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ABSTRACT The combination of management practices affects weed populations and biodiversity. The objective was to evaluate the infesting weed community in the implementation of a corn silage (Zea mays L.) /pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L)/corn silage succession system subjected to early potassium fertilization in the winter crop. The experiment began in October 2019 under fallow area. In the 2019/20 summer season, corn silage was grown in a complete area. In the 2020 fall/winter season, the plots consisted of pearl millet, six doses of potassium fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1) and one fallow. In the 2020/21 summer season, the treatments consisted of corn silage and six doses of K2O, complementing the treatment applied in the previous harvest (120, 90, 60, 30, 0 kg ha-1) and one with recommended fertilization. Phytosociological evaluations of weeds were performed using a 0.25 m2 square. The density and number of species increased in the first year. Early fertilization at doses of 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O increased the dry weight of weeds before planting and at V4 stage of the corn silage cultivated in sequence; however, were lower than those for plots fallowed in the winter.

Widely used in large-scale grain-producing species production systems, no-tillage has been adopted for vegetable production. However, the high number of possibilities of combinations between cover plants and successors demands constant studies on the theme. Current research evaluates the use of different species of grasses and legumes as possible cultures predecessors to no-tillage for lettuce. Six treatments were evaluated with cover plants: crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), guandu beans (Cajanus cajan), feijão-do-porco bean (Canavalia ensiformis), millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), plus spontaneous vegetation as control. There was a positive effect of lettuce cultivation in succession to sorghum, millet and feijão-do-porco bean, whilst cultivation in succession to crotalaria and guandu beans showed decrease in fresh mass, number of leaves, top diameter and productivity. Results show that the formation of abundant biomass on the soil, provided by the grass species P. glaucum and S. bicolor, improves the conditions of lettuce cultivation in a no-tillage system if the crop´s correct nutritional and water management is carried out. Further, C. ensiformis provides the best development of lettuce, while the cultivation of C. juncea should be avoided due to rates in the culture´s losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gray water is defined as wastewater from domestic use, which does not mix with fecal matter. The aims of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of gray water on chlorophyll content in millet foliar tissue (Pennisetum glaucum). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks with 6 replications and 5 controls, totaling 30 plots. The controls consisted of water supply (WS), treated gray water (TGW), being distributed as follows: T1: 100% WS and 0% TGW; T2: 75% WS and 25% TGW; T3: 50% WS and 50% TGW; T4: 25% WS and 75% TGW, and T5: 0% WS and 100% TGW. After readings of the relative chlorophyll index using a chlorophyll meter, the plants were collected and analyzed in relationship between the relative chlorophyll index and the dry mass (dry mass of vegetable part, dry mass of the part aerial, dry mass of the panicle). The irrigation with treated gray water promotes a higher chlorophyll content in the millet leaf tissue. The dry mass of the part aerial has a high correlation with the relative chlorophyll index, and this index can be used for to estimate biomass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The culture of cover crops in the off-season or in crop rotation may be a strategy to improve the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil and prevent erosion processes. Several grass and leguminous species may be employed for such end. Each has a peculiar dynamic with regard to cover speed and persistence in the soil. The dynamics of cover rates and decomposition of cover crops and the effect of the species' root system on the soil's physical features are analyzed. Assay design was totally randomized, with eleven treatments and four replications, with cover crop species Brachiaria brizantha Hochst. (Stapf), Crotalaria bleviflora, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Stylosanthes capitata + Stylosanthes macrocephala, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan cv. IAC/Fava-larga, Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43, Pennisetum glaucum, Mucuna cinereum and Mucuna aterrima. Soil cover rates were evaluated at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after seeding. Decomposition rates of vegetal wastes were analyzed at 15-day regular intervals as from the cutting of the crop. Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna cinereum and Mucuna aterrima covered the soil totally after eighty days of seeding and Pennisetum glaucum had the greatest resistance after sixty days from cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of soil cover crops in the cultivation of the vine is an important technique, especially for tropical climate regions due to high air and soil temperatures. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the development of the vine rootstock cultivar "IAC 572 'Jales', intercropped with different types of soil cover plants in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul - Cassilândia University Unit. The experimental design performed on randomized blocks and with five replications of two rootstock plants, totaling ten useful plants per treatment. The treatments were defined by cover crops: millet (Pennisetum glaucum); crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea); and castor (Ricinus communis). Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and relative chlorophyll content were evaluated. The development of IAC 572 'Jales' rootstock is favored by the intercropping with crotalaria and millet between the planting rows, as it contributes to greater plant height and higher relative chlorophyll content. The use of castor bean culture, in consortium with the rootstock, should be avoided. These results demonstrate the importance of knowing the interaction between the cultivated species and the ground cover crops. Thus, other species must be evaluated, for cultivation in association with the culture of the vine in tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O imazapic por apresentar longo efeito residual no solo pode ocasionar intoxicação visual em culturas sensíveis semeadas em rotação, além de representar riscos ecotoxicológicos em ambientes aquáticos. Diante disso, a fitorremediação é uma proposta inovadora como método alternativo para a remoção de poluentes orgânicos, sendo o sucesso da técnica dependente da seleção criteriosa de plantas com características favoráveis. O objetivo do estudo foi de identificar espécies de plantas tolerantes ao imazapic para potencial uso em programas de fitorremediação. Foram conduzidos oito experimentos em casa de vegetação climatizada com as espécies, Panicum maximum, Crotalaria juncea, Stylosanthes spp., Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablab, Pennisetum glaucum, Mucuna aterrima, Raphanus sativus e cinco doses de imazapic (0; 58,33; 87,5; 175 e 350 g ha-1). Os tratamentos foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Aos 30 e 60 dias após a emergência das plantas foram avaliados os sintomas de intoxicação visual, altura e a massa seca das plantas, determinada ao término do experimento. As espécies M. aterrima, C. cajan e D. lablab não apresentaram sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação. M. aterrima foi a que promoveu maior produção de massa seca quando cultivada como testemunha e a exposição ao imazapic pouco afetou essa característica. Nas espécies tolerantes, a redução da altura e massa seca exigiu doses maiores, embora os resultados não tenham sido significativos para D. lablab e C. cajan. Entre essas espécies, M. aterrima se destacou pela alta produção de biomassa, sendo promissora na fitorremediação de sítios com resíduos do imazapic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is an annual cycle grass, characterized by its low cost of production, high nutritional quality and multiplicity of uses. The objective was to find optimal conditions of plant height, stem diameter and length of millet submitted to saline stress through the response surface methodology. It was verified that the point that maximized the height (192.81 cm) of millet plant was given by CEa of 1.8 dS m-1 (salinity) and a plant age of 45.8 days. The highest length (143.7 cm) and stem diameter (13.05 cm) of millet were defined by CEa of 1.8 and 2.47 dS m-1 and ages of 43.47 and 31.78 days, respectively. Response surface analysis is promising to evaluate the maximum plant height, lenght and stem diameter of millet. The degree of salinity of the irrigation water that maximizes plant height, length and stem diameter of millet its between 1.8 and 2.66 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

No Rio Grande do Sul, a base forrageira para bovinos de corte e de leite é constituída, basicamente, por pastagens de gramíneas perenes de verão, com bom valor nutritivo (VN) durante a primavera e parte do verão, quando manejadas adequadamente. Entretanto, a forragem no outono e inverno tem baixa concentração de nutrientes, o que ainda é agravado pelas geadas. Um experimento com dois anos de avaliação com parcelas divididas no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, comparou rendimento, distribuição de forragem e valor nutritivo em três épocas de semeadura (janeiro, fevereiro e março), alocadas nas parcelas principais, e cinco genótipos (milheto comum, capim-sudão ou aveia de verão, teosinto e os híbridos de sorgo BRS 800 e AG 2501C) nas subparcelas. As duas primeiras épocas de semeadura resultaram em maior rendimento de forragem (mais de 6,0Mg ha-1 de MS) que a semeadura de março, com elevado valor nutritivo (>15% PB). Os sorgos forrageiros foram mais produtivos que capim-sudão e teosinto. Milheto, capim-sudão e teosinto têm maior afilhamento que os sorgos forrageiros híbridos. Milheto tem maior teor de PB (20%) e menor de FDA (35%) nas lâminas foliares quando comparado aos sorgos e teosinto. É possível minimizar a crise forrageira conhecida como vazio forrageiro outonal com a semeadura em múltiplas datas de forrageiras anuais de verão, até o final de fevereiro na região do Planalto Médio do RS e estender o período de pastejo em até 60 dias, em período em que as pastagens perenes de verão têm baixa oferta de forragem ou baixo valor nutritivo e as forrageiras anuais de inverno não estão estabelecidas.In the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, southern Brazil, the forage foundation of beef and dairy cattle operations is pasture of warm-season grasses, with high nutritive value (NV) during spring and part of summer seasons, if managed frequently. However, during cool-season, forage NV is very low and worsen by frosts. A 2-yr split-plot experiment on randomized complete block design with three replications compared yield, yield distribution, and nutritive value in three seeding dates (January, February, and March) allocated on main plots, and five forage grasses cultivars (common pearl millet, teosinte, sudangrass, and BRS 800 and AG 2501C sorghum hybrids) on subplots. The two first seeding dates had the highest forage yield, about 6.0Mg ha-1 of DM than March seeding date of high nutritive value forage (>150g kg-1 MS). Sorghum-hybrids genotypes yield more than teosinte and sudangrass. Pearl millet, sudangrass and teosinte had more tillering. Pearl millet had high CP (200g kg-1 DM), and lower FDA (350g kg-1 DM) concentrations on leaf blades compared to sorghums and teosinte. It is possible minimize fall forage shortage seeding annual forage grasses until end of February in the Planalto region of RS state, and extend the productive period, an additional 30 to 60-d, during a time of year when warm-season perennial grasses have low forage allowance or low nutritive value, and annual winter forages are not established.

