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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different pressures of homogenization on whole milk powder with crystallized lactose on free fat content and particle size. Three homogenization pressure levels were applied. The powder produced at homogenization pressure of 75/5 MPa presented a smaller number of particles in the region < 1 μm (39.28%) and higher free fat content (13.78%) when compared to the powder produced at conventional homogenization pressure (15/5 MPa), which presented 59.40% particles in the region < 1 μm and 5.03% of free fat. Milk powder produced at 0/0 MPa presented the lowest number of particles in the region < 1 μm (24.60%) and the highest free fat content (19.39%). This study showed that the powder produced at a homogenization pressure of 15/5 MPa, which is commonly used in the industry, produces a crystallized milk powder with less suitable properties than the one obtained without homogenization.

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF COLOIDAL SYSTEMS OF UHT MILK MARKETED IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST REGIONS OF BRAZIL. Ultra high temperature (UHT) milk has great relevance in the Brazilian dairy market. Thermal processing, physical-chemical and compositional properties have relevant impact on the quality of milk processed via UHT. The emergence of new categories of this product makes the production scenario even more challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate UHT milk and the effect of food additives on it, from a colloidal perspective, in the main consumer regions. The colloidal systems of samples with or without addition of stabilizers and with or without addition of tricalcium phosphate were evaluated based on analyses of ionic calcium concentration, pH, sedimentation, HCT (heat coagulation time), ethanol stability, particle size (D90) and zeta potential. The results indicated a relevant colloidal stability for this type of matrix, in addition to an efficient industrial homogenization process. The samples that received stabilizers addition showed lower ionic calcium, higher HCT and greater ethanol stability. There was no significant difference in sediment mass and pH. The samples that received Ca3(PO4)2 addition showed higher sedimentation and lower stability to ethanol. There were no significant differences regarding ionic calcium, pH and HCT.

ABSTRACT: Wine industry by-product (WIBP) encapsulated in alginate beads were incorporated to beer to increase antioxidant properties. The phenolic profile, in vitro bioaccessibility and gut metabolism were assessed. Scanning electron micrographs of the beads with WIBP revealed a relatively rough surface with large pores with craters, but without cracks, which ensures the protection of the encapsulated compounds. X-ray diffraction profiles showed the attenuated of the crystalline peaks, indicating the interactions between alginate and Ca2+. The WIPB antioxidant activity was assessed by FRAP (0.13 mmol Fe2+/g WIBP) and TEAC (0.078 mmol Trolox/g WIBP). The phenolic profile of the craft beer was not altered after the immersion of the beads for 60 days, maintaining its six free phenolic compounds (gallic, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic, ferulic, and salicylic acids). The phenolic compounds observed in WIBP and not in the craft beer (quercetin, rutin and syringic acids) were only detected after simulated digestion of WIBP beads that had been immersed in the beer, showing that the encapsulation of WIBP with calcium alginate beads protected the phenolic compounds until consumption. Total phenolic content increased after simulated digestion, and after gut fermentation. During this process the phenolic compounds diversity in each digestion step also increased. Therefore, the enrichment of beer with alginate beads containing the WIBP not only increases the content of phenolic compounds ingested by the consumer, but also the bioaccessibility of those compounds in relation to beer without the beads.

Food waste management is a growing global concern, driven by the imperative to address environmental sustainability, resource conservation, and global hunger. This article aims to provide a theoretical analysis of the historical evolution of food waste management, delving into the definition of the term and its international relevance. Additionally, it critically examines the need for sustainable approaches. The methodology comprises a comprehensive literature review from 2013 to 2023, utilizing keywords related to food waste, sustainability, and the circular economy. The databases used include Science Direct and MDPI. Findings reveal a shift from individual to institutional food waste sources, underscoring the necessity for alternative approaches. Environmental analysis highlights the adverse impacts of conventional practices, while strategies such as food rescue, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion emerge as promising solutions. Understanding consumer behavior is crucial, and smart labels are introduced as potential tools to reduce food waste. The article identifies the challenges and limitations of current food waste management practices, emphasizing the need for sustainable treatments. Sustainable approaches in managing food industry residues, including food rescue, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion, are discussed as alternatives to conventional methods. The article concludes by proposing future research directions, emphasizing the importance of understanding consumer behavior, exploring the potential of smart labels, and addressing gaps in current knowledge to achieve a more sustainable and responsible approach to food consumption and waste management.

Pleurotus spp. compõem o segundo grupo dos cogumelos mais cultivados no mundo. A elaboração de farinha a partir da biomassa desses macrofungos constitui uma alternativa tecnológica para a formulação de produtos alimentícios funcionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar a farinha de Pleurotus djamor cultivado em resíduo lignocelulósico da floresta amazônica. P. djamor, cedido pela coleção de culturas DPUA, da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, foi cultivado em ágar batata dextrose + extrato de levedura 0,5% (p/v). Para obtenção do inóculo, P. djamor foi cultivado em ágar Sabouraud + extrato de levedura 0,5% (p/v). A produção do cogumelo foi realizada em exocarpo de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) suplementado com farelo de arroz. Em seguida, foram avaliados os parâmetros de produção e os basidiomas obtidos foram utilizados para elaboração da farinha. Neste produto alimentício foram determinadas a composição centesimal, análise microbiológica e as propriedades tecnológicas. Os parâmetros produtivos evidenciaram que adaptação da espécie e o potencial de resíduos Amazônicos foram significativos, pois apresentaram eficiência biológica 137,91%, taxa de produção 8,11 g/dia, produtividade 21,81% e perda de matéria orgânica 31,86%. O tamanho médio dos basidiomas foi de 12,2 x 7,5cm, estipe 2,5cm. A farinha demonstrou ser fonte de nutrientes como proteínas (13,68%) e fibras (9,84%). O índice de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade em água e capacidade de capacidade de intumescimento foram 6,29 g/g, 52% e CI 5,68 g/g, respectivamente. A farinha de cogumelo ostra cultivado em resíduos agroflorestais amazônicos constitui uma alternativa inovadora para a elaboração de alimentos funcionais saudáveis.

