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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the Pessoa training aid (PTA) exercise program exerts in some physical conditioning predictors. Eight detrained adult horses were evaluated in 12 sessions of work with PTA (3 sessions per week). All horses used a heart rate monitor and GPS (V800, Polar Electro) and data was used to calculate energy expenditure (EE), net cost of transport (COT), metabolic energy requirement (Pmet), oxygen pulse, oxygen utilization, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV). The horses were weighted, and the thoracolumbar shape were measured at the level of the 18th (T18), 13th (T13) and 8th (T8) thoracic vertebrae with a flexible ruler before and after the experimental period. Data obtained weekly were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p≤0.05). Data obtained just before and after the experimental period were submitted to paired t test. There was a decrease in left-right asymmetry. In the third week there was an increase in HR, EE, oxygen pulse and oxygen utilization followed by a decrease in the fourth week. The biomechanics related parameters, COT and Pmet decreased week by week. The HRV showed a sympathetic stimulus in the third week followed by a shift to parasympathetic in the fourth week. We conclude that 12 sessions of lunge exercise with PTA contributed to physical condition improvement.

Aging modifies the body composition and physiology of individuals, influencing the decrease in body mass and nutritional status. This study aims to analyze the association between anthropometric indicators of muscle mass assessment with nutritional risk and functional deficit in the elderly. This is a cross-sectional study, with community-dwelling elderly (≥ 60 years old) assisted in primary care centers in the city of Doutor Ricardo, RS. The analyzed variables were: sociodemographic data; lifestyle; chronic noncommunicable diseases; nutritional risk; nutritional status; muscle mass; skeletal muscle mass index; calf circumference; corrected arm muscle area; adductor pollicis muscle thickness; adductor muscle index; and functionality. For statistical analysis, P

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo - SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosis and severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes of muscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess a training protocol employed in the Brazilian Northeast region for fitness conditioning of vaquejada horses. For 12 months, 24 Quarter Horses were evaluated under a completely randomized split-plot experimental design in which the plots comprised three age groups: horses at two, three, and four years of age. The split plots were made up of six fitness tests carried out every other month. The fitness test protocol consisted of five levels of protocol exercises on a standard vaquejada track. Prior to the tests with fasted animals, we collected blood samples to determine muscle enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase). During the tests, heart rate, speed, and distance run were recorded using a heart rate monitor. Next, the results were used to calculate speed at which each horse reached 150 bpm (V150), speed at which each horse reached 200 bpm (V200), maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximum speed (Vmax), recovery time needed for the heart rate of horses to return to half the maximum value reached during the fitness tests (HR50%), and recovery time needed for the heart rate of horses to return to baseline values (HRbasal). No difference was found among the age groups for V150, HRmax, Vmax, HR50%, HRbasal, or muscle enzymes. By the final stage of training, the V200 of the three-year-old horses was higher than that of the four-year-old foals. During training, all groups exhibited increases in serum concentrations of muscle enzymes and reductions in efficiency to recover heart rate after exercise. The training protocol assessed is unable to maintain proper fitness for competitions throughout the year.

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Abstract The third member of the extinct ommatid genus Paraodontomma is reported from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Our observation confirms the transverse ridges on elytra as a diagnostic character for the genus. Paraodontomma leptocristatum sp. nov. differs from previously reported congeners mainly in head subquadrate and without prominent protuberances, pronotal disc without prominent ridges, elytral ridges indistinct, and teeth along elytral margins not forming a wavy pattern. Musculature is preserved in the newly discovered specimen of P. leptocristatum, which further demonstrates the preservation potential and irreplaceable value of amber fossils.

Introduction: For decades, low levels of muscle strength (MS) have been associated with an increased risk of mortality from all causes. Objective: To identify the correlation between values of different manifestations of MS and metabolic risk markers (MRM) in young university students. Materials and methods: The study included 50 participants (37 men, 13 women), aged between 19 and 23 years. The grip strength of both hands and the muscular strength of upper and lower limbs were evaluated, as well as height, weight, body mass index (BMI), skin folds, HDL, cholesterol and triglycerides. Results: No significant associations between MRM and the different manifestations of MS were found. Conclusion: MS and MRM are separately associated with mortality risk factors and with suffering from cardiovascular diseases

Objective:to search the available literature, indications for the release of biomarkers of injury and muscle inflammation triggered by physical exercise. Data sources:A bibliographical survey was performed in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, using the terms: indicators, injuries, inflammation, muscle and athletes. Data synthesis:the studies evidenced that there is an increase in the serum activity of the lesion indicators and muscle inflammation after high intensity exercises. Conclusions:The results of the study corroborate both the implementation of training strategies that aim to improve the performance of the athlete and the prevention of overloads to reduce the risk of sports injuries

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the effect of photoperiod on the cannibalism, growth, and body composition of giant trahira (Hoplias intermedius) juveniles. A completely randomized design was employed, with four photoperiods - 0L:24D, 6L:18D, 12L:12D, and 18L:6D, hours of light (L): dark (D) - and four replicates, for a period of 90 days. The analyzed parameters were: cannibalism, growth in weight and length, food consumption, feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, muscle growth, and body composition (moisture, lipid, ash, and crude protein). Fish from the 12L:12D photoperiod showed the highest survival rate and no cannibalism, as well as a great uniformity for length and mass values at the end of the experiment. The best photoperiod for giant trahira juveniles is 12L:12D, as these fish showed growth uniformity and no cannibalism, while fish from the 6L:18D and 18L:6D groups had a greater diameter of white muscle fibers and a higher frequency of greater diameter fibers. Giant trahira showed the lowest value for lipids at 6L:18D and the highest value at 12L:12D. Photoperiod affects survival and cannibalism; regarding body composition, only lipids are influenced by photoperiod.

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Copyright of ConScientiae Saúde is the property of Nove de Julho University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ConScientiae Saúde is the property of Nove de Julho University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyze the anatomical variations of the innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and to determine if the branch of the median nerve that supply this muscle is connected to the branches to the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the pronator teres muscles, without tension, and how close to the target-muscles the transfer can be performed. Methods: Fifty limbs of 25 cadavers were dissected to collect data on the anatomical variations of the branches to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Results: This muscle received innervation from the median nerve in the 50 limbs. In 22 it received one branch, and in 28 more than one. The proximal branch was identified in 22 limbs, and in 12 limbs it shared branches with other muscles. The distal branch was present in all, and originated from the median nerve as an isolated branch, or a common trunk with the anterior interosseous nerve in 3 limbs, and from a common trunk with the flexor carpi radialis muscle and anterior interosseous nerve in another. It originated distally to the anterior interosseous nerve at 38, in 5 on the same level, and in 3 proximal to the anterior interosseous nerve. In four limbs, innervation came from the anterior interosseous nerve, as well as from the median nerve. Accessory branches of the median nerve for the distal portion of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were present in eight limbs. Conclusion: In 28 limbs with two or more branches, one of them could be connected to the branches to the extensor carpi radialis brevis and pronator teres muscles without tension, even during the pronation and supination movements of the forearm and flexion- extension of the elbow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Musculoskeletal injuries that occur in horses during sports activities are often disabling and require a long period of treatment and rehabilitation, most resulting in scar tissue, predisposing to recurrence. In search of more effective therapies and tissue regeneration, studies have been carried out with blood derivatives - platelet rich plasma and autologous conditioned serum. In spite of both being bloodderived therapies, platelet rich plasma and autologous conditioned serum are distinct products, with equally distinct indications for their use. Platelet rich plasma shows promising results in ligament and tendon injuries in clinical and experimental trials. This occurs also in osteoarticular lesions with both hemoderivates, autologous conditioned serum and platelet rich plasma. This review aims to present clinical and experimental studies (in vivo and in vitro) in the equine species, as an aid for an appropriate therapeutic choice, when hemoderivates are considered for treatment of musculoskeletal lesions.