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and body development of beef heifers reared from 15 to 18 months of age on Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), Alexandergrass pasture (Urochloa plantaginea) or native pasture invaded by Annoni-2 grass (Eragrostis plana Nees). The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measure arrangement, with three treatments and two replications. The grazing method was continuous with variable stocking rate in order to maintain the sward height at 40 cm. Masses of leaf, stem and dead material, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were similar between Pearl millet and Alexandergrass. Average daily gain, stocking rate, live weight gain per hectare, body weight, body condition score, weight-to-height ratio and reproductive tract score of the heifers kept on annual summer pastures (Pearl millet or Alexandergrass) were superior, compared with the heifers on Annoni-2 grass pasture.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os atributos das pastagens de milheto (Pennisetum americanum) e papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) e relacioná-los ao comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, com dois tratamentos e duas repetições de área. O método de pastejo foi de lotação contínua e número variável de animais para manter a altura do dossel em 40 cm. As massas de lâmina foliar, colmo e material morto, a taxa de acúmulo de forragem, a relação folha/colmo, oferta de forragem e de lâmina foliar, teor de fibra em detergente neutro foram semelhantes em milheto e papuã. O papuã apresentou maior densidade de colmo no estrato de 0-15 cm de altura. A densidade de material morto no estrato de 0-15 cm e as densidades de lâmina foliar, de colmo e de material morto nos estratos de 15-30 cm, de 30-45 cm e mais de 45 cm de altura foram semelhantes em milheto e papuã. O comportamento ingestivo das novilhas, medido pelos tempos de pastejo, de ruminação e de ócio, taxa de bocado, massa do bocado, bocados por estação alimentar, estações alimentares por minuto e taxa de deslocamento, foi semelhante quando mantidas em milheto ou papuã. As equações de regressão múltipla, considerando os atributos do pasto, da pastagem e do clima apresentaram coeficientes de determinação acima de 0,70 para tempo de pastejo, massa do bocado, bocados por estação alimentar, estações alimentares por minuto, taxa de deslocamento e podem ser utilizadas como preditores do comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte em pastagens de milheto ou papuã.The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating attributes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea) pastures and to relate them with ingestive behavior of beef heifers. The experimental design was complete randomized, with repeated measures over time, with two treatments and two area replications. Grazing method was continuos stocking and variable number of animals to keep canopy height at 40 cm. Mass of leaf blade, stem and dead material, forage accumulation rate, leaf/stem ratio, offer of forage and leaf blade, content of neutral detergent fiber were all similar in pearl millet and Alexander grass. Alexander grass presented higher stem bulk density in the 0-15 cm stratum. The density of dead material in the 0-15 cm stratum and the densities of leaf blade, stem and dead material in 15-30 cm, 30-45 cm and more than 45 cm in height strata were similar in millet and Alexander grass. The ingestive behavior of heifers, measured by grazing, rumination and idle times, bite rate, bite weight, bite per feeding station, feeding stations per minute and rate of displacement was similar when animals were kept in pearl millet or alexandergrass pastures. Multiple regression equations, considering atributes of pasture, grazing and climate showed determination coefficients greater than 0.70 for grazing time, bite mass, bite by feeding station, feeding station per minute, rate of displacement and they can be used as predictors of the ingestive behavior of beef heifers in pearl millet or alexandergrass pastures.