Abstract Phycocyanin (PC) is commercially exploited in various commercial sectors, as novel applications are developed rapidly. However, the state-of-the-art is difficult to define, given the extremely heterogeneous information available. Hence, this study aimed to perform a technological and scientific review on PC production from Spirulina (Arthrospira spp.), based on a bibliometric analysis of patents and research articles deposited from 2015 to 2023. To close the knowledge gap evidenced by the prospection, we optimized the instrumental conditions of microalgae cultivation, i.e., orbital agitation, culture volume, and cultivation time, for the production of PC. We assessed the color parameters and stability of the PC used as an ice cream colorant. The prospection highlighted rather diverse points of view between academia and the industry regarding PC production methods. The optimization showed a substantial impact of cultivation time on PC yield and purity. A purification step via precipitation was note necessary to obtain food-grade PC (purity > 0.7). Optimal experimental conditions were 180 rpm, 250 mL, and 14 days of cultivation. The ice cream colored using PC from the optimized cultivation conditions showed concentration-dependent color variations, without significant color losses for 90 days.

Se formula una propuesta hermenéutica referente a la regulación de los proyectos de inversión con efectos o potenciales efectos sobre comunidades indígenas. Esta propuesta sistematiza estándares de cumplimiento y enfoques culturalmente pertinentes, conforme el derecho humano al medio ambiente sano y el derecho humano a la identidad cultural, articulando las fuentes desde los niveles internacional y regional interamericano, para la protección de comunidades indígenas y respectivos territorios ambientalmente relevantes. Con base en dicha propuesta, se realiza un análisis crítico de jurisprudencia chilena en materia ambiental (competencia técnica ambiental o constitucional). Luego, se identifican brechas de cumplimiento, de origen regulatorio o interpretativo judicial, en la protección de comunidades indígenas, frente a los proyectos de inversión, conforme los referidos a estándares de contenidos en la propuesta. El estudio se focaliza en proyectos de inversión y sus efectos sobre los “intangibles culturales indígenas”, como bienes jurídicos protegidos a la luz de los derechos humanos indicados. Así, en el epígrafe 1), se estudia el derecho humano a la identidad cultural y el derecho humano al medio ambiente sano; en el epígrafe 2) se revisa el marco normativo doméstico pertinente a la evaluación ambiental; en el epígrafe 3) se formula una propuesta hermenéutica cautelar ambiental e intercultural; en el 4) se estudia críticamente la jurisprudencia ambiental local a partir de la propuesta formulada.

Se analiza el peritaje antropológico en los procesos de evaluación ambiental. Se postula, por una parte, la existencia de un derecho al peritaje antropológico, justificado en el derecho humano a la identidad cultural y el derecho humano al medio ambiente sano. Y, por otra, que la pericia antropológica en materia ambiental contribuye al razonamiento judicial, como un instrumento capaz de develar los elementos constitutivos de la identidad cultural de los pueblos indígenas y sus comunidades, bienes jurídicos protegidos en los procesos administrativos y judiciales de alcance ambiental. En especial, que esta pericia permite determinar su afectación o susceptibilidad de afectación como presupuesto de procedencia de la consulta indígena. Se estudian los antecedentes teóricos y disciplinares del peritaje antropológico; se examinan sus fuentes normativas, en particular los derechos humanos a la identidad cultural y al medio ambiente sano, más la legislación ambiental pertinente; y se revisa un conjunto de decisiones judiciales chilenas de competencia ambiental que consideraron peritajes antropológicos, sistematizando sus diversos abordajes. Metodológicamente, se recurre a revisión bibliográfica, a los métodos jurídicos dogmático y hermenéutico y al método deductivo para la revisión de jurisprudencia.

Microparticulated whey protein can be used as a fat substitute in foods to enhance their nutritional value and improve their sensory and rheological characteristics. Microparticulation denatures whey proteins through heat treatment, followed by shear rate control to determine the aggregate sizes formed. The processing method used during microparticulation can modify the protein denaturation rate, which may enable the application of new proteins. This study sought to develop a methodology for quantifying whey protein fractions in commercial samples before and after microparticulation at different concentrations and physical states. The developed methodology proved to be applicable because of its selectivity, quantification, detection limits, and precision. The analyzed samples exhibited a higher denaturation rate for β-lactoglobulin than α-lactoalbumin; the denaturation rate varied among samples due to differences in the microparticulation process.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo, a partir da experiência e do testemunho de um Coletivo de Mulheres, propor uma leitura do que nomeamos como o Real da violência por meio do ensino de Lacan e comentadores. Diferente do Real enquanto fundamento ausente ou falta-a-ser, o Real da violência se insere historicamente no dia a dia e na vida de determinados corpos brasileiros, precisamente os corpos negros, femininos e periféricos. Em vista do cenário de impasses socio-políticos do Brasil, mas também de potentes vozes e ações que têm surgido das comunidades atravessadas por estruturas de violência, a experiência do Coletivo ilustra o presente trabalho, a fim de demonstrar caminhos possíveis para um saber-fazer com esse Real ao qual seus filhos e a comunidade estão mais expostos. À luz de conceitos da Teoria Feminista, como, por exemplo, a noção de interseccionalidade e a categoria corpo-território, endossamos essa discussão que demanda à Psicanálise conversar com outros campos do saber. Empreitada que exige engajamento ético e político dos psicanalistas, em especial dos que exercem a práxis analítica no Brasil.

