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Implicit bias has been linked to gender disparities in medical careers, impacting not only access to leadership positions but also early career opportunities. We aimed to evaluate if there were differences in the assessment of Neurology residents according to gender. We collected publicly available grades and rankings of two major evaluations that residents are submitted to, one at the beginning and another at the end of the neurology residency program, the National Board Exam and neurology examination, respectively. The National Board Examination is a multiple-choice gender-blinded evaluation, while the neurology examination is an oral gender-unblinded evaluation. We found that 36.5% of women and 21.6% of men were in the first quartile of the National Board Examination ranking, which reflects a similar representation among top classifications when assessed through a gender-blinded examination. On the other hand, the percentage of men who were in the top classification of NE, a gender-unblinded evaluation, was more than twice as high compared to women (37.8% vs 18.3%, p < 0.05). The findings of the present study may imply that there could be a disparity in women’s career progression among neurology residents in Portugal, although the recruitment seems balanced between genders.

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From a socio-anthropological perspective, this paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of suffering chronic migraine. For this reason, qualitative research was conducted through interviews with neurologists and people with this condition in a hospital in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The main objective is to explore, through the narratives of people suffering this condition, the experiences, daily practices and trajectories of care for this type of headache. Some features of migraine, which differentiate it from other chronic pain and influence the way patients relate to their environment, is that migraine does not allow to check facts and does not have a certain etiology or effective treatment. From this, the subjects say that in some cases, the pain is associated with the excuses and lack of legitimacy. Furthermore, through the stories, it is observed that migraine becomes part of the biography of the person. Finally, most patients said to have become accustomed to these headaches and have patience, something that affects the relationship with themselves and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body image problems, as provided by "phantom limbs", took most studies of Indian neurologist V. S. Ramachandran. His work, through psychophysical tests and functional imaging studies in patients with "phantom limbs", demonstrated the "neural plasticity" or "cortical plasticity" in the adult human brain. This paper aims to examine the construction of body image, the inner life and the "self " from the Ramachandran neurological approaches on the phenomenon of "phantom limbs." We supports the idea that although the author presents new subjective and narrative descriptions of mind, the subjective experience and the construction of body image should also be explained in terms of the body-environment or body-world relationship, in which the role language and selfnarratives stand out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze Winnicott's perspective on the understanding of the clinical phenomenon that Freud referred to as the compulsion to repeat. We sustain that Winnicott replaced this notion with that of regression to dependence in the analytical situation. This puts a patient's self in a situation that leads him to discard his defenses and return to a situation that existed prior to that of the trauma and to that of the construction of his defenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the vicissitudes of traumatic neurosis, based on Freud's contributions. We propose a line of continuity, without ignoring the points of division, between traumatic neuroses and actual neuroses, through a new reading of the dimension of "actual" in Freud, articulated with the notion of the compulsion to repeat. We broaden our understating of traumatic neuroses through the idea of the formation of enclaves, radical inner exteriority, that always tend to be present and "actual" in their compulsive repetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Functional evaluation instruments for patients with neuromuscular disorders are rare. The Motor Function Measure (MFM) scale is available in the original French and in English and Spanish translations. Objective: To make a Portuguese translation of the MFM and to identify its intra and inter-examiner reliability. Methods: Two translations of the 2004 MFM were produced separately by neurologists who were proficient in French. This procedure resulted in a consensual text after evaluation by the authors. The MFM in Portuguese was applied to 58 patients aged six to 61 years, with clinical and laboratory diagnoses of various types of muscular dystrophy and congenital myopathy that were documented on video. The first author performed the test and retest and another three physical therapists analyzed the same videos to assess the inter-examiner reliability. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kendall, kappa and Pearson coefficients. Results: The scale is presented with its 32 items and three dimensions. The Kendall concordance coefficients for inter-examiner analysis and the kappa and Pearson coefficients for the test-retest comparison were statistically significant (p-value<0.0001) for the 32 items on the scale and for the total score. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of the MFM showed high reliability and minimal variability when it was applied. It can be used as an instrument for clinical diagnosis and follow-up of neuromuscular disorders. The high reliability in applying the MFM will allow Brazilian patients to be included in international clinical trials that use this scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the feminine presence and participation in the Portuguese Colonial war during 1961-1974, who followed her husband in military missions in Africa. Her husband is a neurologist. The war had made an enormous pressure on them to get married. As the couples who were not married before war, they would lose the possibility of living together for the next three or four years and the excitement of marriage. She faced various problems after marriage. As the society in which she was living did not give education on sexual life, marriage life and family planning. According to her, the country's first war was against the internal military system and its behavior with civilians. During 1970, her husband went to Angola on boat and she was to join him after two months. Her communication with her husband during this period was through telephone. There were two telephone operators, one in Portugal and one in Africa. It was through these operators that a telephone link was made between her and her husband. She enjoyed the basic privilege of being married to a doctor. Because within the military system, all active professions were under the orders of the military troop. The profession of medicine was the only exception.