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Tradicionalmente, la gran huelga portuaria de noviembre de 1902 y la sanción de la Ley de Residencia han sido narradas como el producto de un ascenso de la militancia proletaria que chocó contra el rígido marco político de un orden excluyente. Este estudio toma distancia de esta visión que concibe a la Argentina oligárquica como un ambiente declaradamente hostil para la organización proletaria. Sostiene que, para entender la respuesta represiva del Estado, es necesario situar el conflicto portuario en el contexto de disputas políticas más amplias, en las que incluso se puso en juego la autoridad presidencial. El trabajo también explora las razones del airado rechazo de los trabajadores a la sanción de la ley de extrañamiento y muestra que esta reacción debe verse como un producto, más que de su alienación, de su integración en el orden sociopolítico finisecular. En definitiva, la huelga del puerto de 1902 permite revisar ideas muy arraigadas sobre la naturaleza y las orientaciones político-ideológicas de las organizaciones obreras, el lugar de los trabajadores en el orden político oligárquico y la manera en que la clase dirigente tramitaba las demandas populares.

RESUMO Embora os governos das economias de mercado avançadas estejam há muitos anos envolvidos na formulação de políticas destinadas a estimular o avanço científico e a mudança tecnológica, foi somente em meados da década de 1970 que políticas explícitas de “inovação” surgiram. A política de inovação representou uma integração das mais tradicionais “política industrial” e “política de ciência e tecnologia”. Durante o início da década de 1980, a ênfase das políticas públicas mais uma vez mudou quando os governos começaram a introduzir as chamadas “políticas de tecnologia”. A política de tecnologia envolve a seleção e o desenvolvimento de tecnologias genéricas específicas ou grupos de produtos de alta tecnologia. Hoje, todas as economias europeias avançadas adotaram políticas tecnológicas para apoiar a tecnologia da informação e a biotecnologia. Este artigo discute e compara as políticas de tecnologia no Reino Unido, na França e na República Federal da Alemanha, bem como as políticas que operam no nível europeu promulgadas pela EEC.

In this paper, we define generalized proximal Z-contraction mappings of first and second kind in a metric space (X, d). The existence of best proximity point is shown for the defined mappings under some specific conditions which generalizes and extends some existing results of Olgun et al. [23] and Abbas et al. [1]. Suitable examples are given to justify the derived results. Some applications are also shown via fixed point formulation for such mappings in variational inequality problem and homotopy result.

La innovación docente es un proceso que debe ser gestionada de manera participativa, flexible y creativa, alineándose con los propósitos y líneas estratégicas de las instituciones educativas. Además, debe surgir como una práctica arraigada en la organización para generar una cultura innovadora. Las tecnologías digitales también desempeñan un papel crucial como herramientas de apoyo y soporte en todas las dimensiones de la innovación, especialmente en el ámbito educativo y del aprendizaje. Es fundamental reconocer que el estudiantado es el actor central en este proceso, y se debe formar y preparar para un aprendizaje continuo a lo largo de la vida, respondiendo así a las demandas cambiantes de la sociedad.

Este estudio analiza la brecha de género en ingresos y satisfacción laboral entre los graduados de un Máster en Docencia para la Educación Superior en Chile, utilizando una muestra de 337 egresados. En el contexto de reformas educativas orientadas a la equidad de género, se evaluó el impacto de estas iniciativas en la igualdad dentro del ámbito académico. A través de una encuesta, se investigaron diferencias en la percepción de la satisfacción y la movilidad laborales posgraduación, centradas en la disparidad salarial entre géneros. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de no existir diferencias significativas en la satisfacción laboral entre hombres y mujeres, persiste una notable brecha salarial, subrayando los desafíos para alcanzar la equidad económica. El estudio sugiere la necesidad de intervenciones políticas continuas para abordar la equidad salarial y explora las implicancias de la transición a la educación en línea para la igualdad de género en la academia. Contribuye al debate sobre cómo las reformas educativas pueden impulsar la igualdad de género y el crecimiento económico.