Objective: To evaluate the action of vanillin (Vanilla planifolia) on the morphology of tibialis anterior and soleus muscles after peripheral nerve injury. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with seven animals each: Control Group, Vanillin Group, Injury Group, and Injury + Vanillin Group. The Injury Group and the Injury + Vanillin Group animals were submitted to nerve injury by compression of the sciatic nerve; the Vanillin Group and Injury + Vanillin Group, were treated daily with oral doses of vanillin (150mg/kg) from the 3rd to the 21st day after induction of nerve injury. At the end of the experiment, the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy and submitted to morphological analysis. Results: The nerve compression promoted morphological changes, typical of denervation, and the treatment with vanillin was responsible for different responses in the studied muscles. For the tibialis anterior, there was an increase in the number of satellite cells, central nuclei and fiber atrophy, as well as fascicular disorganization. In the soleus, only increased vascularization was observed, with no exacerbation of the morphological alterations in the fibers. Conclusion: The treatment with vanillin promoted increase in intramuscular vascularization for the muscles studied, with proinflammatory potential for tibialis anterior, but not for soleus muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate if electrical stimulation through Russian current is able to maintain morphology of the cranial tibial muscle of experimentally denervated rats. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the Initial Control Group, Final Control Group, Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, Experimental Denervated Group. The electrostimulation was performed with a protocol of Russian current applied three times per week, for 45 days. At the end, the animals were euthanized and histological and morphometric analyses were performed. Data were submitted to statistical analysis with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The Experimental Denervated Group and the Experimental Denervated and Treated Group had cross-sectional area of smaller fiber compared to the Final Control Group. However, there was significant difference between the Experimental Denervated Group and Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, showing that electrical stimulation minimized muscle atrophy. The Experimental Denervated and Treated Group and Initial Control Group showed similar results. Conclusion: Electrical stimulation through Russian current acted favorably in maintaining morphology of the cranial tibial muscle that was experimentally denervated, minimizing muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Determinou-se o efeito do regime alimentar para ganho compensatório sobre a composição regional e tecidual da carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 40 ovinos Santa Inês, machos, com média de 17±1,7kg de peso vivo (PV) e 100 dias de idade. Ao final do período de confinamento, os cordeiros foram abatidos, e a meia carcaça esquerda foi seccionada em cinco cortes comerciais primários: pescoço, paleta, costilhar, lombo e perna. A perna foi dissecada em músculos, ossos e gorduras, e, em seguida, teve seu índice de musculosidade determinado. Foi mensurada a hipertrofia muscular por meio da média do diâmetro das fibras musculares. O peso (g) da meia carcaça esquerda, do pescoço, da paleta, do costilhar, do lombo e da perna diminuiu linearmente, à medida que aumentou o nível de restrição prévia, de 0% até 60%, variando, respectivamente, de 11497,4 a 8888,5; de 1453,8 a 1211,4; de 1955,4 a 1560,9; de 3420,0 a 2604,6; de 1669,4 a 1161,6 e de 2998,8 a 2350,0. No rendimento dos cortes, apenas o lombo sofreu efeito do regime alimentar, diminuindo de 14,5 para 13,1%. O índice de musculosidade da perna (0,42 a 0,39) e o diâmetro das fibras musculares (46,0 a 43,4µm) também diminuíram com o aumento da restrição prévia. A restrição alimentar seguida por realimentação diminui o peso dos cortes e não afeta seu rendimento; diminui também a proporção de gordura da carcaça, produzindo, assim, cortes mais leves e carne com menor teor de gordura.The effect of diets for compensatory gain on the commercial cut yield and carcasses tissue composition of finished feedlot lambs was determined. A total of 40 Santa Inês lambs, with mean body weight (BW) of 17±1.7kg and 100 days old were used. The lambs were slaughtered; the left half carcass was sectioned into five primary commercial cuts: neck, shoulder, rib, loin and leg. The leg was dissected into muscle, bone and fat, and then the muscularity of the leg was determined. Muscle hypertrophy was measured by the mean diameter of muscle fibers. The left half carcass, neck, shoulder, rib, loin and leg weight decreased linearly between 0 and 60% of previous food restriction levels, ranging, respectively, from 11497.4 to 8888.5g; from 1453.8 to 1211.4g; from 1955.4 to 1560.9g; from 3420.0 to 2604.6g; from 1669.4 to 1161.6g and from 2998.8 to 2350.0g, as well as loin yield (from 14.5 to 13.1%), leg musculosity index (from 0.42 to 0,39) and muscle fiber diameter (from 46.0 to 43.4µm). Food restriction followed by refeeding promoted decreasing in the weight of cuts and did not affect the yield, and it also decreased the proportion of fat in the carcass, resulting in lighter cuts and leaner meat.

This study aimed to quantify collagen fibers in different lineages of country chicken at different ages and anatomical regions. The collection of material was carried out in both lineages (five poultries/treatment) at two different times: 42 and 72 days of age. At each moment, a fragment of the pectoralis thoracic (PT) and lateral iliotibial (LIT) muscles was collected, which were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 48 hours; they underwent a conventional histological approach, they were stained with picrosirius, and they were measured through the morphometry software KS-400 ZEISS®. The quantity of collagen fibers found in the muscles collected at 42 and 72 days, regardless of the region under study, was, respectively, 2.32±2.31% and 4.56±2.94%, for the Label Rouge lineage, and 2.26±1.61% and 4.92±2.12%, for the Pedres lineage. The quantity of collagen fibers in the different lineages and anatomical regions showed no significant statistical difference. However, when age (42 and 72 days) was taken into account, a significant statistical difference was observed. The increased amount of collagen fibers found in the lineages under study is influenced by age and it’s probably one of the factors which can influence meat texture.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que o tendão do músculo palmar longo pode ser estimado em relação ao seu comprimento e largura antes de usá-lo como enxerto em procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 60 antebraços de 30 cadáveres de etnia negra; mensurou-se o comprimento e a largura do tendão do músculo palmar longo e comparou-se com o comprimento do antebraço. RESULTADOS: Foi constatada a ausência unilateral direita em dois cadáveres do sexo feminino. As médias do comprimento e da largura foram respectivamente 11,9 mais ou menos 15,2mm e 4,1 + 1,5mm. A média total do comprimento do antebraço foi de 275.4mm mais ou menos 17,9mm. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma relação significativa entre o comprimento do tendão e o comprimento do antebraço; assim poder-se-á avaliar o tamanho do tendão do músculo palmar longo quando for necessário usá-lo para enxertos. Nível de Evidências IV, Série de casos.OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate that the tendon of palmar long can be estimated in relation to its length and width before using it as a graft in surgical procedure. METHODS: There were examined 60 forearms of 30 corpses of black ethnicity; measure the length and width of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle and compared the length of the forearm. RESULTS: There are notes their absence unilateral right in two female corpses. The medium length and width were more or less respectively 11.9, 15.2 mm and 4.1 + 1.5 mm. The total average forearm length of 275.4 was more or less 17.9 mm. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between the length of the tendon and the length of the forearm; so we can evaluate the size of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle when it is necessary to use it for grafts. Levels of Evidence IV, Case series.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the levels of replacement of ground corn by forage cactus meal in the diet on the muscularity and adiposity of carcass of Santa Inês lambs finished at feedlot. This study was carried out at Estação Experimental de Pendência, belonging to Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba S.A. (EMEPA-PB). Forty male Santa Inês lambs in feedlot were used in the experiment. Treatments were randomly assigned to the animals according to a completely randomized design, with four treatments, that consisted of growing substitution levels of ground corn for forage cactus meal: 0, 33, 66 and 100% of substitution and ten replications (lambs). Animals were slaughtered and carcasses cooled for 24 hours for later assessment of conformation, morphometry, loin eye-muscle area, fatness, perirenal fat, marbling and subcutaneous fat thickness. Legs were separated for dissection of muscle, bone, subcutaneous fat, intermuscle fat and total fat, which were weighed for the determination of the muscle:bone and muscle:fat relation and the relative weight of tissue components. Averages were submitted to variance and regression analyses at a 5% level of probability. Diets had no effect on carcass conformation. However, a negative linear effect on weights and yields of fats was observed with the increased levels of forage cactus meal in the diet, and the opposite was observed in the muscle yield behavior. Forage cactus meal is biologically as efficient as ground corn, because it increases the muscularity and reduces the adiposity of the carcass of Santa Inês lambs in feedlot.

