,01, respectivamente). Analgésicos suplementares foram necessários com menos frequência no grupo lidocaína ( p < 0,01). Conclusão Em colecistectomia laparoscópica, a infusão de lidocaína foi superior às infusões de esmolol quanto a suprimir as respostas à extubação traqueal e necessidade de analgésicos adicionais no pós‐operatório, enquanto esmolol foi mais vantajoso quanto à rápida recuperação da anestesia, à atenuação da dor no pós‐operatório imediato e aos escores de recuperação de Aldrete modificado (RAM) e o tempo até atingir o escore RAM de 9 pontos. Objective We compared the effects of lidocaine and esmolol infusions on intraoperative hemodynamic changes, intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements, and recovery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. Methods The first group ( n = 30) received IV lidocaine infusions at a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/min and the second group ( n = 30) received IV esmolol infusions at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min. Hemodynamic changes, intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements, and recovery characteristics were evaluated. Results In the lidocaine group, systolic arterial blood pressures values were lower after the induction of anesthesia and at 20 min following surgical incision ( p < 0.05). Awakening time was shorter in the esmolol group ( p < 0.001); Ramsay Sedation Scale scores at 10 min after extubation were lower in the esmolol group ( p < 0.05). The modified Aldrete scores at all measurement time points during the recovery period were relatively lower in the lidocaine group ( p < 0.05). The time to attain a modified Aldrete score of ≥9 points was prolonged in the lidocaine group ( p < 0.01). Postoperative resting and dynamic VAS scores were higher in the lidocaine group at 10 and 20 min after extubation ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Analgesic supplements were less frequently required in the lidocaine group ( p < 0.01). Conclusion In laparoscopic cholecystectomies, lidocaine infusion had superiorities over esmolol infusions regarding the suppression of responses to tracheal extubation and postoperative need for additional analgesic agents in the long run, while esmolol was more advantageous with respect to rapid recovery from anesthesia, attenuation of early postoperative pain, and modified Aldrete recovery (MAR) scores and time to reach MAR score of 9 points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos O valor preditivo dos testes pré‐operatórios para estimar a intubação difícil pode diferir em patologias laríngeas. Foram feitas uma revisão dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos à laringoscopia direta (LD) e uma investigação do valor preditivo de exames pré‐operatórios para estimar a intubação difícil. Métodos Triagem de prontuários dos períodos pré‐operatório e intraoperatório e do sistema informatizado do hospital. Resultados Foram avaliados 2.611 pacientes. Em 7,4%, intubações difíceis foram detectadas. Intubações difíceis foram constatadas em pacientes com escore de Mallampati (EM), classe 4 (50%); classificação de Cormack‐Lehane (CCL), grau 4 (95,7%); conhecimento prévio de via aérea difícil (86,2%); restrição da amplitude de movimentos (ADM) do pescoço (ADM cervical) (75,8%); distância tireomentoniana (DTM) curta (81,6%); e massa nas pregas vocais (849,5%) (p < 0,0001). O EM apresentou uma sensibilidade baixa, enquanto ADM cervical, presença de massa nas pregas vocais, DTM curta e EM apresentaram um valor preditivo positivo relativamente maior. A incidência de intubações difíceis aumentou 6.159 e 1.736 vezes com cada nível de aumento dos graus da CCL e da classe do EM, respectivamente. Quando todos os testes foram considerados em conjunto, a intubação difícil pôde ser classificada com precisão em 96,3% dos casos. Conclusão Os resultados dos testes que preveem intubações difíceis em casos com LD coincidiram claramente com os resultados previstos na literatura para as populações de pacientes em geral. As diferenças em alguns resultados dos testes, quando comparados com os da população em geral, podem ser por causa das condições patológicas subjacentes da laringe em populações de pacientes com intubação difícil. Background and objectives Predictive value of preoperative tests in estimating difficult intubation may differ in the laryngeal pathologies. Patients who had undergone direct laryngoscopy (DL) were reviewed, and predictive value of preoperative tests in estimating difficult intubation was investigated. Methods Preoperative, and intraoperative anesthesia record forms, and computerized system of the hospital were screened. Results A total of 2611 patients were assessed. In 7.4% of the patients, difficult intubations were detected. Difficult intubations were encountered in some of the patients with Mallampati scoring (MS) system Class 4 (50%), Cormack–Lehane classification (CLS) Grade 4 (95.7%), previous knowledge of difficult airway (86.2%), restricted neck movements (cervical ROM) (75.8%), short thyromental distance (TMD) (81.6%), vocal cord mass (49.5%) as indicated in parentheses (p < 0.0001). MS had a low sensitivity, while restricted cervical ROM, presence of a vocal cord mass, short thyromental distance, and MS each had a relatively higher positive predictive value. Incidence of difficult intubations increased 6.159 and 1.736‐fold with each level of increase in CLS grade and MS class, respectively. When all tests were considered in combination difficult intubation could be classified accurately in 96.3% of the cases. Conclusion Test results predicting difficult intubations in cases with DL had observedly overlapped with the results provided in the literature for the patient populations in general. Differences in some test results when compared with those of the general population might stem from the concomitant underlying laryngeal pathological conditions in patient populations with difficult intubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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