The process of forgiving seems to require that a person can remember a specific moment in their personal past in which they were harmed in some way. Forgiving, then, often requires episodic memory, which may be understood as memory of events or experiences in one’s personal past. What is it that grounds acts of forgiveness? One of the most prominent ideas is that, fundamentally, forgiveness involves a change in emotion; it requires that negative emotions associated with the event are abandoned, withdrawn or overcome. In this paper, we outline one way in which the emotion and meaning of past events may be modulated. In particular, we suggest that by thinking more abstractly about an event we can shift our emotional response to it. We outline one way in which this form of more abstract thinking, which can help us distance ourselves from the negative emotion associated with a past wrongdoing, can show up in memory. We propose that emotionally distant memories, or memories in which the emotional content has undergone some change, may often be recalled from an observer perspective, in which the individual recalls the event from an external or detached point of view. Recalling a past wrongdoing from an observer memory may help put it into perspective and afford the emotional distancing required to facilitate forgiveness.

ABSTRACT Mixture designs are becoming frequently used as a powerful tool in modern chemical research. Their versatility opens the door to countless applications, making it a must-have tool in any experimental environment. Mixture designs combined with mathematical regressions allow us to understand how component proportions affect a measured response leading to system optimization at minimum cost and providing an accurate description of system behaviour. Dedicated software is often used to perform data analysis in mixture design experiments, but many of them are only commercially available hindering the use of mixture designs by scientific groups. The availability of free software would make these designs even more attractive, allowing users to benefit from the creative potential of this toolset without the prohibitive cost of proprietary tools. RStudio and LibreOffice are some of the free software with the capability to perform the necessary data analysis accompanying mixture designs. To exemplify how mixture design analysis can be executed the book “Como Fazer Experimentos” was used as reference material. Both software presented good results and the potential to be used to perform data analysis for mixture design experiments.

The institutionalization of theatre studies gained prominence in the 21st century, bestowing academic status upon this emerging humanities field. This study analyzes the evolution of theatre studies, focusing on its emergence in Ukrainian academia. The research aims to meticulously examine the establishment and progression of theatre studies in Ukrainian universities, specifically the Department of Theatre Studies and Acting at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. This unit exemplifies the transformative shift from a pragmatic, post-Soviet theatre theory to a Eurocentric orientation rooted in rigorous scientific foundations. The influence of the academic environment on Ukrainian theatre studies is highlighted, with universities serving as vital hubs for scholarly discourse and intellectual exchange. Innovative technologies further amplify this role by facilitating scientific exploration and education. The university's academic milieu fosters a dynamic interdisciplinary dialogue, enhancing the scholarly significance of theatre researchers' voices.

Sustainability Window (SuWi) analysis is a novel tool for analyzing the different dimensions of sustainability. This research defines the minimum economic development that meets social sustainability requirements and the maximum economic development so as not to exceed environmental limits. In addition, the method provides quantitative measures to define whether the development of real GDP is within the limits of sustainability. Cuba has an exciting profile among developing countries since its development has been related to sustainability in various fields. Unfortunately, the United States blockade against Cuba has severely limited development possibilities in all spheres of life. However, Cuba has developed successful sustainability policies to achieve compliance with the SDGs. SuWi's results are visualized in the Sustainability Donut, illustrating critical areas of development where policy intervention may be needed to achieve sustainability. In the Cuban case, the visualization of the donut's economy is built to analyze both strong and weak sustainability.

This empirical article analyzes the commercial exchange portfolio of the Cuban economy by studying the data on Cuban foreign trade activities. It combines measures from the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Lauraéus-Kaivo-oja Index (LKI) to identify key changes and trends in the export and import patterns of trade relationships at the country level. The article shows the results and key findings of the index-based analyses, as well as the export and import structures of the Cuban economy and trade. Especially this type of analysis provides a good knowledge base for smart specialization strategies of the Cuban economy. The results indicate that export-driven strategies need re-assessment from a resilience perspective. A more diversified export portfolio would be a smarter solution than the current export portfolio concentration rate. In the case of the import strategy, a re-assessment is not needed because Cuba's import portfolio is already highly diversified.

This article focuses on the Cuban economy and its ability to recover its energy sources and associated technology. This study includes three resilience analyses: (1) total energy consumption, (2) indigenous energy sources, and (3) imported energy consumption. These three resilience analyzes are performed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and the Lauraéus-Kaivo-oja Index. The historical time horizon of these resilience analyzes is between 1971 and 2018. Along with these historical analyzes of energy sources, a long-term scenario from the International Energy Agency, IEA, will also be put into practice until the year 2050 to Cuba based on HH and LK indices. The article predicts that while demand for fossil fuels has collapsed during the Covid-19 crisis, renewable energy production should continue to grow. These resilience analyzes of the Cuban energy economy provide useful information on the Cuban energy planning process.