This study evaluated the structure and the volume of interphase nuclei from root meristems of the genotypes of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and hybrids resultant of such breeding. In napier grass, nuclei were areticulate. Both pearl millet and the triploid hybrid had semi-reticulate nuclei; also, the hybrid presented a small proportion (6%) of areticulate nuclei. Pearl millet had the highest averages of nuclear dimensions, such as volume, diameter and radius, followed by the interspecific hybrid and napier grass. There was no intraspecific variation for the type of nuclear structure, which indicates this feature is important for cytotaxonomic studies involving the genus Pennisetum. Results demonstrated that chromatin organization in these nuclei was influenced by the number and size of chromosomes, affecting the nucleus volume in the analyzed taxa.Avaliou-se, neste estudo, a estrutura e o volume de núcleos interfásicos de meristemas radiculares de genótipos do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) e do híbrido resultante deste cruzamento. O capim-elefante apresentou núcleos do tipo arreticulado. Tanto no milheto como no híbrido triplóide os núcleos apresentaram-se semi-reticulados, sendo que, no híbrido, foi observada uma pequena proporção (6%) de núcleos arreticulados. As maiores médias para as dimensões nucleares como volume nuclear, diâmetro e raio foram obtidas para o milheto, seguidas do híbrido interespecífico e capim-elefante. Não houve variação intraespecífica para tipo de estrutura nuclear indicando que essa característica tem relevância para estudos citotaxonômicos no gênero Pennisetum. Os resultados demonstraram que a organização da cromatina nesses núcleos foi influenciada pelo número e tamanho dos cromossomos e essa afetou o volume nuclear dos táxons analisados.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de palha e de forragem por forrageiras anuais e perenes implantadas em sucessão à cultura da soja, e seus efeitos sobre a produtividade de grãos da cultura no próximo cultivo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas (crescimento livre e sob cortes sucessivos), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas oito forrageiras em dois municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul. A produção de palha e forragem foi avaliada em 2005 e 2006, nas espécies Urochloa ruziziensis; U. decumbens; U. brizantha cv. Marandu e Xaraés; Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e Mombaça, P. maximum x P. infestans cv. Massai; Pennisetum americanum cv. BRS 1501; e Sorghum bicolor cv. Santa Elisa. As forrageiras foram semeadas mecanicamente após a colheita da soja, em 1/4/2005 e 24/3/2006, em São Gabriel do Oeste, e em 20/3/2005 e 13/3/2006, em Dourados. Sorgo, U. brizantha cv. Xaraés e P. maximum cv. Tanzânia apresentaram características como elevada produtividade, alta qualidade da forragem e facilidade de controle, favoráveis para produção tanto de forragem quanto de palha. Urochloa ruziziensis e U. decumbens apresentaram melhor desempenho para a produção de palha. O cultivo das espécies forrageiras em sucessão à soja não afeta a produtividade da cultura.The objective of this work was to evaluate forage and straw production, of annual and perennial forage implanted in succession to soybean, and their effects on crop grain yield in the following season. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates, in a split-plot arrangement (free growth and successive cuts). Eight forages were evaluated in two municipalities of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Straw and forage production was evaluated in 2005 and 2006, in the following species: Urochloa ruziziensis, U. decumbens; U. brizantha cv. Marandu and Xaraés; Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and Mombaça, P. maximum x P. infestans cv. Massai, Pennisetum americanum cv. BRS 1501, and Sorghum bicolor cv. Santa Elisa. Forages were planted mechanically, after the soybean crop harvest on 4/1/2005 and 3/24/2006, in São Gabriel do Oeste, and 3/20/2005 and 3/13/2006, in Dourados. Sorghum, U. brizantha cv. Xaraés and P. maximum cv. Tanzânia characteristics, such as high productivity, high forage quality and easiness in control, were favorable for production of both forage and straw. Urochloa ruziziensis and U. decumbens showed better performance for straw production. Forage cultivation in soybean succession does not affect crop yield.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar intervalos de dessecação (2, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias antes da semeadura da soja - DAS) de espécies utilizadas como cobertura (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum americanum e Brachiaria brizantha) no desenvolvimento inicial, teor nutricional da soja e manejo de plantas daninhas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Na semeadura da soja, as espécies dessecadas aos 21 e 28 DAS foram controladas acima de 90%, porém a dessecação aos 2, 7 e 14 DAS mostrou controle inferior e distinto entre as espécies. Na dessecação aos 2 e 7 DAS, a emergência da soja ocorreu sob grande quantidade de biomassa verde, apresentando menor estande. Todavia, na dessecação aos 2 DAS, a palha se manteve por mais tempo no solo, reduzindo novos fluxos de emergência de plantas daninhas. Com o aumento do intervalo entre a dessecação de P. americanum e a semeadura da soja, houve acréscimo pronunciado no teor de fósforo da cultura. Os maiores teores de potássio na soja foram verificados com palha de B. ruziziensis e B. brizantha, e o teor de nitrogênio, quando B. brizantha e P. americanum foram dessecadas, aos 21 DAS.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of desiccation timings (2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) before soybean sowing - DBS) of the following cover crops (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum americanum and Brachiaria brizantha) on initial crop development, nutritional soybean content and weed management. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with four replicates. At soybean sowing, the desiccated species were controlled above 90% at 21 and 28 DBS while desiccation at 2, 7 and 14 2 DBS presented lower control, differing between the species. In desiccation at 2 and 7 DBS, soybean emergence occurred under a large amount of green biomass, showing a lower stand. However, in desiccation at 2 DAS, straw remained for a longer time on the soil, reducing new weed emergence flows. Increased intervals between P. americanum desiccation and soybean sowing led to a pronounced increase in soybean phosphorus content. The highest potassium contents in soybean were observed in B. ruziziensis and B. brizantha straw. The highest Nitrogen content was observed when B. brizantha and P. americanum were desiccated at 21 DBS.