Objetivo: analizar las recepciones e interpretaciones que se hicieron en Venezuela, entre 1824 y 1840, de las nociones de democracia planteadas por Destutt de Tracy en su Comentario sobre el Espíritu de las Leyes y por Alexis de Tocqueville en La democracia en América, en comparación con las lecturas efectuadas en otros países latinoamericanos como Chile y México. Metodología: para ello se han tenido en cuenta los preceptos metodológicos de la historia intelectual y del pensamiento político de carácter contextualista, específicamente en lo atinente al estudio de las recepciones y traducciones internacionales de conceptos y argumentos. Originalidad: con este estudio procuramos cubrir parcialmente un vacío en la historiografía política venezolana, ya que no se ha prestado suficiente atención a las fuentes intelectuales de los conceptos de democracia empleados por los actores y pensadores políticos durante el siglo XIX y mucho menos a las semejanzas y diferencias en relación con el discurso político presente en otros países por la misma época. Conclusiones: sobre este aspecto en particular, nuestro trabajo no solamente demuestra la presencia de los conceptos formulados por De Tracy y Tocqueville en el pensamiento político venezolano, sino que además resalta la singularidad de las lecturas que se realizaron de esos autores en Venezuela, condicionadas por el predominio de sentimientos favorables a los gobiernos populares.

This study was carried out as a preliminary mapping of Maillard reaction (MR) compounds in doce de leite (DL), as possible indicators for the intermediate stage and chemical pathways in industrial processing. For that, the objective of the manuscript was to developed and validated an analytical method to simultaneously analyze four furfural compounds in DL: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2-furaldehyde (F), 2-furyl-methyl ketone (FMC) and 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde (MF) by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array detector (HPLC-PDA). The method fulfilled the acceptance criteria: selectivity, linearity (0.16-5 μg mL-1 for HMF, and 0.06-2 μg mL-1 for F, FMC and MF, R2 > 0.9974), precision (CV = 1.33 to 2.12% for HMF; 1.57 to 4.34% for F; 0.84 to 1.40% for FMC and 1.40 to 4.18% for MF), accuracy (94.40 to 102.25% for HMF; 92.91 to 108.15% for F; 90.13 to 108.48% for FMC and 93.31 to 107.70% for MF), limit of detection of 0.041 μg mL-1 for HMF; 0.030 μg mL-1 for F; 0.042 μg mL-1 for FMC and MF, and limit of quantification of 0.125 μg mL-1 for HMF and F, 0.066 μg mL-1 for FMC and 0.1280 μg mL-1 for MF. Thus, it was concluded that an analytical method was developed and validated for quantifying HMF, F, FMC and MF in DL.

The variety of vegetables available for plant-based beverage production is associated with a lack of specific regulatory aspects and difficult standardization. The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of plant-based beverages (five different sources, three different market brands for each vegetable). The parameters studied were pH, moisture content, acidity, soluble ionic calcium at initial pH and pH 4.3, soluble solids, heat coagulation time (HCT), density, conductivity, surface zeta potential, morphology, polydispersity index, particle size. When comparing the mean values of the results found in the present work with model emulsions and/or plant based beverages produced on a laboratory scale, it can be found that the mean values for pH, moisture, soluble solids, calcium, surface zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index were similar to the reported values in the literature, however, acidity, HCT, density, and conductivity were lower than those reported in the literature. The coconut plant-based beverage exhibited the most significant statistical difference as compared to other plant-based beverages, especially in terms of pH, conductivity, particle size, and polydispersity index. This study is a promising aid to regulatory agencies and industries for standardization of nutritional value, production, stability, storage and chemical attributes of these beverages.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto: (i) examinar el papel que las normas constitucionales que reconocen los derechos de los Pueblos indígenas y cómo también defienden la Naturaleza, y viceversa, respecto de las normas de protección de la Naturaleza y su interacción con la protección de los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas; (ii) evaluar un posible “giro hermenéutico” en la interpretación jurídica que lleve a la superación de un paradigma antropocéntrico hacia otro ecocéntrico, con el potencial de redefinir todo el orden normativo; (iii)desde esta experiencia, contribuir al abordaje crítico de otros contextos normativos latinoamericanos que enfrenten contextos similares en la relación medioambiente y pueblos indígenas. Con esos fines, la sección 1) explica algunos conceptos y categorías operativas; las secciones 2) y 3) tratan del régimen constitucional aplicable a los Pueblos Indígenas y a la Naturaleza en Brasil; la sección 4) aborda las normas del Derecho Internacional de los derechos humanos que los regulan. La sección 5) explica la relación de protección mutua entre los Pueblos Indígenas y la Naturaleza. La sección 6) analiza los alcances del giro hermenéutico econcéntrico en el ámbito constitucional. El trabajo se sostiene esencialmente en una revisión bibliografía.

El objetivo de este trabajo será estudiar las expresiones y ataques anti-jesuíticos que se desenvolvieron entre 1836 y 1843 en la Buenos Aires rosista luego de la restauración de la Compañía de Jesús en esa provincia. La fuente principal para este estudio será la Historia secreta de la supresión de la Compañía de Jesús en Buenos Aires escrita por Mariano Berdugo, jesuita español y superior de la misión porteña. A partir de la reconstrucción parcial de los hechos realizada por Berdugo buscaremos comprender si los ataques por él recogidos fueron una construcción retórica para justificar sus actos durante su gobierno de la comunidad o si fueron adaptaciones locales de mitos anti-jesuíticos de larga duración. Comprender las bases y los motivos de los ataques recibidos por los ignacianos será de utilidad para comprender el proceso de inserción local de los mismos el contexto del proceso global de restauración de la Compañía.