El objetivo de este informe especial es presentar los avances en Latinoamérica sobre la regulación de la venta de productos médicos a través de internet y ofrecer orientación a las Autoridades Reguladoras Nacionales (ARN) en la planificación y ejecución de estrategias para la regulación y fiscalización del comercio electrónico de productos médicos. Se presentan los avances regulatorios y de programas, e iniciativas efectuadas por cuatro países de América Latina para el control de la venta de productos médicos a través de Internet, incluyendo revisiones complementarias de la literatura y de programas para el control del comercio electrónico de agencias de referencia. A partir de esta revisión, se proponen las siguientes líneas estratégicas: fortalecimiento del marco regulatorio y normativo; fortalecimiento de la capacidad fiscalizadora; colaboración con autoridades y otros actores clave nacionales e internacionales; y comunicación y sensibilización con la comunidad y los profesionales de salud. Cada una de estas estrategias deben ir acompañadas con acciones específicas, que pueden servir como orientaciones para las ARN de las Américas, y de países con contextos similares para el fortalecimiento de sus marcos regulatorios y la protección de los pacientes y consumidores.

El artículo busca dar cuenta del aporte que la perspectiva del análisis crítico del discurso (ACD) de Norman Fairclough puede hacer al campo de los estudios organizacionales (EO) en América Latina, destacando su contribución al análisis, desde una perspectiva crítica y dialéctica, de las dimensiones discursivas de los procesos organizacionales. Se presenta para ello un estudio empírico desde la perspectiva del acd que buscó analizar la dimensión discursiva de los procesos de reforma gerencial de la administración pública en Chile. El estudio analizó documentos de quince programas públicos del Estado de Chile. El análisis identificó tres prácticas discursivas —transaccional, mensurabilidad, experticia/transparencia— que dan cuenta del particular orden del discurso —representaciones (discursos), modalidades de coordinación (géneros) e identidades sociales (estilos)—, que está a la base, sostiene y participa de la Nueva Gestión Pública (NGP) del Estado de Chile. Así, se discuten las particularidades e implicancias de dicho orden del discurso y su centralidad en los procesos de reforma gerencial a la administración pública. Se concluye dando cuenta de algunas limitaciones del estudio y subrayando el aporte de la acd como propuesta teórico-metodológica para fortalecer las herramientas conceptuales y el potencial crítico del campo de los EO en América Latina.

This paper focuses on Cuba and its position in global politics by means of geopolitics/geoeconomics.These two concepts are used to describe the current international political dimensions and how differentnations attempt to con-trol their position within global power politics. Geopolitics has always been relatedto the energy economy and ener-gy policy.Cuba has throughout history been heavily connected to the states located in its neighbourhood as well as the international power politics. In this article, we illustrate the impacts of geopolitics and further explain the Cuban dependency on international global politics through Cross-Impact analysis (CIA), especially in terms of its version called Express Cross-Impact Technique (EXIT), developed at Finland Futures Research Institute. Three alternative scenarios are the results of the analysis.

Objective. To synthesize learnings from four national tobacco control investment cases conducted in the Americas (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Suriname) under the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) 2030 project, to describe results and how national health authorities have used the cases, and to discuss implications for the role of investment cases in advancing tobacco control. Methods. We draw on findings from four national investment cases that included 1) a cost-of-illness analysis calculating the health and economic burden of tobacco use, 2) a return-on-investment analysis of implementing key tobacco control demand reduction measures, and 3) a subsidiary analysis of one tobacco control topic of national interest (e.g., equity implications of cigarette taxation). Co-authors reported how cases have been used to advance tobacco control. Results. In Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Suriname, tobacco use causes social and economic losses equivalent to between 1.0 to 1.8 percent of GDP. Across these countries, implementing WHO FCTC demand reduction measures would save an average of 11 400 lives per year over the next 15 years. Benefits of the measures would far outweigh the costs of implementation and enforcement. Governments are using the cases to advance tobacco control, including to improve tobacco control laws and their enforcement, strengthen tobacco taxation, prioritize tobacco control planning, coordinate a multisectoral response, and engage political leaders. Conclusions. National investment cases can help to strengthen tobacco control in countries, including by increasing public and political support for implementation of the WHO FCTC and by informing effective planning, legislation, coordination and financing.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of posterior maxillary teeth extraction buccal infiltration with or without the use of palatal injection. Material and Methods: A total of 70 patients underwent extraction of bilateral maxillary posterior teeth under 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with 1:2,00000 adrenaline infiltration in this single-centric split-mouth randomized trial. The test side was administered with a buccal infiltration of 2 mL of anesthetic alone. An extended waiting period of 10 minutes was given before the commencement of the procedure. A standard protocol was followed for the control side. A single operator performed all extractions. Results: A total of 140 posterior maxillary teeth were extracted. Patients marked pain perception on a visual analogue scale in three different instances. During the administration of injections for the test side, the pain score was less than that of the control side and was statistically significant. The overall pain during the extraction procedure was comparable and statistically insignificant. The overall success of the method was 90%. Conclusion: Extraction of posterior maxillary teeth was feasible with a single buccal infiltration without palatal injection in most cases using an extended waiting period. Dentists can attempt extraction without palatal injections with optimal success. However, the alternate technique could be used when there is a necessity for rescue palatal anesthesia.