Avaliaram-se a degradabilidade da matéria seca e a cinética de fermentação ruminal das silagens de três genótipos de milheto (BRS-1501, NPM-1 e CMS-3), por meio da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. Para a comparação dos genótipos, foi utilizado o teste SNK (PThe dry matter digestibility and the fermentation kinetics of three pearl millet genotypes silages (BRS-1501, NPM-1, and CMS-3) were estimated by the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique, using a completely randomized blocks design in a split plot arrangement. The genotypes means were compared by SNK test (P

Foi avaliado o efeito de sistemas alimentares sobre o desenvolvimento de fêmeas de corte, dos oito aos 18/20 meses de idade. Foram avaliadas novilhas da raça Charolês e suas cruzas com Nelore. Os sistemas de alimentação foram: 'aveia + azevém + milheto' - pastagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam), seguida de pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke); 'aveia + azevém + campo' - pastagem de aveia e azevém mais campo nativo ocupado por capim Annoni (Eragrostis planna Nees); 'aveia + azevém + suplementação + milheto' - pastagem de aveia preta e azevém com suplementação energética mais pastagem de milheto; 'aveia + azevém + suplementação + campo'- pastagem de aveia preta e azevém com suplementação mais campo nativo ocupado por capim Annoni. O suplemento foi grão de sorgo moído, 0,7% do peso vivo (PV)/dia. Foram tomados registros de PV, escore de condição corporal (ECC), atividade ovariana e manifestação de estro no período dos 18 aos 20 meses de idade das novilhas. Novilhas exclusivamente em pastagem natural durante o verão/outono não atingiram o peso recomendado para acasalamento aos 18/20 meses de idade. Novilhas que apresentaram estro foram mais pesadas e realizaram maior ganho diário médio durante o inverno. Novilhas mantidas em aveia + azevém + milheto apresentaram maior porcentagem de ovários funcionais aos 18/20 meses de idade.The effect of feeding systems on performance of beef heifers, on period of eight to 18/20 months of age. Charolais heifers and their crosses with Nellore were evaluated. The feeding systems were: 'Oat + Annual ryegrass + Pearl millet'- Black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) pasture; 'Oat + Annual ryegrass + natural pasture'- Black oat and annual ryegrass and natural pasture with Annoni grass (Eragrostis planna Nees); 'Oat + Annual ryegrass + supplementation + pearl millet'- Black oat and Annual ryegrass with supplementation and Pearl millet pasture; 'Oat + Annual ryegrass + supplementation + natural pasture'- Black oat and Annual ryegrass with supplementation and natural pasture with Annoni grass. The supplement utilized was ground sorghum on 0.7% of the live weight/day. Live weight, condition score, ovarian activity and number of heifers showing heat on period of 18 to 20 months of age were recorded. Heifers kept only in natural pasture during summer/autumn did not achieve recommended live weight for mating at 18/20 months of age. Heifers cicling were heavier and had greater average daily gain in winter. Heifers kept on Oat + Annual ryegrass + Pearl millet had greater ovarian activity at 18/20 months of age.

Cytogenetic studies were carried out on five accesses of interspecific hybrids of Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum glaucum and their parentals, which are part of the Forage Germplasm Bank of the "Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite" of EMBRAPA, Brazil. The mitotic cytogenetic analysis, performed using stain by Schiff reactive, confirmed the chromosome number of 2n = 14, 28 and 21 for the accesses of P. glaucum, P. purpureum and their hybrids, respectively. For each access, descriptions of the chromosome complement and idiograms are presented which allowed to establish the karyotypic relationships between the hybrids and their parentals. Based on the total chromosomal length data it was possible to establish the karyotype classification of the accesses concerning symmetry. While the karyotype of P. glaucum accesses was considered symmetric, hybrids presented asymmetric karyotypes. For P. purpureum, two accesses (BAGs 63 and 75) showed symmetric karyotype and three (BAGs 54, 65 and 91) were asymmetric. For the interspecific hybrids it was possible to infer the origin of some parental chromosomes based on the total chromosomal length measurements, satellite presence and chromosome morphology.Foram realizados estudos citogenéticos em quinze acessos do Banco de Germoplasma Forrageiro, da Embrapa Gado de Leite, sendo cinco híbridos interespecíficos de Pennisetum purpureum e Pennisetum glaucum e seus genitores. As análises citogenéticas mitóticas realizadas mediante coloração com reativo de Schiff confirmaram o número cromossômico de 2n =14, 28 e 21 para os acessos de P. glaucum, P. purpureum e híbridos, respectivamente. Para cada um desses acessos, foram realizadas descrições do complemento cromossômico e idiogramas, as quais possibilitaram estabelecer relações cariotípicas entre os híbridos e seus genitores. Com base nos dados de comprimento total do cromossomo, foi estabelecida a classificação do cariótipo dos acessos com relação à simetria. Os cariótipos dos acessos de P. glaucum foram considerados simétricos, ao passo que os híbridos apresentaram cariótipos assimétricos. Para P. purpureum, dois acessos (BAGs 63 e 75) mostraram cariótipos simétricos e três (BAGs 54, 65 e 91) assimétricos. Nos híbridos interespecíficos entre P. purpureum e P. glaucum, foi possível inferir a procedência de alguns cromossomos parentais com base nas medidas de comprimento total do cromossomo, presença de satélite e morfologia do cromossomo.