O presente artigo coloca em questão a “literatura engajada”, que voltou a dominar parte da literatura contemporânea. Examina o percurso histórico e os pressupostos teóricos dessa tendência, que agora se apoia na discussão sobre identidade e lugar de fala, conceitos discutíveis quando se fala de literatura. Desse modo, através de diversos críticos e escritores, como Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Theodor W. Adorno, Joseph Conrad, Clarice Lispector e Kasereka Kavwahirehi, entre outros, serão reconstituídas as diferenças entre o engajamento e uma visão que valoriza e encontra a força da literatura não apenas por sua temática, mas pelo seu trabalho com (e na) linguagem. Sendo capaz de expressar sentimentos, motivações e ações que são comuns à humanidade, a literatura é uma forma poderosa de pôr em contato pessoas de diversas etnias e culturas.

Milk powder is a highly versatile product produced by spray drying, which consists of removing water by exposing the product to a flow of dry and hot air. This product has a longer shelf life than fresh milk and offers positive points, such as greater microbiological and chemical stability and less restricted storage conditions. However, a large migration of fat to the surface of these powders has been widely documented in several studies. Part of this fat present on the powder surface is in the free form and associated with undesirable characteristics of the product, such as rehydration difficulties, lipid oxidation, increased viscosity, and others, leading to reduced product quality. Stabilizing the milk emulsion matrix before the atomization and drying steps is the best way to avoid free fat. In this bibliographic review, the characteristics of milk powder, characteristics of fat, as well as the occurrence of superficial free fat, the causes, and some of the possible solutions will be aborded.

Mercado de Pirituba, São Paulo, é um projeto do arquiteto Abelardo Riedy de Souza com cálculo estrutural do engenheiro José Carlos de Figueiredo Ferraz, dois profissionais ímpares da arquitetura brasileira. A obra foi premiada internacionalmente e é composta por cobertura em casca de concreto armado formada por 12 pétalas atirantadas em estrutura cônica central, cobrindo uma planta circular do mercado público. O objetivo desta investigação é expor o processo projetual e as relações entre estrutura e arquitetura, tipologia e espacialidade, e como essas conversas produziram a forma final do edifício. O método de pesquisa é híbrido: análises documentais, levantamentos de campo, bibliográfico e iconográfico, busca de materiais primários em arquivos da Prefeitura de São Paulo e acervo da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo. Os resultados colaboram, por meio da análise de um exemplar, para ampliar os entendimentos das relações entre o arquiteto e o calculista, entre a forma e a estrutura, registrando de modo original as diversas etapas na criação do projeto, até as soluções encontradas.

(1º parágrafo do artigo) Foi este o tema da conferência ( *) realizada pelo Professor Jean Glénisson, no dia 28 de maio de 1976, a convite do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. O Professor Glénisson dirige o Jnstitut de Recherche et Histoire des Textes, em Paris, e é Diretor de Estudos da École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (antiga 611 Secção da École Pratique des Hautes Etudes). De passagem por São Paulo, tivemos a satisfação de ouvi-lo, após vários anos: Professor da Faculdade de Filosofia, em 1958 e 1959, é esta a segunda vez que volta ao Brasil.

A extensão do neoliberalismo para além do campo econômico resultou na consolidação da racionalidade do capital como lei social geral e o campo da educação tem servido como importante instrumento político de manutenção desse discurso. No Brasil, presenciamos a crescente exposição à condição de precariedade induzida, especialmente de crianças e jovens da periferia, sujeitos indesejáveis e não sonhados pela nação, expostos cotidianamente a uma lógica de guerra. Contudo, a união de corpos coletivos engajados em fomentar políticas de vida em territórios marginalizados tem se implicado performaticamente para fazer vingar o sonho de um futuro diferente para as próximas gerações. Através da articulação Psicanálise, Educação e Política, apresentamos caminhos possíveis para pensar a educação escolar a contrapelo da escola neoliberal.

Introdução: As demandas judiciais relacionadas a medicamentos contra entes públicos no Brasil vêm crescendo consideravelmente nos últimos anos. O Poder Judiciário tem se tornado um dos meios pelo qual o indivíduo obtém a garantia do seu direito à saúde. Como o fornecimento de medicamentos, tratamentos e assistência. Os recursos limitados, existência de legislações que regulamentam o acesso e a superlotação do SUS são algumas das causas do aumento da busca ao Judiciário. Objetivo: Traçar o perfil das demandas judiciais por medicamentos recebidas pela Diretoria de Assistência Farmacêutica da Bahia (DASF-BA) no ano de 2015. Método: Trata-se de um estudo com base quantitativa e foco em pesquisa documental, que consiste na coleta de dados na DASF por meio de formulários em pdf editável, planilhas excel e pelo Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento da Assistência Farmacêutica (SIGAF). Resultados: No ano de 2015, foram impetradas contra a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde da Bahia (SESAB) 774 ações judiciais. Deste total, a variedade de medicamentos solicitados corresponde a 1039, sendo que 51,9% representam os medicamentos não padronizados, 21,4% pertenciam ao elenco de medicamentos do componente especializado, 9,0% eram do elenco de medicamentos da atenção básica. Constatou-se ainda que 16,7% tratavam-se de medicamentos antineoplásicos, cujo fornecimento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é feito por meio dos Centros de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia (CACON), vinculados à atenção integral ao paciente, mediante a destinação de recursos financeiros específicos. Em relação aos representantes dos autores das ações, 73,1% foram do setor público, com principal representação da Defensoria Pública (52,2%), seguida pelo Ministério Público (31,8%). Ações conduzidas por advogados particulares totalizaram 19,5%. Discussão: A análise do perfil das ações judiciais é importante para levantar questionamentos quanto à organização dos serviços, analisar as necessidades epidemiológicas da população, bem como nortear os gestores públicos nas suas decisões e ações. Conclusão: O maior percentual das demandas judiciais foi para medicamentos não padronizados. A atualização frequente das listas de medicamentos ofertados pelo SUS e a incorporação de tecnologias constituem uma excelente estratégia para gestão. As solicitações de medicamentos padronizados podem ter ocorrido em decorrência de falhas no serviço, no que se refere à garantia de acesso aos medicamentos ou desconhecimento do prescritor ou requerente sobre a disponibilidade destas terapêuticas.