Nidhi Chanani in her debut graphic novel, Pashmina synthesizes the diasporic dilemma of dislocation and relocation in a multicultural context through Nimisha’s character. As a first-generation immigrant, Nimisha projects the concept of “cultural transplantation” in a diasporic setting. She represents the Indian-American women and brings out their quandaries, joys, and sorrows during their struggle between relocation and acculturation. Seen through the eyes of Priyanka, Pashmina charts Nimisha’s quest for identity in India and the diaspora. Through the psychological, cultural, and generational conflict of Nimisha and her daughter, Nidhi Chanani presents a mother-daughter duo to us who challenge the traditional concept of diasporic womanhood in various ways. The present paper demarcates the zones of Nidhi Chanani’s female diasporic characters’ confirmation of the prevalent diasporic theories and their breaking from them. It further proceeds to focus on how the traditional concept of diasporic victimhood and forced exile has given way to emancipation and identity formation. Finally, the article examines how the graphic novel presents America as a total antithesis to India: although geographically alien, the country is perceived by immigrant women as a place in which they can survive with dignity and respect.

Esta investigación planteó un análisis del uso y aplicación por parte de los docentes de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (UPEL), en su Instituto Pedagógico Rural “Gervasio Rubio” (IPRGR), de distintas estrategias didácticas apoyadas en Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) durante la pandemia originada por el COVID-19, orientadas al desarrollo de competencias transversales en sus estudiantes, que son importantes para la formación integral del futuro profesional y deseable en el ámbito laboral. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología cuantitativa, no experimental, de campo y de carácter transversal, lo que generó como resultado la enumeración de una serie de necesidades detectadas relacionadas con estrategias didácticas apoyadas en TIC, para el desarrollo de habilidades blandas como la facilidad de comunicación, la planificación de tareas y el trabajo en equipo; además se generaron algunos lineamientos que son necesarios abordar con el fin de atender dichas necesidades.

In this paper, we introduce and study a strict generalization of symmetric rings. We call a ring $R$ \textit{`$P$-symmetric' } if for any $a,\, b,\, c\in R,\, abc=0$ implies $bac\in P(R)$, where $P(R)$ is the prime radical of $R$. It is shown that the class of $P$-symmetric rings lies between the class of central symmetric rings and generalized weakly symmetric rings. Relations are provided between $P$-symmetric rings and some other known classes of rings. From an arbitrary $P$-symmetric ring, we produce many families of $P$-symmetric rings.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and the different phenotypes of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19 and to evaluate the risk conditions that favored a greater severity of the disease during a 12-month period at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia. Methods: A 12-month retrospective observational study of children under the age of 18 years who met criteria for MIS-C. Results: A total of 28 children presented MIS-C criteria. The median age was 7 years. Other than fever (100%) (onset 4 days prior to admission), the most frequent clinical features were gastrointestinal (86%) and mucocutaneous (61%). Notably, 14 (50%) children had Kawasaki-like symptoms. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities were pericardial effusion (64%), valvular involvement (68%), ventricular dysfunction (39%), and coronary artery abnormalities (29%). In addition, 75% had lymphopenia. All had at least one abnormal coagulation test. Most received intravenous immunoglobulin (89%), glucocorticoids (82%), vasopressors (54%), and antibiotics (64%). Notably, 61% had a more severe form of the disease and were admitted to an intensive care unit (median 4 days, mean 6 days); the severity predictors were patients with the inflammatory/MIS-C phenotype (OR 26.5; 95%CI 1.40–503.7; p=0.029) and rash (OR 14.7; 95%CI 1.2–178.7; p=0.034). Two patients had macrophage activation syndrome. Conclusions: Coronary artery abnormalities, ventricular dysfunction, and intensive care unit admission were frequent, which needs to highlight the importance of early clinical suspicion.