Foram avaliados as características de carcaça e os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais e realizada avaliação tecidual de 20 cordeiros Morada Nova alimentados com dietas contendo fruto-refugo de melão em substituição a 0, 30, 60 ou 100% do milho moído. Os animais, com peso médio inicial de 15 kg e 6 meses de idade, foram mantidos confinados em baias individuais e abatidos com peso médio de 26 kg. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (níveis de substituição do milho por fruto-refugo de melão) e cinco repetições. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no peso de corpo vazio, no peso de carcaça quente e fria, nos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria nem no rendimento biológico. Também não foi verificado efeito significativo da inclusão de fruto-refugo de melão nas dietas sobre os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais (pescoço, costela, paleta, lombo e a perna) e as concentrações de músculo, osso e gordura. A substituição do milho moído por fruto-refugo do melão nas dietas não prejudica as características quantitativas de carcaça de cordeiros Morada Nova e consiste numa boa alternativa na alimentação de ovinos de corte em terminação.This experiment evaluated carcass traits and yields of comercial cuts and tissue evaluation of 20 Morada Nova lambs fed diets with fruit-refuse of melon replacing 0, 30, 60 or 100% of ground corn. The animals with 15 kg of initial body weight and at 6 six months of age were kept confined in individual pens and slaughtered with 26 kg of weight. It was used a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments (levels of ground corn replaced by melon fruit-refuse) and five replicates. It was not observed any significant differences for empty body weight, hot and cold carcass weight, yields of hot and cold carcass, and biological yield. Neither it was noted significant effect of inclusion of melon fruit-refuse in the diets on yields of commercial cuts (neck, rib, palette, loin and leg) and concentrations of muscle, bone and fat. Substitution of ground corn by melon fruit-refuse in diets does not harm quantitative traits of carcass of Morada Nova lambs and it is a good alternative for finishing meat sheep feeding.

O tecido muscular esquelético possui a maior massa do corpo humano, com 45% do peso total. As lesões musculares podem ser causadas por contusões, estiramentos ou lacerações. A atual classificação separa as lesões entre leve, moderada e grave. Os sinais e sintomas das lesões grau I são edema e desconforto; grau II, perda de função, gap e equimose eventual; grau III, rotura completa, dor intensa e hematoma extenso. O diagnóstico pode ser confirmado por: ultrassom - dinâmico, barato, porém examinador-dependente; tomografia ou ressonância magnética - maior definição anatômica, porém estático. A fase inicial do tratamento se resume ao protocolo PRICE. AINH, ultrassom terapêutico, fortalecimento e alongamento após a fase inicial e amplitudes de movimento sem dor são utilizados no tratamento clínico. Já o cirúrgico possui indicações precisas: drenagem do hematoma, reinserção e reforço musculotendíneos.Skeletal muscle tissue has the largest mass in the human body, accounting for 45% of the total weight. Muscle injuries can be caused by bruising, stretching or laceration. The current classification divides such injuries into mild, moderate and severe. The signs and symptoms of grade I lesions are edema and discomfort; grade II, loss of function, gaps and possible ecchymosis; and grade III, complete rupture, severe pain and extensive hematoma. The diagnosis can be confirmed by: ultrasound, which is dynamic and cheap, but examiner dependent; and tomography or magnetic resonance, which gives better anatomical definition, but is static. Initial phase of the treatment can be summarized as the "PRICE" protocol. NSAIDs, ultrasound therapy, strengthening and stretching after the initial phase and range of motion without pain are used in clinical treatment. On the other hand, surgery has precise indications: hematoma drainage and muscle-tendon reinsertion and reinforcement.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do tratamento com IGF-1 sobre o perfil metabólico e morfológico do músculo sóleo submetido à imobilização articular de tornozelo. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=6): controle (C), imobilizado (I) e imobilizado tratado com IGF (I+IGF; 40mg/Kg) durante 7 dias. RESULTADOS: A imobilização reduziu o peso (34%), o conteúdo de glicogênio (31,6%) a área das fibras musculares (44%), e elevou na densidade do tecido conjuntivo (216%). Por outro lado, o IGF-1 aumentou o glicogênio em 234,6% quando comparado ao I, minimizou a redução de 33,7% na área das fibras musculares e aumentou de 76% no tecido conjuntivo comparado ao C (pOBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of IGF-1 treatment on the morphological and metabolic profile of the soleus muscle submitted to ankle joint immobilization. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 6): control (C), immobilized (I) and immobilized treated with IGF (I + IGF; 40mg/kg) for 7 days. RESULTS: Immobilization led to a reduction in the weight (34%), glycogen content (31.6%) and area of muscle fibers (44%), and increased the density of connective tissue (216%). Also, the IGF-1 increased the glycogen by 234.6% compared to I, minimized the area of muscle fibers by 33.7% and increased the connective tissue by 76% compared to C (p

OBJETIVO: Este estudo transversal e prospectivo objetivou avaliar qualidade vocal, respiração e região cervicoescapular em instrumentistas de sopro integrantes da Banda Musical do Exército. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 42 sujeitos do gênero masculino, militares, com idades entre 20 e 45 anos, divididos em: Grupo Experimental, com 30 instrumentistas de sopro, e Grupo Controle, com 12 instrumentistas de percussão. Todos passaram por entrevista; avaliação vocal - registro da voz e análise perceptivo-auditiva com uso da escala GRBASI; avaliação do tipo respiratório; avaliação fisioterapêutica da região cervicoescapular - inspeção visual dos perfis anterior, lateral e posterior, palpação dos músculos trapézio fibras-superiores, esternocleidomastoídeos, escalenos e base de occipital; e testes de mobilidade cervical e de encurtamentos musculares. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre Grupo Experimental e Controle quanto à presença de queixas vocais; os sujeitos do Grupo Experimental apresentaram mais sintomas laríngeos e relataram mais dor em músculo trapézio e região cervical quando comparados aos sujeitos do Controle. Os sujeitos do Grupo Experimental apresentaram maior alteração nos parâmetros vocais tensão e instabilidade do que os sujeitos do Grupo Controle. Constatou-se maior incidência da respiração costodiafragmático-abdominal no Grupo Experimental. Não houve diferença entre os grupos estudados quanto à postura, encurtamentos musculares e mobilidade cervical; porém o Grupo Experimental apresentou mais dor à palpação em músculo trapézio - fibras superiores. CONCLUSÃO: Os militares instrumentistas de sopro apresentaram alterações vocais e da musculatura cervicoescapular e necessitam de ações de promoção à saúde vocal e postural.PURPOSE: This cross-sectional prospective study had the aim to evaluate vocal quality, breathing and the cervicoscapular region in wind instrumentalists of the Army Band. METHODS: Forty-two male military subjects with ages ranging from 20 to 45 years were divided into: Experimental Group, with 30 wind instrumentalists, and Control Group, with 12 percussionists. All subjects underwent an interview, vocal evaluation - voice record and auditory-perceptual analysis using the GRBASI scale, respiratory type evaluation, physical therapy evaluation of the cervicoscapular region - visual examination of anterior, lateral and posterior profiles, palpation of the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene and base of occipital muscles, and cervical mobility and muscle shortenings tests. RESULTS: No difference was found between Experimental and Control groups regarding the presence of vocal complaints; subjects from the Experimental Group had more laryngeal symptoms and reported more pain in the trapezius muscle and the cervical region, when compared to control subjects. They also had greater alterations in vocal tension and instability parameters than subjects from the Control Group. There was a higher incidence of costodiaphragmatic-abdominal breathing among the Experimental Group subjects. There was no difference between the groups regarding posture, muscle shortenings, and cervical mobility; however, the Experimental Group presented more pain during the palpation of the trapezius muscle. CONCLUSION: The military wind instrumentalists presented vocal and cervicoscapular alterations, and require actions to promote vocal and postural health.