Com o objetivo de estudar a produção de matéria seca (MS), eficiência de utilização, taxa de recuperação do N, densidade e qualidade de forragem, foi realizado um experimento de pastejo em milheto sob níveis crescentes de N (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha), em um delineamento completamente casualizado com duas repetições. Foram estudadas a densidade de forragem por estrato e total e a distribuição dos componentes lâmina foliar, colmo + bainha e material morto nos distintos estratos da pastagem (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e >40 cm acima do nível do solo). Utilizaram-se novilhas em um sistema de pastejo contínuo com uma oferta de 10 kg/dia de MS/100 kg PV. Para manter a oferta pretendida, foi usada a técnica "put-and-take". A produção de MS apresentou relação quadrática com os níveis de N. A taxa de recuperação e de eficiência de utilização do N mostraram relação linear negativa com as doses de N. Houve aumento na contribuição de lâminas foliares e redução no percentual de colmos + bainhas, material morto e na densidade da forragem do estrato inferior até o topo da pastagem em todos tratamentos. A adubação nitrogenada não alterou a densidade de forragem e a relação folha/colmo. A relação dos níveis de N com a porcentagem de proteína bruta das frações colmo + bainha e material morto, foi linear positiva do topo para a base da pastagem e para lâminas foliares até 30 cm de altura. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica dos componentes foi indiferente aos níveis de N, à exceção de lâminas foliares acima de 10 cm, que apresentaram relação quadrática com as doses de N.It was conducted an experiment with pearl millet under grazing with different levels of N (0, 250, 300, 450 and 600 kg/ha). The objective was to study the dry matter (DM) production, the utilization efficiency, the recuperation rate, forage density and quality. The experiment was completely randomized design with two replications. Total density and per layer, the distribution and quality of leaf blade, stem and dead material components in distinct pasture layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and >40 cm above soil level) were evaluated. It was used beef heifers in continuous grazing systems, with an offer of 10 kg day of DM to 100 kg of LW. To maintain the intended offer was used the put-and-take technique. The DM production showed a quadratic relation with nitrogen levels. The recuperation rate and utilization efficiency of N showed negative linear relation with nitrogen levels. Occur increase in contribution of leaf blade and decrease in stem and dead material percentage and forage density of lower layer in direction to top of pasture in all treatment. The nitrogen fertilization no change leaf/stem relation and density of pearl millet pasture. The crude protein of stem and dead material showed positive linear relation with nitrogen levels from top to base of pasture and for leaf blade until 30 cm height. The in vitro organic matter digestibility was indifferent to nitrogen levels, except leaf blade above 10 cm, that showed a quadratic relation with nitrogen levels.

Neste estudo, sete cultivares de capim-elefante e sete híbridos de capim-elefante com milheto foram avaliados sob condições de pastejo. As características avaliadas foram produção de matéria seca (PMS), altura da planta (AP), diâmetro do colmo (DC), relação lâmina foliar/colmo (LF/C), produção de lâmina foliar (PLF), número de perfilhos basilares (NPB) e axilares (NPA), além da relação perfilhos axilares/perfilho basilar (PA/PB). Os resultados evidenciaram maiores PMS, PLF, AP, DC e LF/C para o grupo das cultivares, quando comparado com o grupo dos híbridos. Os valores foram 6,95 t de MS/ha.ano, 5,36 t de MS/ha.ano, 1,43 m, 9,62 mm e 4,86 para o grupo das cultivares e 3,80 t de MS/ha.ano, 2,49 t de MS/ha.ano, 0,99 m, 4,72 mm e 3,08 para o grupo dos híbridos, respectivamente. Os híbridos, entretanto, apresentaram maior NPB e NPA, mas a relação PA/PB foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. De maneira geral, as cultivares de capim-elefante mostraram alto potencial para exploração sob pastejo, se comparadas com o grupo dos híbridos.In this study, seven elephant grass cultivars and seven Pearl Millet x elephant grass hybrids were evaluated under grazing conditions. The evaluated characteristics were dry matter yield (DMY), forage height (FH), stem diameter (SD), leaf blade/stem ratio (LB/S), leaves blade dry matter yield (LBDMY), basal tillers number (BTN), lateral tillers number (LTN) and lateral tillers/basal tiller ratio (LT/BT). The results showed higher DMY, LBDMY, FH, SD, and LB/S for the cultivars group, as compared to the hybrids group. The values were 6.95 t of DM/ha.year, 5.36 t of DM/ha.year, 1.43 m, 9.62 mm and 4.86 for the cultivars group and 3.80 t of DM/ha.year, 2.49 t of DM/ha.year, .99 m, 4.72 mm and 3.08 for the hybrids group, respectively. However, the hybrids showed higher BTN and LTN. The LT/BT ratio was similar in both groups. In general, the elephant grass cultivars showed a higher potential for grazing utilization, if compared to the hybrids group.