Quality of living is a multidimensional concept of an individual or a society. It has been influenced by different factors such as housing conditions, health conditions, education, assets, and other basic amenities. This research deals with assessing the level of household Quality of Living (QoL) of Berhampore Town (city) in Murshidabad district in West Bengal, India. Household Quality of Living is measured based on twenty indicators. These indicators are used as different domains like Human Capital Index, Assets Index, Basic Amenities Index, and Housing Index. Quality of living conditions is determined based on composite scores. The result shows that living conditions differ in different parts of this town. The living condition of the central part is better than other parts of this city.

The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of hydropolitics in South Africa. The country remains one of the driest countries in the world with a below average rainfall of 450 mm per annum. The country’s economic hub in the Gauteng province is largely dependent on water from the neighbouring Kingdom of Lesotho. On a geopolitical level the country also shares various water sources with neighbouring states. This is especially relevant due to the dependence on South Africa, as the regional hegemon, for access to markets and income. However, large areas of South Africa experience extreme water scarcity due to a combination of factors that include climate change related drought, urbanisation and government-related water management failures. In many local government municipalities across the country the lack of government capacity to supply water resources and manage waste water have reached crisis proportions. Many towns and communities across South Africa have been left with unreliable access to sustainable water resources. This is mainly due to a combination of corruption, poor management and the lack of institutional capacity at local government level. The institutional incapacity of government is a result of the governing party African National Congress’ ideological approach to government, combined with political factionalism, which has stripped the civil service of expertise and led to the exodus of skilled individuals from both government and the country. The government’s implementation of the communist ? based Leninist democratic centralism, commonly known as a cadre deployment strategy, has resulted in large scale state capture and corruption that has had a devastating impact on the delivery of basic services such as water. Hydropolitical civil unrest has increased to an extent that, in instances such as the Majakeng and Maluti-a-Phofung municipalities, unrest became extremely violent and disrupted businesses and well as state education and health facilities. This article is an ontological investigation into the hydropolitical impact of, and ideological reasons for, state incapacity to manage water resources and deliver safe and sustainable supply of water to the population. While reference will be made to the general situation in the country, the Majakeng and Maluti-a-Phofung municipalities will be used as a case studies for the impact of water insecurity on political stability. On the other hand, the City of Cape Town’s ability to manage water scarcity and avert a drought related “day zero” scenario is used as an example of what can be achieved through sound management. The article will combine ideological considerations with theoretical explanations of ideology and state failure within a hydropolitical context in order to explain the current water crisis at local government level in South Africa and the threat that this poses to the political order in the country. Being a regional hegemon, any political disruptions in South Africa also threaten the geopolitical stability of the entire Southern African region. There remains a great deal of scope for future geopolitical co-operation around water within the Southern African Development Community that can secure a sustainable sources of future water supplies for South Africa and generate further income for the country’s neighbours. The article evaluates the current water situation in the country, explains the water related geopolitical considerations that the country has to take into account, investigates the ideological basis for government policy and institutional strategy and the impact that this has on the capacity of the state to deliver sustainable and reliable water access to local communities, and then evaluates some case studies that include both failures and a success story. This assessment includes various sources of literature that supply a theoretical conceptual basis for terms such as hydropolitics and ideology. These academic concepts provide the basis for the practical considerations that are an integral part of the ideologically ? based hydropolitical ontological assessment. The article concludes with some broad recommendations on how the country could mitigate some of the hydropolitical challenges that it faces.

O artigo examina e contrasta duas posições teóricas na linguística: a segregacional e a integracional. Faz uma critica ao que chama de linguística ortodoxa, examinando a posição estruturalista e a gerativa. Em sua visão, a linguística ortodoxa trata as línguas como sistemas autônomos, a partir da própria invenção da "língua", e faz a sua análise a partir de suas relações internas. Em contraste, apresenta a linguística integracionista, que se concentra nas relações externas entre as línguas, os indivíduos e as comunidades que as utilizam e reorienta, assim, a atenção sobre a construção das experiências linguísticas pelos seres humanos.