The coati is an animal that belongs to the Phylum Chordata, the Class Mammalia, the Order Carnivora and the Procyonidae family. The striking feature of the family Procyonidae is the presence of five digits on the paws. These animals are classified as plantigrades and can do hand movements in different directions. It has habits of climbing trees to procreate, fleeing from danger, and sleeping at night. It feeds on fruits, small vertebrates, insects, nectar, eggs and vegetables. For this work were used three euthanized animals, from the Scientific Breeding Center (CECRIMPAS) – UNIFEOB authorized by IBAMA (Process nº 02027.003731/04-76), fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%. This work describes the morphology of the muscles of the forelimb of the coati, through dissection and photographic documentation. In the studied species, we found anatomical adaptations of thoracic limb muscles which had a mass volume much greater than in other species (puma, alpaca, dog, cat, lhama and Cebus apella monkeys), and this fact was found to be directly related to their abilities in climbing and handicraft.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição tecidual do lombo e do pernil e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de cordeiros em quatro sistemas de terminação: 1) cordeiros desmamados com média de 40 dias e mantidos em pasto de azevém até o abate; 2) cordeiros com suas mães na mesma pastagem até o abate; 3) idem ao 2), porém com suplementação diária a 1% do PV em creep feeding; 4) cordeiros desmamados aos 40 dias e confinados, recebendo silagem de milho e concentrado ad libitum. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro sistemas de terminação e três repetições. Os cordeiros foram abatidos com 32 kg de peso vivo. Os lombos e pernis direitos foram utilizados para determinação da composição tecidual e os lombos esquerdos, para análise do perfil de ácidos graxos. No lombo esquerdo foram mensurados: comprimento e profundidade máxima do músculo; espessura mínima e máxima de gordura de cobertura e área de olho-de-lombo. Os cordeiros desmamados terminados a pasto apresentaram menor deposição de gordura na carcaça e índice de musculosidade do pernil. O desenvolvimento muscular e a deposição de gordura nos cordeiros terminados ao pé da mãe, com ou sem suplementação, foram semelhantes aos observados nos cordeiros desmamados e terminados em confinamento. Cordeiros em creep feeding apresentaram mais ácidos graxos na carne que cordeiros desmamados a pasto. Os sistemas de terminação influenciam a composição tecidual, mas não afetam o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne para consumo humano.The objective of this study was to evaluate tissue composition of loin and leg and fatty acids profile of the meat of lambs in four finishing systems: (1) lambs weaned around 40 days of age and kept in ryegrass pastures until slaughter; (2) lambs kept with their dams in the same pasture until slaughter; (3) same treatment of (2), but daily supplemented with 1% of the body weight in creep feeding; (4) lambs weaned at 40 days of age and confined, fed corn silage and concentrate ad libitum. It was used a complete random experimental design with four finishing systems and three replications. Lambs were slaughtered at body weight of 32 kg. Loins and right legs were used for determining tissue composition and the left loins were used for analyzing fatty acid profile. Length and maximal deep of the muscle, minimal and maximal thickness of backfat and loin eye area were measured on the left legs. Pasture finished weaned lambs showed lower fat deposition on the carcass and leg muscularity index. Muscle development and fat deposition on finished weaned lamb with or without supplementation were similar to the ones observed on feedlot finished weaned lambs. Lambs in creep feeding showed more fatty acids in the meat than pasture weaned lambs. Finishing systems influence tissue composition but they do not affect fatty acid profile in meat for human consumption.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da metionina e colina sobre o desempenho produtivo e a morfologia do fígado de tilápia-do-nilo. Durante 87 dias, 160 peixes da linhagem Supreme, com peso vivo médio inicial de 77±0,8 g, distribuídos igualmente em 16 tanques de 1.000 L cada, foram cultivados em sistema com recirculação de água. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações, peletizadas, três vezes ao dia, até saciedade aparente. Foram utilizadas quatro rações com 33% de proteína bruta e 3.000 kcal kg-1 de energia digestível: controle, sem suplementação; suplementação com 3.000 mg kg-1 de metionina; com 2.000 mg kg-1 de colina; com 3.000 mg kg-1 de metionina e 2.000 mg kg-1 de colina. Não foi observado efeito do fornecimento de metionina ou colina sobre o ganho de peso diário, conversão alimentar, rendimento de filé, índice hepatossomático e gordura visceral. Os peixes alimentados com dietas suplementadas com colina e metionina tiveram menor teor de gordura nos filés e redução de inclusões lipídicas no tecido hepático. A suplementação com colina e metionina não afeta o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo, mas a colina tem ação na utilização do lipídio hepático, evidenciada pela redução de inclusões lipídicas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of methionine and choline on the productive performance and on the liver morphology of Nile tilapias. During 87 days, 160 Supreme strain fish, with average weight of 77±0.8 g, equally distributed in 16 tanks with 1,000 L each, were cultivated in a recirculating water system. The fish fed on pelleted diets three times a day until apparent satiation. Four diets with 33% crude protein and 3,000 kcal kg-1 digestible energy were used: control, without supplementation; supplemented with 3,000 mg kg-1 methionine; with 2,000 mg kg-1 choline; with 3,000 mg kg-1methionine and 2,000 mg kg-1 choline. No effects of methionine or choline supplements were observed on daily weight gain, feed conversion, fillet yield, hepatosomatic index and visceral fat. Fish fed on diets supplemented with choline and methionine had lower fat content in the fillets and reduction of lipidic inclusion in the hepatic tissue. Choline and methionine supplementation does not affect productive performance of Nile tilapia juvenile; however, choline has an important action for hepatic lipid utilization, as evidenced by the reduction of lipidic inclusions.

OBJETIVO: O estudo descreve uma maneira nova e simples de transplantar o enxerto ósseo vascularizado da fíbula pro fêmur diafisário sem necessidade de microcirurgia, demonstra o caso clínico operado com bom resultado quanto a vascularização e consolidação óssea e, por último, especula sobre possíveis outras aplicações dentro da cirurgia reconstrutiva. MÉTODOS: A fíbula vascularizada é transportada até o fêmur sem necessidade de microcirurgia, alcançando até sua metáfise proximal através das comunicações das perfurantes do músculo gêmeo lateral com as septais fibulares via retalho de pele póstero-lateral da perna que intersecciona os dois sistemas. RESULTADOS: O paciente operado evoluiu sem infecção. Cintilografia esquelética precoce demonstrou vascularização óssea. CONCLUSÃO: O retalho gêmeo fibular é nova arma no arsenal do cirurgião. Sua técnica é factível, reprodutível, seu tempo cirúrgico reduzido e o princípio de construção com ponte através de ilhas de pele e perfurantes poderá ser aplicado na construção de novos retalhos.OBJECTIVE: The study describes a new and simple way to transplanttranspose a vascularized fibular graft from the fibula to the femur diaphysis without the need for microsurgery, demonstrates a successful clinical case with good results with regards to vascularization and osseous consolidation, and speculates about other applications of this flap procedure in reconstructive surgery. METHODS: A stalked vascularized fibular bone graft was transferred without microsurgery. The bone reached the proximal diaphysis of the femur. Communication between the lateral gastrocnemius arterial system and fibular artery through a skin flap and it's perforating arteries allowed good vascularization to the graft. The concept of "perforating artery-to-perforating artery" was established with their vascular territories intersecting the skin island flap. RESULTS: The patient operated on healed without infection. Bone scintigraphy showed periosteal bone vascularization. CONCLUSION: The Cutaneous Gastrocnemius-Fibular Flap is a new weapon for the reconstructive surgeon. It´s practical and reliable, and its reduced surgery time and its principle of construction will be applicable to the creation of other flaps.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da suplementação na composição tecidual e química da perna e do lombo de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastejo. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos castrados, com peso vivo médio (PV) de 15,8 kg e 3 a 4 meses de idade, distribuídos em três níveis de suplementação com concentrado (0; 1,0 e 1,5% do PV), num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. A perna e o lombo foram dissecados em músculo, ossos e gordura, para determinação da composição tecidual, e a carne foi utilizada na determinação da composição química. A suplementação influenciou os rendimentos de músculos, ossos, gordura, matéria seca, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura do lombo e da perna. A suplementação melhora o rendimento muscular e a composição química do lombo e da perna de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastagem nativa. Quando o objetivo for obter carcaças mais leves, o nível de concentrado recomendável é de 1,0% do PV e, se a finalidade for adquirir carcaças mais pesadas, recomenda-se o nível de 1,5%.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation on the chemical and tissue composition of leg and loin from carcass of Santa Inês lambs, finished on pasture. Twenty-four castrated 3 to 4 month-old Santa Inês lambs were used, initial live body weight (LW) 15.8 kg, distributed in three concentrate supplementation levels (0.0, 1.0 and 1.5% LW). A randomized complete design was used, with three treatments and eight replications (lambs). The leg and loin were dissected in muscle, bone, fat and to determine tissue composition and the meat was submitted to chemical analyses. The supplementation influenced the yields of loin and leg muscles, bones, fat, dry matter, ash, crude protein and fat. The supplementation improved muscle yield and chemical composition of the loin and leg from Santa Inês lambs finished on native pasture. When the objective is to produce lighter carcasses, the recommended concentrate level is 1.0% LW, and 1.5% LW is recommended to produce heavier carcasses.