Fermented milks are dairy products, obtained by coagulation by lowering the pH of fluid or reconstituted milk added or not by other dairy products, by lactic fermentation due to the action of specific microorganism cultures. The type of processing and the composition of the ingredients used, promote changes in the sensory, rheological, and nutritional properties of fermented milks. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of adding four concentrations of total solids (9.0%, 12.2%, 15.0%, and 18.0% m/m) in fermented milks, using the particle size distribution techniques during fermentation and scanning electron microscopy in the final product. The particle size distribution showed that fermented milks with higher levels of total solids (12.2%, 15.0%, and 18.0% m/m) showed higher values of d90, that is, values in which 90% of the particles are below them when compared to the treatment with 9.0% (m/m)of solids. Scanning electron microscopy showed a similar result, in which fermented milk with 9.0% (m/m) of total solids presented a structure with more open pores, while fermented milk with 12.2%, 15.0%, and 18.0% (m/m) of total solids presented a protein network with more compact parts. Therefore, fermented milks with higher levels of total solids showed a larger particle size and a more compact microstructure. In this way, particle size distribution methods and microscopy can be used to provide information about product characteristics according to consumer demand.

Desde a promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), assistimos a avanços significativos no campo das políticas voltadas para a população infantojuvenil. Dentre esses, destacamos as medidas socioeducativas, intervenção que veio romper com práticas higienistas e repressoras legitimadas por legislações anteriores. De todo modo, apesar do vanguardismo de suas propostas, a socioeducação, mesmo através das medidas socioeducativas, segue apresentando altos índices de reincidência infracional. Tal retrato nos faz questionar: o que leva tantos desses jovens a retornarem ao chamado “mundo do crime” mesmo após o cumprimento de uma medida? A fim de compreender melhor a responsabilização juvenil, problematizamos, a partir da psicanálise, três de suas dimensões: a jurídica, a subjetiva e a social.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the use of intravenous and topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in relation to blood loss and complications inherent to the medication. Method: Three groups with 14 patients each were constituted, and all of them were operated using the same surgical technique. In Group 1, usual measures for bleeding control were performed. Group 2 patients received TXA topically on the joint surface. In Group 3, intravenous TXA was used. Hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HTC), platelets (PLAT), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and volume of blood drained observed 24 hours after arthroplasty were compared to the values of tests found before surgery. Results: There was a decrease in the concentration of HB, HTC and PLAT in all groups in relation to the preoperative, however without significant difference. Group 3 had a lower mean volume of drained blood than the other groups, with statistical significance. No adverse effects or thromboembolic events were observed in the groups that received TXA. Conclusion: This study showed superiority in the use of intravenous TXA in decreasing the volume of bleeding, without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. Level of Evidence I, High quality randomized trial with statistically significant difference or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.

The study of physical-chemical parameters such as the melting point and lactose crystals solubility in sweetened condensed milk is justified by process stage demand of this product in industries, as well as the lack of these data in the scientific literature. The undesirable presence of large lactose crystals in sweetened condensed milk compromises the sensory quality of the final product. The aim of this study was to determine the melting point of the lactose crystals and the adjusted proportion of the reprocessing solution, made up of a mixture of sweetened condensed milk/diluent. The study provided two alternative methodologies to enhance the quality of the final product. A temperature control system coupled to the optical microscope was used to monitor the heating ramp until the effective melting of the lactose crystals in the samples of sweetened condensed milk, reprocessing solutions, and diluent solution. The average melting temperature of crystals in sweetened condensed milk was 83.3 °C. Microscopic analyzes were performed on the samples, and from micrographs of the reprocessing solutions, it was concluded that the T20 sample is the most suitable to correct the problem of sandiness. The spectroscopic profile of all samples was observed by Raman spectroscopy and attributed to the characteristic bands of sugar crystallization. Therefore, it was possible to determine the temperature and dilution parameters for the reprocessing of sweetened condensed milk in order to minimize the problem of sandiness.

Le lait maternel est reconnu comme aliment idéal pour les nouveau-nés, y compris les prématurés, avec des avantages nutritionnels, biologiques, émotionnels et socio-économiques pour l’enfant et la famille. Pour les bébés prématurés, l’allaitement joue un rôle essentiel dans la mesure où il est associé à une réduction du temps d’hospitalisation et à divers états cliniques résultant d’une prématurité. Les études indiquent un faible taux d’allaitement parmi les mères de nouveau-nés prématurés et, souvent, un sevrage précoce. Actuellement, la littérature identifie l’auto-efficacité dans l’allaitement comme une variable importante qui influe sur les résultats de la réussite de l’allaitement. Afin d’identifier le principal instrument dédié à l’évaluation de l’auto-efficacité chez les mères allaitantes de bébés prématurés, une revue intégrative de la littérature a été réalisée sur les études, les évaluations et les instruments utilisés pour évaluer l’auto-efficacité chez les mères allaitantes des bébés prématurés. Il a été constaté que la Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) est le principal instrument d’évaluation de la confiance d’une mère relativement à sa capacité d’allaiter. Pour ces mères, la Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form for Mothers of Ill or Preterm Infants (BSES-SFMIPI) permet de reconnaître les attentes et les expériences maternelles, d’identifier les mères de bébés prématurés à risque d’interrompre l’allaitement et aussi de proposer des stratégies individuelles pour encourager les mères et allaiter avec succès ces enfants.