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the replacement of corn by millet in the diets of pigs on the lipid composition and cholesterol from subcutaneous fat and meat. It was used 48 castrated males, distributed on randomized experimental blocks design, with four levels of millet in the diet (0; 25; 50 and 75%), six replicate of two animals each. It was analyzed the lipid profiles of fat and meat by gas chromatography and the amount of cholesterol in the meat samples was determined following the extraction methodology. The increased level of millet in the diet of pigs reduced (P<0.05) the concentration of myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic and heptadecanoic acids and increased the concentration of linoleic acid in subcutaneous fat. The inclusion level of 50.82% of millet in the diet allowed maximum deposition of linolenic acid in fat. Levels of millet did not change the fatty acid profile and cholesterol content in pork. The level of 42.09% inclusion of millet in the diet results in the highest rate thrombogenic meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Xaxim, vase or medium used for the cultivation of various species of ornamental plants, their production was made from the stems of plants of Dicksonia sellowiana. Currently this species is endangered and its extraction prohibited by federal law. As a solution, Embrapa Agrobiology developed Xaxim Agroecological, innovative technology that utilizes the roots of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) to add the substrate and form the structure of the vase. In order to proper management of innovation attempted to make the study of technological impact parameter settings guided by economic and market measured via prospective analyzes. In this situation the ex-ante evaluation is an essential component for developing future scenarios and guiding factor for the company generating innovation. In this research we tried to carry out an ex-ante evaluation of Xaxim Agroecological within the methodology proposed by INOVA-tec System v 2.0. based on indicators relevant to the invention. For Xaxim Agroecológico, using INOVA-tec System v 2.0, demonstrated with a potential scenario conducive to technological innovation from occurring improvements in indicators that make up the environmental and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, southern Brazil, the forage foundation of beef and dairy cattle operations is pasture of warm-season grasses, with high nutritive value (NV) during spring and part of summer seasons, if managed frequently. However, during cool-season, forage NV is very low and worsen by frosts. A 2-yr split-plot experiment on randomized complete block design with three replications compared yield, yield distribution, and nutritive value in three seeding dates (January, February, and March) allocated on main plots, and five forage grasses cultivars (common pearl millet, teosinte, sudangrass, and BRS 800 and AG 2501C sorghum hybrids) on subplots. The two first seeding dates had the highest forage yield, about 6.0Mg ha-1 of DM than March seeding date of high nutritive value forage (>150g kg-1 MS). Sorghum-hybrids genotypes yield more than teosinte and sudangrass. Pearl millet, sudangrass and teosinte had more tillering. Pearl millet had high CP (200g kg-1 DM), and lower FDA (350g kg-1 DM) concentrations on leaf blades compared to sorghums and teosinte. It is possible minimize fall forage shortage seeding annual forage grasses until end of February in the Planalto region of RS state, and extend the productive period, an additional 30 to 60-d, during a time of year when warmseason perennial grasses have low forage allowance or low nutritive value, and annual winter forages are not established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciência Animal Brasileira is the property of Universidade Federal de Goias, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It was evaluate the dry matter (DM) herbage intake by beef heifers and the bite mass on a Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanun (L.) Leeke) pasture. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures in time, two leaf blade mass (600 and 1,000kg ha-1 of DM), which were maintained by continuous stocking with variable stocking rate, and three replicate areas. The herbage intake was evaluated using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as a faecal production indicator and the acid detergent indigestible fiber as an internal indicator. The qualitative parameters evaluated in the forage were the neutral detergent fiber, in vitro organic mater digestibility and the crude protein content. The heavier bites were achieved in a Pearl Millet pasture managed with 1,000kg ha-1 of leaf blade dry matter (DM) even though the steers have eaten the same dry matter amount, 1.8% of live weight, in the two leaf blade mass. The Pearl Millet pasture managed with leaf blade herbage mass of 600 or 1,000kg ha-1 of DM provides to the grazing animals similar opportunity of herbage intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ingestive behavior and displacement and forage searching patterns of female lambs in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)) were evaluated when lambs were kept exclusively on Pearl millet pasture and on pearl millet pasture receiving supplement. The supplement used was a commercial ration given daily at 17h. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two area replicates. The animals that received supplement reduced the grazing time and increased the idling time. The intake, displacement and forage searching patterns were influenced by changing on pasture structure along the Pearl millet stage of development and were not modified by supplement supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate aboveground matter production and nutrients accumulation by sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown), in sole crop and intercropped, and the effect of straw mulch mechanical management on castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) performance, in notillage system establishment. The experiment was carried out on a Rhodic Kandiudox, in Botucatu, SP, Brazil (22°58'S, 48°23'W and 765m above sea level). A randomized block design, in a splitplot scheme, with four replications, was used. The plots were composed by three cover crops: sunnhemp - cv. 