Resumen En el mundo del deporte y no solo en este, sino en toda la práctica de una actividad física, son muy frecuentes las lesiones musculares. Hay muchos tipos de lesiones musculares de los que hablaremos más adelante, como pueden ser desgarros musculares, calambres, contracturas etc., que tienen mayor incidencia en la musculatura poli-articular, por condiciones de acumulación de fatiga, trabajo no realizado correctamente, o condiciones ambientales desfavorables. Es importante el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz, para poder intervenir y conseguir que el deportista vuelva lo antes posible a su actividad y al proceso de competición. En este artículo hablaremos de los distintos tipos de lesiones musculares, de las causas y mecanismos de producción, así como del tratamiento fisioterápico que se emplea en un deportista en estos casos. Palabras claves: Lesión, músculo, deporte. Abstract In the world of the sport and not only in this one, but in the whole practice of a physical activity, the muscular injuries are very frequent. There are many types of muscular injuries about which we are going to speak later, like can be muscular tears, cramps, contractions etc. That have major incident in the musculature poly-articulate, because of conditions of accumulation of fatigue, the work not done correctly, or unfavorable environmental conditions. The diagnosis and the precocious treatment is important, to be able to intervene and achieve that the sportsman come back as soon as possible to the activity and to the process of competition. In this article we are going to speak about the different types of muscular injuries, about the reasons and mechanisms of production, as well as about the physical therapy diagnosed in these cases. Key words: Injury, muscle, sport

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de classe sexual e nível de oferta de concentrado (0,6 e 1,2% do peso vivo) sobre a composição corporal e a deposição dos principais tecidos e constituintes químicos do corpo vazio de bovinos Nelore de diferentes classes sexuais (machos não-castrados, machos castrados e fêmeas). Foram utilizados 35 animais, alimentados individualmente durante 112 dias e abatidos. Um grupo-referência foi abatido ao início do experimento, com peso inicial médio de 338 kg (machos não-castrados); 308 kg (machos castrados) e 287,5 kg (fêmeas). Os pesos corporais iniciais e de abate ao final do experimento foram, respectivamente, de 345,3 e 435,0 kg para os machos não-castrados; 328,3 e 396,0 para os machos castrados; e 303,9 e 372,0 kg para as fêmeas. A participação da gordura visceral e subcutânea em relação ao peso de corpo vazio total nas fêmeas foi maior, apesar de as taxas de deposição de gordura não terem sido influenciadas pela classe sexual. O nível de oferta de concentrado não afetou a composição corporal de bovinos Nelore. Machos não-castrados apresentaram maior e menor conteúdo de proteína e gordura, respectivamente, no corpo vazio e no ganho de peso de corpo vazio, em relação aos machos castrados e às fêmeas. A taxa de deposição de proteína no corpo vazio foi maior nos machos não-castrados em relação às fêmeas e aos machos castrados, enquanto a taxa de deposição de gordura corporal não diferiu entre as classes sexuais. A classe sexual afeta a deposição dos constituintes do corpo vazio de bovinos Nelore.The objective on this study was to assess the effects of gender and concentrate allowance level (0.6 and 1.2 % body weight) on body composition and deposition of the main body tissues and chemical components of the empty body weight in Nellore cattle of different gender (bulls, steers and heifers). Thirty five animals were used, fed individually for 112 days, and then slaughtered. A reference group was slaughtered at the beginning of the trial, with average body weight of 338 kg (bulls), 308 kg (steer) and 287.5 kg (heifers). The initial body weight and final slaughter weight of the animals were, respectively, 345.3 and 435.0 kg for the bulls, 328.3 and 396.0 kg for the steer and 303.9 and 372.0 kg for the heifers. The percentage of visceral and subcutaneous fat in the empty body weight was greater in the heifers, although the fat deposition rates were not influenced by gender. The concentrate allowance level did not affect the body composition of Nellore cattle. Bulls had greater and lower protein and fat content, respectively, in the empty body and in the empty body gain than the steers and heifers. The protein deposition rate in the empty body was greater for the bulls compared to the heifers and steers, while the fat deposition rate did not differ among the genders. Gender affects the deposition of carcass and empty body constituents of Nellore cattle.

A composição tecidual da carne é característica importante na avaliação da qualidade sensorial e nutricional do produto. O presente trabalho avaliou a composição tecidual e o perfil de ácidos graxos do lombo de cordeiros desmamados aos 42 dias de idade média e terminados em pasto de azevém com níveis diários de suplementação concentrada (0, 1 e 2% do PV e ad libitum). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os cordeiros foram abatidos ao atingirem 32kg de peso vivo. O lombo direito foi utilizado para determinação da composição tecidual e o esquerdo para análise de perfil de ácidos graxos. As análises de variância e de regressão foram realizadas com auxílio do programa SAS (2001). A suplementação concentrada de cordeiros terminados em pasto não teve efeito (P>0,05) sobre o desenvolvimento muscular e ósseo; no entanto, promoveu acréscimo linear na deposição de gordura intermuscular e total. Os níveis de suplementação estudados não tiveram efeito (P>0,05) sobre a quantidade e o percentual de cada ácido graxo da carne dos cordeiros. A suplementação concentrada de cordeiros desmamados em pasto de azevém aumentou a deposição de gordura na carcaça sem afetar a qualidade da carne para o consumo humano, considerando-se o perfil de ácidos graxos.Meat composition is an important aspect on evaluation of sensory and nutritional quality of the product. This work had the objective of evaluating tissue composition and fatty acids profile of loin lambs weaned at 42 days of mean age and finished on ryegrass pasture with levels (0%; 1% and 2% of BW; ad libitum) of daily concentrate supplementation. The experiment was allocated in randomized blocks design with three replications. Lambs were slaughtered when individual live weight reached 32kg. Tissue composition was determined in right loin and left loin was used for fatty acids profile analyses. Analysis of variance and regression were performed by using SAS (2001). The concentrate supplementation of lambs finished on pasture did not affect (P>0.05) muscle and bone development, however, promoted linear increase on intermuscular and total fat. Levels of supplementation did not affect (P>0.05) the amount and percentage of each fatty acids in lambs meat. The concentrate supplementation of weaned lambs finished on ryegrass pastures increased fat covering on carcass without changing meat quality to human feeding considering fatty acids profile.