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Introduction: The pectoralis major is a muscle that covers the upper portion of the anterior chest wall and is the first option for reconstruction of the chest wall and aesthetic purposes. Case Report: Male patient, 20 years old, presenting dehiscence of surgical wound, recurrent for three consecutive times, with exposure of the left clavicle osteosynthesis plate. Reconstruction was performed with the pectoralis major muscle to cover the plaque. Conclusion: This flap showed to be an excellent option for covering synthetic material exposure after multiple dehiscences of surgical wounds. The reconstruction was effective, with no complications and a satisfactory aesthetic result.

O artigo discute a situação das disciplinas de Projeto de arquitetura nos cursos de pós-graduação e sua inserção como atividade acadêmica. A partir das peculiaridades dos conhecimentos produzidos pela atividade projetual, propõe sua inserção na pesquisa acadêmica. Tendo como base o aspecto multidisciplinar que caracteriza a atividade da arquitetura, reconhece sua abordagem por meio de métodos de investigação de diversas áreas do conhecimento, como uma contribuição para uma “arquitetologia. Desloca a classificação da área projetual de uma equivocada classificação como uma mera prática, situando-a como um reflexionamento propositivo. Defende a possibilidade de reconstituição do Projeto como atividade de investigação acadêmica como produtor de conhecimentos.

Introduction: The breasts and abdomen undergo significant morphological changes with massive weight loss. Breast augmentation is one of the most commonly performed procedures in plastic surgery, unlike reverse abdominoplasty, which has been little described. However, in patients with upper abdominal flaccidity who want breast augmentation, breast augmentation through reverse abdominoplasty (AMBRA) makes it possible to improve the breasts and abdominal contour simultaneously. This work aims to describe a case of breast augmentation and mastopexy using a somersault flap from reverse abdominoplasty. Case Report: Female patient, brown, with a history of massive weight loss and previous mammoplasty and abdominoplasty, evolved with breast ptosis and lipodystrophy in the upper abdomen. She underwent reverse abdominoplasty using an epigastric dermofat flap for breast projection. The patient had a good postoperative evolution, with satisfactory surgical results. Discussion: Massive weight loss can result in deformities in the breasts and abdomen that require reparative surgery. Breast remodeling is arduous and may require the use of adjacent tissues. Abdominoplasty, in turn, is the most established technique for rejuvenating the trunk; however, when sagging mainly affects the upper abdomen, reverse abdominoplasty becomes an option. In cases where the desire for breast augmentation is associated with excess supraumbilical volume, AMBRA should be considered. Breast augmentation using reverse abdominoplasty proved to be a viable technique in this case, with a satisfactory final result.

Whey is allowed as an ingredient for dulce de leche production since the final composition of the product fits the standards of Legislation. In this study, mixtures of milk, whey, sugar, and starch were applied to produce dulce de leche. According to the results, the mixtures of 15% of whey and without added whey, both without starch addition, presented the best formulations under the aspect of sensory acceptance. Mixtures of 30% of whey and 70% of milk using or not starch did not differ significantly among them according to the sensorial panel, but they did not fit the required composition standards. Under the conditions of the experiment, higher values of hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness, and viscosity lead to higher scores in the sensorial panel. The effects of whey and starch addition on yield and composition of dulce de leche are described.

During production or storage of dehydrated dairy products, milk constituents may undergo redistribution, resulting in heterogeneity between the surface and its interior. The main objective of this work was to map the surfaces of different dehydrated dairy products, with the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It was intended to characterize the surfaces of the particles of interest in both instruments and to perform the mapping of these, within specific populations. The proposal to combine different techniques aimed, in addition to obtaining complementary data, to show that it is possible to advance in the research of dairy products when analyzing the particles under different analytical perspectives. All analyzes were carried out from industrialized products with lots, manufacture and validity dates monitored. From the spectroscopic profiles of the particles, it was possible to verify differences when the set of particles was analyzed, as well the target particles alone. It was possible to perform the characterization of the particles using different analytical techniques providing a data set that expands information about the particles of the dairy powders analyzed.

Lactose is the most abundant sugar of milk and dairy products, and with the progress of studies, it is known that this saccharide is badly digested by a portion of the population, which has the consumption of reduced or lactose-free products as an option without giving up of such nutritive food. The market for lactose-free products increased during the last years in Brazil and the need for reliable methods for determining the final lactose content in products has increased, as it has become a mandatory determination in the industries. From the point of view of consumer safety and in accordance with the legislation, it is necessary to adopt effective lactose determination techniques. There is a whole world of possibilities being used at research or are already in use commercially. The present study assembles some approaches such as enzymatic methods, titrimetry, chromatography, biosensors, glucometer, and Raman spectroscopy, considering particularities. Enzymatic and chromatographic methods stand out for their lower limits of detection and better repeatability.