'IAC-KR1'; pearl millet - cv. 'BN 2'; and intercropping - sunnhemp + pearl millet. The subplots were composed by absence or presence of straw mulch mechanical management, by horizontal crusher use, 20 days after chemical management. Pearl millet sole crop produced greater dry matter and showed higher K, Mg, and S concentration in aboveground, 75 days after emergence, while N and Ca concentration were higher in sunnhemp. Pearl millet sole crop accumulated greater amounts of N, P, K, Mg, and S, in aboveground, while sunnhemp accumulated elevated amount of Ca. Castor bean grain yield was higher in succession to sunnhemp + pearl millet intercropping and in the absence of straw mulch mechanical management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Research in the Tropics / Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical is the property of Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Research in the Tropics / Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical is the property of Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Decomposition and nutrient release of pearl millet and pearl millet plus Crotalaria juncea straws on bean no-till. The objective was to evaluate biomass production, accumulation and release of macronutrients, and the decomposition of straws of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf) and pearl millet plus Crotalaria juncea intercropping, in field condition, under dry bean, sowed in February (summer/autumn). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replications, in a split-plot arrangement, with the straws in the plots and evaluation periods in sub-plots (0, 8, 16, 24, 40, 56 e 72 days after seeding). The collected residues were dried to determine the remaining dry matter, then ground and sent to laboratory in order to determinate macronutrient contents. By the contents and remaining dry matter amounts, the remaining nutrient amounts were determined, expressed as percentages of the initial amounts. Nonlinear models were fit to the values, choosing the best adjustment. The pearl millet plus Crotalaria juncea intercropping provided the largest biomass production. The straw from intercropping accumulated and released the largest macronutrients quantities, except for sulfur. The single millet presented the fastest nitrogen release speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated the influence of different levels of supplement (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5% in relation to the live weight (LW)) on the forage intake of beef lambs, in Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) pasture. The forage intake was conditioned by the levels of supplement only at the beginning of the pasture utilization (days 1-21), with maximum ingestion of dry matter when lambs received supplement at the ratio of 0.84% of the LW. The influence of the levels of supplement on the daily weight gain and live weight gain was observed only in the half and in the end of the cycle of the pasture (days 22-64).The intake and performance of lambs in Pearl millet are more dependent on the phenological stage of the pasture rather than the level of supplement received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Pearl Millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) leaf lamina mass (LLM) on beef heifers performance and financial return. The observed LLM were 642 and 1.024kg ha-1 of dry matter (DM) and identified as '600' and '1000'. Daily weight gain, stocking rate, gain per area and body condition score averages were not affected (P>0.05) by changes on LLM. Pearl millet pasture managed between 600 and 1000kg ha-1 of LLM promotes satisfactory beef heifers individuals gains, which allows their mating at 18/20 months of age and average direct financial return of 2.9 for each real invested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar a taxa de decomposição e a velocidade de liberação de macronutrientes e Si da fitomassa do consórcio crotalária mais milheto, em função do tempo após manejo, sem e com fragmentação. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial constituído por dois manejos da fitomassa da parte aérea (sem e com fragmentação mecânica) e seis épocas de coleta [0; 18; 32; 46; 74 e 91 dias após manejo (DAM)]. Foram determinadas a massa de matéria seca, teor de macronutrientes e Si e quantidade dos nutrientes remanescentes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, as médias dos tratamentos do fator manejo comparadas pelo teste de t (LSD) a 5% e do fator épocas de coletas ajustados a equações matemáticas. A fragmentação da fitomassa aumenta a taxa de decomposição e a liberação de N, P, Ca e S. O K é rapidamente disponibilizado, restando 91 DAM, em média, 1,5% da quantidade total acumulada. Aos 91 DAM pelo menos 80% de todos os macronutrientes já haviam sido liberados ao solo. A máxima liberação diária dos macronutrientes ocorre entre 0 a 18 DAM. A taxa de liberação de Si é constante e ocorre aumento do teor do elemento na fitomassa com o tempo devido à acentuada liberação de C. O Si é o elemento liberado mais lentamente ao solo, restando ainda 91 DAM, em média, 85% da quantidade total acumulada na fitomassa.