La dislexia es un trastorno que afecta a diferentes habilidades cognitivas básicas, entre ellas la escritura. El presente ensayo corresponde a una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo con el objetivo de analizar las alteraciones en las habilidades de la escritura causadas por la dislexia. Fueron empleados los métodos de revisión bibliográfica, análisis de contenido y hermenéutico. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, la dislexia se presenta en edades tempranas y de no ser atendida oportunamente se prolonga durante toda la vida del sujeto. Este trastorno está asociado con el desempeño motriz del individuo. Se caracteriza por la distorsión del lenguaje escrito presentando errores ortográficos, mala caligrafía, dificultad en el reconocimiento y ordenamiento de letras y palabras, alteración de oraciones y transcripción de textos escritos cortos o extensos. En Ecuador es frecuente observar en las escolares dificultades en la escritura, provocadas por la dislexia, que impiden el correcto desempeño académico y retrasan el aprendizaje en estos.

This study puts forward the results of a comprehensive literature review that allows of the exploration of the big data phenomenon as in technical terms as well in socio-political and philosophical ones, through the reading of authors such as Rob Kitchin (2014), Dawn E. Holmes (2017), and so forth. It is here offered a new critical approach to Big Data as long as the analysis have permitted us to evaluate not only the components of this new data science, but also the onto-epistemological consequences derived from the development and implementation of Big Data as in the scientific field as well in the quotidian. Also, this paper permits us to understand the linkage between Big Data and set theory in the construction of an onto-epistemology related to a political conservatism so that we are able to have the complete panorama in order to elaborate, in the near future, strategies to sublate such a phenomenon.

Avaliar serviços é uma tática para manter e aprimorar a qualidade entregue, pois realimentará o processo decisório das organizações para que novas ações sejam implantadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um formulário, além de realizar uma simulação utilizando a técnica da Teoria de Resposta ao Item. Para avaliar a qualidade do serviço na hotelaria, o método de coleta utilizado foi a observação direta disfarçada e não agendada, onde 191 hotéis foram avaliados por 8 pesquisadores treinados (cliente misterioso), utilizando um instrumento estruturado. A análise dos dados foi quantitativa e realizada por meio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Os resultados mostram que o instrumento de avaliação de qualidade em serviços desenvolvido com excelente consistência interna e a convergência do algoritmo na aplicação da TRI sendo possível a calibração dos itens e, por consequência, seu uso. Esta investigação estrutura uma nova perspectiva para a Avaliação da Qualidade em Serviços, adequada para uma análise objetiva e mensurável da qualidade. O uso desta abordagem determina nova dimensão teórica e nova componente prática para a Avaliação da Qualidade de Serviço, fato que contribui para o gestor tomar suas decisões com maior segurança e melhorar os processos na prática.

This paper aims to introduce the notions of a generalized weakly symmetric Kenmotsu manifolds and a generalized weakly Ricci-symmetric Kenmotsu manifolds. The existence of a generalized weakly symmetric Kenmotsu manifold is ensured by a non-trivial example.

Studies on the origins of the Argentine labor movement argue that the late nineteenth century working class faced exclusion and high levels of repression. The growing influence of Anarchist and Socialist agitators within the nascent unions, it is said, was a response to reactionary governing elites and harsh, abusive forms of capitalism. Based on the study of the most significant labor conflicts, protests and public rallies of the 1880-1900 period, this essay suggest that this approach requires revision. It shows that Argentina’s liberal political framework played an important role in channeling the workers’ collective action. Furthermore, it suggests that both government and opposition, as well as the press, regarded strikes and mobilization as legitimate means to further labor’s interests. In sum, workers’ demands were negotiated through, not against, the institutional forms of Argentina’s liberal, capitalist republic. Integration into the political order, rather than resistance, was the most significant aspect of worker’s politics.