Este trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de quantificar e qualificar a carcaça e os cortes cárneos de cabritos de dois sexos (machos e fêmeas) e três grupos raciais - Alpino; ½ Boer + ½ Alpino (½ BA); e ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpino (¾ BA) - abatidos em três idades (aos 60, 90 e 120 dias de confinamento), visando avaliar o aproveitamento de cabritos provenientes de rebanhos leiteiros. As carcaças foram avaliadas pelas características de peso, rendimento, conformação, gordura de cobertura, comprimento interno e externo, comprimento da perna, perímetro da garupa, profundidade torácica, largura da garupa, compacidade, rendimento dos cortes cárneos e proporção dos tecidos. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial incompleto 2 X 3 X 3 (2 sexos X 3 grupos raciais X 3 idades de abate). O aumento da idade dos animais promove aumento do peso e das medidas da carcaça, assim como dos componentes comestíveis da carcaça e do rendimento comercial. Mestiços Boer apresentam maior compacidade de perna e menos osso em relação aos Alpinos. O grupo racial, a idade de abate e o sexo não influenciam a maciez da carne.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the yield and quality of the carcass and meat cuts from kids of both sexes, slaughtered at three different ages, aiming to use animals from dairy herds. Forty-one kids were used, from three breed groups: Alpine, ½ Boer ½ Alpine (½ BA) and ¾ Boer ¼ Alpine (¾ BA), which were slaughtered at 60, 90 or 120 days of slaughter age. The animals were raised in a feedlot system. The following carcass traits were evaluated: carcass weight, commercial yield, conformation, subcutaneous fat, internal and external length, leg length, rump perimeter, thoracic depth, rump width, compactness, meat cut yield and tissue proportion. Meat tenderness was evaluated by means of the Warner-Bratzler shear force. Data were analyzed as an incomplete factorial arrangement (2 sexes X 3 breed groups X 3 slaughter ages), in a complete randomized design. As age increased, so did carcass weight and characteristics, as well as the weight of edible carcass components and commercial yield. The Boer crossbreds showed higher leg compactness and less bone compared to the Alpines. No difference in meat tenderness was observed for breed group, age or sex.

Avaliaram-se as características quantitativas e a composição regional e tecidual de carcaças de cordeiros submetidos a três níveis de energia (2,23; 2,54 ou 2,85 Mcal de energia metabolizável/kg MS) na alimentação e abatidos aos 32,2 ± 3,8 kg de peso corporal e 145,6 ± 20,1 dias de idade. As rações eram isoproteicas (16,70% PB) e foram fornecidas a 18 cordeiros não-castrados, mestiços Texel, confinados em baias individuais em aprisco com piso elevado do solo e ripado. As meias-carcaças esquerdas foram separadas em paleta, perna, lombo, costelas e pescoço e, em cada um desses cortes, foi avaliada a composição tecidual (osso, músculo e gordura). Com exceção da porcentagem de lombo, os níveis de energia apresentaram efeito quadrático sobre os demais cortes. Com o nível intermediário de energia, foram obtidas as maiores porcentagens de paleta e pescoço e os menores valores de perna e costelas. O nível energético da dieta influenciou a distribuição dos cortes na carcaça, mas não afetou sua composição tecidual média. A paleta foi o corte com a maior variação tecidual decorrente dos níveis de energia. Os cortes analisados podem ser usados para estimar a composição tecidual média das carcaças, no entanto, a paleta é o menos indicado.The objective of this study was to evaluate quantitative characteristics and carcass regional and tissue composition of lambs submitted to different energy levels (2.23, 2.54 and 2.85 Mcal ME/kg DM) in the diet and slaughtered with 32.2 ± 3.8 kg body weight and at average age of 145.6 ± 20.1 days. The diets were isoproteic (16.70% CP) and fed to 18 no castrated crossbred Texel male lambs. The lambs were confined in individual pens, in a slotted floor sheep barn. The half left-side carcasses were splitted into the shoulder, leg, loin, ribs and neck. The tissue composition (bone, muscle and fat) was also evaluated in each cut. Except for loin percentage, energy levels presented a quadratic effect on the other cuts. The percentages of shoulder and neck were greatest at the middle energy level and the percentages of leg and ribs were lowest at this level. The energy level of the diet influenced the distribution of the cuts in the carcass, but it did not affect the average tissue composition of the carcass. The shoulder was the cut with the greatest tissue variation. The different cuts can be used to predict the average tissue composition of the carcass but the shoulder is the least indicated.

En un diseño factorial con arreglo en parcelas subdivididas se analizó el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento (24, 48 y 72 h a 6 °C), el tipo de músculo (Longissimus dorsi, Tríceps brachii, Bíceps femoris) y el genotipo de animal (tres razas puras: Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc; dos genotipos: F1 por el cruce Yorkshire x Landrace (YL), cruce de la F1 x Duroc (F1D) sobre las pérdidas por goteo en carne cruda de cerdo. Las muestras se tomaron a las 24 h postmortem y se almacenaron durante 72 h. El mayor porcentaje de pérdida se presentó para la carne obtenida a partir del músculo Bíceps femoris proveniente de los animales pertenecientes al genotipo F1. El porcentaje de pérdida por goteo más alto se presentó durante las primeras 24 h. Los resultados indicaron diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas (P < 0.01) para los efectos individuales genotipo, tipo de músculo y tiempo de almacenamiento sobre el porcentaje de pérdida por goteo.In one factorial design arranged in Subdivided Plots was analyzed the effect of the storage time (24, 48 and 72 hours at 6° C), the muscle type (Longissimus dorsi, Triceps brachii, Biceps femoris) and the genotype of the animal (3 pure breed: Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc; 2 genotypes: F1 like a hybrid between Yorkshire and Landrace (YL), and one cross between the F1 and Duroc (F1D)) on the drip loss in raw pork. The samples were taken after 24 hours postmortem and were stored during 72 hours. The bigger percentage of drip loss was presented for pork obtained from the Biceps femori muscle taken from F1 animals. The bigger percentage of loss was during the first 24 storage hours. The results indicated that there was significant highly statistics differences (p

A cadeia da carne de frango no Brasil é um importante setor do agronegócio, ocupando a terceira maior produção mundial e o primeiro lugar nas exportações. Para atender a demanda, é fundamental minimizar os problemas de manejo, que causam o aparecimento de problemas fisiológicos. A seleção genética intensiva, que é usada na obtenção de taxas de crescimento mais rápidas para frangos de corte, contribuiu para que as linhagens melhoradas atuais sejam muito susceptíveis ao estresse térmico. Quando a temperatura ambiente se eleva acima da zona de termoneutralidade, a ave é submetida a uma condição de estresse, podendo gerar hipertermia aguda, alcalose respiratória, desequilíbrio eletrolítico, redução no consumo de alimento, menor taxa de crescimento, aumento na mortalidade e/ou até mesmo efeitos negativos na qualidade da carne, pela incidência de carnes pálidas e, em outros casos, escuras, interferindo nas propriedades como rendimento industrial, capacidade de retenção de água, cor e maciez. Os resultados de avaliação dos parâmentros de qualidade observados na literatura evidenciam que o estresse térmico, crônico ou agudo sofrido por frangos de corte geram consequências negativas sobre as propriedades funcionais da carne. São necessários mais estudos sobre essa questão, principalmente em relação ao Brasil, por ser um país tropical, com elevadas temperaturas, especialmente, no verão, para compreender, prevenir e contornar a extensão ou intensidade do estresse, evitando problemas e prejuízos para a cadeia da carne.The chicken meat chain in Brazil is an important sector of agribusiness, accounting for the third largest world's production and first place in exports. To meet this demand, it is essential to minimize management problems, which cause the appearance of physiological problems. The intensive genetic selection used to obtain faster growth rates for broilers contributed for the current improved strains to become very susceptible to heat stress. When the environment temperature rises above the thermoneutrality zone, the bird is submitted to a stress condition, which can generate acute hyperthermia, respiratory alkalosis, electrolyte imbalance, reduction in food consumption, lower growth rate, increased mortality rate and even negative effects on meat quality due to the incidence of pale meat and dark in other cases, interfering in properties such as industrial yield, water holding capacity, color and tenderness. The results of the evaluation of quality parameters observed in literature showed that the heat stress, chronic or acute, suffered by broiler chickens, generates negative consequences on the functional properties of meat. Further studies with this research line should be conducted, mainly in Brazil, for being a tropical country with high temperatures in the summer in order to understand, prevent and overcome the extent or intensity of this stress, avoiding problems and damages to the meat chain.