O artigo tem como enfoque a conceituação de aspectos característicos de propostas arquitetônicas que podem ser lidas e interpretadas enquanto experimentações tanto projetuais, como teóricas. O artigo insere-se na pesquisa de doutorado finalizada em março de 2019. A tese em questão teve como objeto de estudo as aproximações teóricas e projetuais entre a arte e a arquitetura a partir da leitura de algumas obras da arquiteta Zaha Hadid. Na tese, foram estabelecidos alguns parâmetros circunstanciando o objeto de estudo, entre estes, a procura de aspectos experimentais no percurso da obra da arquiteta. A produção da arquiteta foi estudada a partir dos atravessamentos das fronteiras disciplinares, entre a prática da pintura e da arquitetura, tanto das influências da arte Suprematista de Kazimir Malevich, no período formativo de sua obra, na década 1970, como a prática da pintura como meio de visualização e modelação espacial arquitetônica, pela própria Zaha Hadid. Os conceitos que se desenvolvem no corpo do artigo, fazem parte da contextualização teórica e projetual, na qual se deu a leitura de 5 obras da arquiteta. Cada obra sendo referente a um período de sua produção e, apresentando diferentes questões experimentais para a arquitetura contemporânea. Principalmente, as arquiteturas que surgiram a partir de releituras de conceitos formativos do Movimento Moderno. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Arquitetura Contemporânea; Processos de Projeto; Zaha Hadid.

Introduction: Continuous positive pressure in the nasal airways (CPAP) is a non-invasive form of ventilation used in premature newborns in intensive care units. However, it can affect the nose of these patients, even evolving with ischemia and columellar necrosis. Several techniques are described to reconstruct the columella, such as skin grafts, composite grafts, local flaps, and free flaps, but the atrial chondrocutaneous graft has stood out. This study aims to describe a case of columella necrosis using CPAP with reconstruction using posterior atrial chondrocutaneous grafting. Case Report: A brown, female patient, with a history of prematurity and prolonged use of CPAP when she was born due to hyaline membrane syndrome, developed columella necrosis. The patient underwent posterior auricular chondrocutaneous grafting to reconstruct the columella. She presented a satisfactory surgical result, evolving with 100% graft vitality. Discussion: Columellar necrosis associated with the use of CPAP can be aesthetically and functionally debilitating, and represents a reconstructive challenge. The options for obtaining acceptable results are limited. However, the use of ear grafts is technically straightforward, uses structurally similar donor tissues, does not cause additional scarring on the nose, is performed in a surgical period, and generally has an excellent result. Posterior auricular composite grafting for columellar reconstruction proved safe, with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results and minimal morbidity in the donor area.

Os caminhoneiros, atualmente, compõem uma classe de trabalhadores expostos a diversos fatores que os colocam numa posição de vulnerabilidade. Ações de Educação em Saúde são propostas como tentativa de esclarecimento quanto ao uso de preservativos na prevenção das Infecções Sexualmente transmissíveis. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo promover educação em saúde relacionada ao uso de preservativos associado à prevalência de IST em caminhoneiros que trafegam na BR-116. Foi realizada uma ação de intervenção de educação em saúde multidisciplinar intitulada Saúde na BR, promovida por docentes e discentes do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Bioética e Espiritualidade da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, que ocorre na base da Polícia Rodoviária Federal da BR-116 no município de Jequié, Bahia. Os 100 motoristas de caminhão de carga que participaram, eram na sua totalidade do sexo masculino. Destes, 90% possuíam vida sexual ativa e 10% já tiveram doença sexualmente transmissível. Somente 29% dos participantes responderam que sempre usam camisinha em suas relações sexuais, porém após as ações educativas, 60% deles passaram a afirmar que usarão sempre camisinha a partir daquele momento. Diante desses resultados, conclui-se a importância de medidas educativas na promoção da saúde assim como na prevenção de doenças infectocontagiosas.

Il 16 marzo 1978, a Roma, le Brigate Rosse rapiscono il presidente della Democrazia Cristiana Aldo Moro, che sarà ucciso dopo un lungo sequestro. Nel corso degli anni, questa tragica vicenda è diventata oggetto di numerose riscritture letterarie e artistiche che hanno dato luogo ad approfondite riflessioni sulla drammatica esperienza di isolamento vissuta da Moro durante la prigionia e sulle sue diverse implicazioni psicologiche, morali, metafisiche. Nell’ambito di questa produzione, il “narrattore” Daniele Timpano si è fatto artefice di un’operazione unica nel suo genere: nella primavera 2013, quando ricorreva il trentacinquesimo anniversario della morte dello statista, ha portato in scena per cinquantaquattro sere consecutive il monologo teatrale Aldo morto/Tragedia, che racconta il caso Moro squarciando il velo di mistificazioni nel quale è avvolto, mentre per il resto del tempo ha vissuto auto-recluso, filmato e visibile in diretta streaming su una pagina web creata appositamente. Attraverso questo atto volontario di isolamento, che è un’imitazione dell’isolamento subìto da Moro, Timpano ha inteso, da una parte, enfatizzare il messaggio del proprio spettacolo, dall’altra, rivendicare un ruolo riconoscibile per gli artisti che, al suo pari, usano la scena teatrale come luogo e strumento di denuncia, ma si trovano “isolati” a causa della marginalità del teatro rispetto ad altri mezzi di comunicazione più commerciali. Sebbene isolati, questi artisti ambiscono legittimamente a indossare la veste di intellettuali dell’impegno civile: con le loro opere mettono infatti il pubblico davanti alle proprie responsabilità, incitandolo a non accontentarsi di forme di conoscenza passive e superficiali