Avaliaram-se a composição física da carcaça e a qualidade da carne de 22 novilhos contemporâneos, com média de idade de 22 meses, das raças Charolês ou Nelore, terminados em confinamento, e que receberam diferentes proporções de concentrado na dieta. A fração volumosa da dieta foi composta pelas silagens de milho e sorgo em partes iguais. Os animais foram distribuídos em três tratamentos constituídos por 35, 50 ou 65% de concentrado na matéria seca. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da porcentagem de concentrado na dieta sobre a composição física da carcaça. A proporção de inclusão do concentrado influenciou (P=0,0013) positivamente a maciez da carne, aumentando em 0,026 pontos a cada ponto percentual de aumento do concentrado. As demais características qualitativas da carne não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelo aumento do concentrado na dieta. A carne dos novilhos Charolês apresentou textura mais fina, 4,15 x 3,14 pontos, foi mais macia, 6,85 x 5,71 pontos, mais suculenta, 7,17 x 5,77 pontos, e apresentou menor resistência das fibras ao cisalhamento, 3,79 x 5,79kgF. A carcaça dos novilhos Charolês apresentou maior deposição muscular, 65,5 x 61,5%, e a dos novilhos Nelore apresentou maior percentagem de gordura, 23,3 x 20,3%.The physical compositionof carcass and meat quality of 22 Charolais (C) and Nellore (N) steers, feedlot finished and fed different levels of concentrate in the diet, were evaluated. The roughage fraction of the diet was made up by equal parts of corn and sorghum silages. The animals were distributed in three treatments constituted by 35, 50, or 65% of concentrate, in dry matter basis. Concentrate level did not affect carcass physical composition (P>0.05). Meat tenderness was positively affected (P=0.0013) by the concentrate level, increasing 0.026 points for each percent point increase of concentrate. The other meat qualitative characteristics were not affected by the concentrate level in the diet (P>0.05). Charolais steers showed meat with lighter color (4.44 x 2.89; P=0.0013), finer texture (4.15 x 3.14 points), better tenderness (6.85 x 5.71 points; P=0.0010), higher juiciness (7.17 x 5.77 points), lower Shear force (3.79 x 5.79kgf), and carcasses with higher muscle deposition (65.5 x 61.5%) in relation to N steers. Carcasses of Nellore steers showed higher fat percentage (23.3 x.20.3%).

Realizou-se este trabalho para avaliar as características de carcaça de novilhos castrados ou não-castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos aos 16 (superjovem) ou 26 (jovem) meses de idade. A dieta, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, continha 11,8% de proteína bruta e 2,83 Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca. Novilhos não-castrados, independentemente da categoria, apresentaram carcaças mais pesadas. A diferença de peso da carcaça entre animais não-castrados e castrados superjovens (14%) foi mais evidente que nos animais jovens (33%). A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) na categoria superjovem foi similar entre animais não-castrados e castrados (5,17 e 4,54 mm), ao passo que, na categoria jovem, as carcaças dos não-castrados apresentaram menor EGS (2,90 vs 4,72 mm). Melhor conformação (15,16 vs 14,12 pontos), maior área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (86,96 vs 72,66 cm²) e maiores comprimentos de carcaça (134,70 vs 125,86 cm) e perna (69,09 vs 65,28 cm) foram observados nas carcaças dos animais não-castrados. Carcaças de animais não-castrados apresentaram maior porcentagem de músculo (62,70 vs 58,40%) e menor de gordura (22,60 vs 27,01%) em comparação a carcaças de animais castrados, o que resultou em cortes cárneos mais magros nos animais não-castrados, com maior relação músculo:gordura (3,25 vs 2,74).The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the carcass characteristics of intact or castrated feedlot-finished males slaughtered at 16 (young steers) or 26 months of age (steers). The diet, with 50% roughage and 50% concentrate, contained 11.8% of crude protein and 2.83 Mcal of digestible energy/kg of dry matter. Intact males from both categories showed heavier carcasses. The weight difference between intact and castrated males was more evident for 26-month-old steers (33%) than for 16-month-old (14%) animals. Carcass subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) was similar for 16-month-old intact and castrated males (5.17 and 4.54 mm), while for 26-month-old males, the SFT was lower for intact males than for castrated males (2.90 vs 4.72 mm). Better conformation (15.16 vs 14.12 points), larger Longissimus dorsi area (86.96 vs 72.66 cm²) and longer carcass (134.70 cm) and leg (69.09 cm) length were observed for intact male carcasses. Intact male carcasses had higher muscle percentage (62.70 vs 58.40%) and lower fat percentage (22.60 vs 27.01%) than castrated male carcasses, resulting in cuts with more lean and higher muscle:fat ratio (3.25 vs 2.74).

With the objective of evaluating the relative development of live weight (LW) components, commercial meat cuts and carcass tissues, 40 Saanen male kids were used. These animals were slaughtered when they reached 5.0, 12.5, 20.0, 27.5 and 35.0 kg of LW. The carcass was sectioned as follows: shoulder, neck, 1st to 5th rip, 6th to 13th rip, brisket, chump and leg. The leg was dissected into bones, muscle and fat. An allometric equation was used Y=aXb for relative development estimation. Osseous tissue showed a precocious growth, intermediary muscle and adipose tissues had a late growth, being the subcutaneous fat the latest. All commercial meat cuts showed an isogonic allometric coefficient, with exception for the 6th to 13th rip, and brisket. Carcass development and non-carcass components followed the empty body weight. Goats with 35 kg of LW showed adequate muscle proportion and muscle:bone ratio, but higher fat proportion than kids slaughtered at 20 kg of LW.Objetivando avaliar o desenvolvimento relativo dos componentes do peso vivo (PV), dos cortes comerciais e dos tecidos da carcaça, utilizaram-se 40 cabritos Saanen. Os animais foram abatidos ao atingir 5,0; 12,5; 20,0; 27,5 e 35,0 kg de PV e a carcaça foi seccionada em paleta, pescoço, 1ª a 5ª costelas, 6ª a 13ª costelas, peito/fralda, lombo e perna. A perna foi dissecada em ossos, músculos e gordura. Utilizou-se a equação alométrica Y=aXb para estimar o desenvolvimento relativo. O crescimento do tecido ósseo foi precoce, o do tecido muscular intermediário e o da gordura crescimento tardio, uma vez que a gordura subcutânea é depositada mais tardiamente. Os cortes comerciais apresentaram coeficiente de alometria isogônico, com exceção do corte da 6ª a 13ª costelas e do peito/fralda. O desenvolvimento da carcaça e dos não-componentes da carcaça acompanhou o peso de corpo vazio. Cabritos com 35 kg de PV possuem proporção de músculos e relação músculo:osso adequadas, mas apresentam proporção de gordura maior que a observada nos animais abatidos com 20 kg de PV.

Utilizaram-se 32 bubalinos machos não-castrados, da raça Mediterrâneo, divididos aleatoriamente em cinco categorias. Os animais de uma categoria foram abatidos imediatamente, enquanto os demais foram alimentados, à vontade, com ração contendo 70% de concentrado (na matéria seca) e abatidos ao atingirem 450, 480, 510 ou 540 kg de peso corporal. Adotou-se a equação de regressão do logaritmo da quantidade corporal de carcaça e de seus tecidos (muscular, adiposo e ósseo) em função do logaritmo do peso de corpo vazio. A carcaça apresentou valor de alometria, o que indica desenvolvimento proporcionalmente igual ao do peso corporal vazio. Derivando as equações, obtiveram-se as equações de predição da participação dos componentes corporais no ganho de 1 kg de peso de corpo vazio. Na carcaça, o tecido adiposo teve maior impulso de crescimento em idade mais tardia, enquanto os tecidos ósseo e muscular tiveram maior impulso para crescimento em idade mais precoce.Thirty-two non castrated Mediterranean male buffaloes were used, being divided into five groups (categories). One group was randomly assigned to immediate slaughter, four groups were fully fed with ration containing 70% of concentrate, dry matter basis until reaching the slaughter weights of 450, 480, 510 and 540 kg. Regression equations of log content of carcass and their tissues (muscle, adipose tissue and bone) were adopted as a function of log empty-body-weight. Carcass presented positive allometry value close to 1, reflecting development proportionally equal to the empty-body-weight. Deriving the equations above, the prediction equations of body components in the body gain of 1 kg of the empty-body-weight were obtained. In the carcass, the adipose tissue presented late growth while bone and muscular tissues developed in an earlier age.

Foi avaliado o crescimento alométrico de ossos, músculos e gordura, e das regiões da carcaça de cordeiros Texel × Ile de France, terminados em confinamento. Vinte cordeiros, machos não-castrados, foram desmamados aos 42 dias de idade (15,9 ± 2,1kg de peso vivo) e confinados em baias individuais recebendo alimentação ad libitum. Destes, cinco foram abatidos 10 dias após o desmame e, os remanescentes, aos 25, 30 ou 35kg de peso vivo. Para determinação do crescimento alométrico dos cortes e tecidos foi utilizada a equação exponencial Y = aXb, transformada logaritmicamente em um modelo linear. Observou-se crescimento precoce (b = 0,89) da paleta, ao passo que a perna, a costela e o pescoço apresentaram crescimento isogônico (b = 1,00, 1,03 e 1,11, respectivamente), ou seja, equivalente ao da carcaça. O aumento do peso da carcaça implicou em redução da taxa de crescimento de ossos e músculos (b = 0,60 e 0,92, respectivamente) e aumento da taxa de crescimento da gordura (b = 1,78). O crescimento muscular foi diferenciado nas distintas regiões da carcaça, sendo isogônico na paleta (b = 0,98) e na perna (b = 0,99) e precoce na costela (b = 0,90) e no pescoço (b = 0,79). Recomenda-se que o abate de cordeiros Texel × Ile de France seja realizado com, no máximo, 30kg de peso vivo.Allometric growth of bone, muscle and fat, as well as of the carcass cuts of feedlot Texel × Ile de France crossbred lambs was evaluated. Twenty non-castrated male lambs weaned at 42 days of age (15.9 ± 2.1kg live weight) were housed in individual stalls and fed ad libitum. Five lambs were slaughtered ten days after weaning, and the remaining were randomly assigned to one of three slaughter weights: 25, 30 and 35kg live weight. To determine allometric growth of individual cuts and tissues, exponential equation Y = aXb was logarithmically transformed and used. Shoulder presented early maturity (b = 0.89), whereas allometric growth of leg, rib and neck were isogonics (b = 1.00, 1.03 e 1.11, respectively), i.e., similar to the carcass. Increased carcass weight resulted in decreased rate of bone and muscle growth (b = 0.60 and 0.92, respectively), and increased rate of fat growth (b = 1.78). Muscle growth was different among carcass cuts, being isogonics in shoulder (b = 0.98) and leg (b = 0.99), and early in rib (b = 0.90) and neck (b = 0.79). Maximum slaughter weight of Texel × Ile de France crossbred lambs is recommended to be 30kg live weight.

This study tried to monitor the alterations of muscle enzymes activity - creatinokinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - in a group of horses that participated of 70 and 100km distance rides in five competitions of an annual endurance championship under tropical climate. Pre ride levels (U/l) were 245.13±9.84 for CK, 496.61±14.76 for LDH, and 328.95±8.65 for AST. When compared to these levels, the results revealed a significant decrease in all enzymes activities in the first moment of the rides. Peak levels, significantly different, were reached, immediately after rides by CK (413.591±50.75); 24 hours post rides by LDH (628.61±33.30); and 48 hours after rides by AST (389.89±16.96). Monitoring of recovery period revealed different behavior among enzymes activities with CK values returning to pre ride values (279.61±23.05) 24 hours post rides, while LDH and AST values returned to pre ride values (505.25±33.78 and 359.35±24.90, respectively) 72 hours post rides. These data revealed different alterations in concentration of muscular enzymes in endurance horses directly related to the duration of the effort.Estudaram-se as alterações de atividade das enzimas musculares creatino quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) em um grupo de cavalos que utilizados em provas de enduro de 70 e 100km de distância, em cinco competições. Os valores (U/l) basais (antes da largada) foram 245,13±9,84 para CK, 496,61±14,76 para LDH e 328,95±8,65 para AST. Todas as atividades das enzimas decresceram no primeiro momento das provas (~30km). Valores de pico, significativamente diferentes, foram alcançados para CK (413,59±50,75) imediatamente após 70km de distância; 24 horas após para LDH (628,61±33,30); e 48 horas após as provas para AST (389,89±16,96). A monitoração do período de recuperação revelou diferente comportamento entre as concentrações enzimáticas com CK retornando aos valores basais 24 horas pós-provas (279,61 ± 23,05). LDH e AST retornaram aos valores basais, 72 horas pós-provas (505,25±33,78 e 359,35±24,90, respectivamente). Os dados obtidos revelaram diferentes alterações na concentração de enzimas musculares de cavalos de enduro, diretamente relacionadas com a duração do esforço.

Com o objetivo de avaliar as características de carcaça e a alometria dos cortes comerciais e dos tecidos de cabritos F1 Boer × Saanen, 35 animais foram abatidos ao atingirem 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 kg de peso vivo (PV). A dieta dos animais foi composta de leite de vaca nos primeiros 49 dias e ração à vontade do sétimo dia até o abate. Os cortes foram obtidos após o resfriamento da carcaça e a perna foi dissecada em músculo, osso e gordura. O PV teve efeito linear decrescente no rendimento de carcaça fria e na área de olho-de-lombo por kg de carcaça. Os pesos de perna, paleta e pescoço em relação à carcaça fria decresceram linearmente, mas houve efeito quadrático sobre o rendimento de costelas e lombo. O crescimento de paleta, pescoço e perna foi isométrico (b=1) ao do corpo, enquanto o das costelas e do lombo foi mais lento (b¹ 1). Os músculos da perna cresceram igualmente, a gordura mais lenta e os ossos mais rapidamente que a perna, enquanto o desenvolvimento da gordura subcutânea foi mais tardio que o da intermuscular. Para obtenção de carcaça de 8 a 11 kg com rendimento superior a 44%, boa proporção de músculo e gordura com menor perda durante o resfriamento, recomenda-se abater os animais com PV entre 20 e 25 kg, mas, se o objetivo for carcaça de menor peso, o abate dos animais deve ser feito ao final do aleitamento com aproximadamente 10 kg de peso corporal.Thirty-five male kids Boer × Saanen kids were shaughtered at 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 kg BW to evaluate the carcass traits and commercial cuts and tissues allometry. The diet fed to the animas was composed by cow milk in the first 49 days and ad libitum ration from the seventh day until slaughter. The cuts were obtained after cooling of the carcass and the leg dissected in muscle, bone and fat. The body weight showed a negative linear effect on cold carcass dressing and the loin-eye area/kg of carcass. The weights of leg, shoulder and neck in relation to cold carcass linearly decrease however there was a quadratic effect on ribs and loin yield. The shoulder, neck and leg showed an isometric growth (b=1) with the body, while ribs and loin was slower (b ¹ 1). The growth of leg muscle was isometric, fat slower and faster then leg, while the subcutaneous fat was slower than the intermuscle fat. To achieve a carcass with 8 to 11 kg with superior yield of 44%, good muscle and fat proportion with lesser loss during the cooling, it is recommended to slaughter the animals weighting between 20 and 25 kg.BW. However, if the objective is to obtain carcass of slower weight, the male goat kids should be slaughtered at the end of the milking period, around 10 kg BW.