Este trabalho surge da associação criada entre a obra da artista Louise Bourgeois e a teoria psicanalítica, com o intuito de produzir um espaço passível de historicização dos lugares ocupados pela mulher na sociedade e suas relações com o feminino. Louise Bourgeois foi precursora da arte feminista dos anos 70, em Nova York, e por ser uma das primeiras artistas a levantar o tema do feminino e da maternidade a partir da sua arte. Através de uma perspectiva metodológica ensaística, elencou-se para este estudo três obras da artista: Femme Maison, Arc of Hysteria e Maman, a partir das quais, tornou-se possível pensar acerca das mudanças sociais que imprimiram transformações na posição do feminino em relação à lógica fálica. A análise das três obras possibilitou acompanhar os deslocamentos do feminino – da mulher casa até a mulher aranha - em justaposição às transformações discursivas ocorridas desde o enfraquecimento do saber religioso até a ascensão do discurso científico, que foram atravessados pela irrupção da teoria psicanalítica. Se antes, a mulher estava restrita a esfera do lar, agora ela passa a ocupar e a ter que dar conta de vários lugares e funções e, por isso, acaba sendo capturada pela ilusão de autossuficiência, sustentada pela ciência e representada neste estudo a partir da obra Maman, a qual confere à mulher a forma de um aracnídeo. A contribuição desse trabalho compreende a possibilidade de pensar criticamente, a partir da teoria psicanalítica e da arte, sobre a ilusão de autossuficiência provocada pelos discursos científicos como a manifestação contemporânea do conflito feminino de lidar com a falta.

ABSTRACT Background: Acid inhibition from chronic proton pump inhibitor use and a possible increase in gastrin can lead to changes in the regulation of hydrochloric acid production. However, it has not known whether such chronic use changes the presence of gastrin, delta, and enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach or the relationship between gastrin and delta cells. Aim: To analyze the number of gastrin-producing gastrin cells, somatostatin-producing cells, and histamine-producing cells in patients who were chronic users of proton pump inhibitor, with or without related Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: Biopsies from 105 patients, including 81 chronic proton pump inhibitor users (experimental group) and 24 controls, were processed immunohistochemically and subjected to counting of gastrin, delta, and enterochromaffin-like cells in high-magnification microscopic fields and in 10 glands. Results: Gastrin cell, delta cell, and enterochromaffin-like cells counts were similar across the groups and appeared to be unaffected by Helicobacter pylori infection. The ratio between gastrin cells and delta cells was higher in the chronic users of proton pump inhibitor group than in controls. Conclusion: Chronic users of proton pump inhibitor does not affect gastrin cell, delta cell, and enterochromaffin-like cell counts significantly, but may alter the ratio between gastrin cells and delta cells.

Between August 1804 and June 1807 a confrontation developed in San Miguel de Tucumán between some members of the Tucumán clergy and Diego León de Villafañe, a Jesuit who had managed to return from the exile imposed by the Spanish crown in 1767 to all the members of the Society of Jesus. This priest arrived in the city in 1799 and managed to settle there until his death in 1830, witnessing the main processes of independence and the construction of the provincial state.The reason for this conflict was to determine whether or not the Tucuman faithful could "promiscuar", that is, consume meat on days forbidden by the ecclesiastical authorities. Beyond the theological details of this pastoral dispute, in this article we are interested in studying Villafañe's perception of the rest of the Tucuman clergy, as well as the strategies he put into practice to impose his authority over them. In this sense, his position within the local Church was determined not only by his belonging to one of the main families of the region, but also by a series of symbolic resources and personal influences mobilized in his favor during the confrontation.

Sweetened condensed milk contains various dispersed particles, such as proteins, fats, and lactose, all of which make it highly viscous. During sweetened condensed milk production, microcrystalline lactose is added in order to control the product crystallization. The purpose of this study was to characterize the behavior of commercially sold sweetened condensed milks submitted to laser particle size analysis using two different dispersion media: water and a lactose solution. The lactose solution dispersion medium extended the length of time the sweeten condensed milk samples’ original characteristics were present during the laser diffraction particle sizing measurements that were carried out. Significant difference was observed (p < 0.05) between analysis times when water was used as a dispersing medium versus when a lactose solution was used (p > 0.05). Using a lactose solution as a dispersion medium when determining particle size in sweetened condensed milk prolongs the original characteristics of the sample substance during laser diffraction particle analysis.

O artigo busca abordar a autoproclamada “nova política externa brasileira” da gestão Michel Temer e seus efeitos sobre as relações com a América do Sul. Considerando o retrospecto de iniciativas do Brasil para o acercamento regional, desenvolve-se uma análise histórica e discursiva desta diplomacia, assinalando suas diretrizes, seus agentes, bem como eventuais mudança nos sentidos atribuídos à integração sul-americana – pauta prioritária para relações exteriores do país no século XXI.

Mothers of preterm babies present clinical symptoms of anxiety, turning them more fragile and less adapted to initial care for the baby, with consequences upon the global development of the child along time. This study investigated the self-perception of anxiety of preterm babies’ mothers at birth and six months later and also about correlations between maternal anxiety and babies’ behaviors during the first year of life. Clinical and structured interview with 44 mothers twelve months after hospital discharge. Results reveal a higher level of maternal anxiety at delivery than six months later. It was observed a significant relationship between the feeling of maternal anxiety at delivery and babies’ sleep disturbances during the first year of life. Maternal perception of anxiety at delivery was strongly associated with the intensity of fear displayed by the baby in the presence of strangers. Results suggest that maternal anxiety at delivery influences the beginning of the baby’s play whose skill is inversely proportional to maternal anxiety. Maternal anxiety after delivery seems to influence mother-baby relationship and baby’s behaviors that are indicators of development, inducing a level lower than expected.

This article presents a reading about the construction of adolescence that experiences totalitarian social atmospheres through the analysis of socio-political variables present in the coming-of-age novel Young Törless, by Robert Musil. In this dialogue between psychoanalysis, education and politics, we articulate the author’s concern about the moral ambivalence of his generation, with the educational and political proposals presented to the youth of our time. In the novel, the notion of formation was eroded in Modernity and replaced by socialization with homogenizing and massifying practices. In the face of adolescence without qualities, it is necessary to restore desire, forging a unique version of the fate of the subject’s political body and society.