From the perspective of dialectics and its notion of Wissenschaft (science) implemented into Latin American Marxist Studies of Culture and Media, this article aims at analyzing unnatural narratives developed by authors such as Jan Alber, Henrik Skov Nielsen, etc., in relation to the emphasis on the emotional linked to bio-politics and post-postmodernism. It studies some elements as the violation of the excluded middle from the formal logics into unnatural narratives, as a means to eliminate the notion of mimesis, and at the same time through the non-referentiality and the abstracted, to accentuate the irrational (the emotional). Besides, these narratives are understood as a means of social control and of collaboration in the improvement of the extraction of surplus value, in the context of the current systemic crisis of capitalism. Also, it is assumed a critical position in regard to these narratives, since, in political terms, it is not possible to accept this economic strategy, disguised as a narratological paradigm, with nuances of social control, in the context of the Third-World countries.

A transformação histórica da habitação demonstra que as pessoas se adequam às mais diversas condições de vida e que reagem a essas condições com criatividade, viabilizando novos e novos modos de morar. Aparentemente, essa transformação não se beneficia de uma antiga discussão acadêmica que mede em centímetros os níveis de desempenho da habitação e que toma das pessoas o protagonismo na resolução dos problemas que elas vivenciam todos os dias. A habitação deve ser concebida de maneira participativa, para impulsionar as transformações desejáveis dos indivíduos e da sociedade. Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que propõe o design centrado no humano – DCH para ampliar o protagonismo das pessoas, estimular a empatia dos profissionais de projeto e renovar as compreensões sobre a habitabilidade, a usabilidade do mobiliário doméstico e a satisfação residencial na habitação compacta, sobretudo entre os usuários de menor renda. O objetivo é compartilhar o processo de criação do toolkit de DCH destinado ao levantamento de dados sobre o habitar compacto e de menor renda junto às usuárias, como informantes de pesquisa. As ferramentas desse toolkit incluem um questionário online e um baralho de imersão in loco, cujo aspecto lúdico atribui o protagonismo às usuárias, bem como estimula um diálogo profundo e descontraído com elas. Os resultados que foram obtidos com esse toolkit contribuem para a atualização e a complementação dos conceitos e dos atributos que definem a habitabilidade e que proporcionam a satisfação habitacional. Proporcionam aos pesquisadores e aos profissionais de projeto um rol de informações que fomentam a inovação nas suas atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Também fomentam a inovação nos setores da construção civil, da produção industrial, da prestação de serviços e do serviço público, de modo a beneficiar a qualidade de vida de todos os usuários da habitação compacta, sobretudo os usuários de menor renda.

Dynamic capabilities (DCs) are the processes that organizations develop to remain competitive over time. However, in spite of the importance of temporality in the development of DCs, the roles of time, history, and memory remain largely implicit. In fact, most studies focus on the past as a source of cons­traints and limits for managerial action. Alternatively, we advocate for a social constructionist view of the past. Our core argument is that the capacity to manage the past is a critical competence of modern organizations. We argue that organizations can manage their collective memory as resources that aid the objective reproduction and exploitation of existing routines, the interpretive reconstruction and recombination of past capabilities for adaptation to environmental change, and the imaginative exten­sion and exploration of collective memory for anticipated scenarios and outcomes. This renewed view of time, history, and memory is better suited for a dynamic theory of competitive advantage.

Este artículo es una crítica de algunos principios teóricos y epistemológicos de los estudios marxistas de la cultura y los medios (EMCM). En este sentido, dos aspectos son estudiados. Primero, es analizada la concepción de dialéctica que opera en los EMCM y su relación con la teoría de la complejidad (y sus derivaciones) y los Manuscritos de 1861-1863 de Karl Marx. Segundo, ligado al primer punto, es analizada también la noción de teoría del valor empleada por los EMCM, con el fin de señalar los profundos errores de tal interpretación. Además, se definen los lineamientos para la superación de los EMCM, para fundar una versión latinoamericana de este tipo de estudios: los estudios latinoamericanos marxistas de la cultura y los medios.

Este artículo analiza la noción de modelo y su relación con algunas teorías en boga: la teoría de la complejidad y la teoría de conjuntos. A través de este análisis, se establecen algunos problemas onto-epistemológicos ligados al concepto de modelo, como: su ambigua relación con la lógica formal, su carácter nihilista, su incapacidad de medir el objeto, su artificialidad, etc.; a pesar de su aplicación en diferentes disciplinas científicas, como: psicología, neurociencia, física, lingüística y otras. Finalmente, se señala la invalidez del concepto de modelo como herramienta metodológica.

This paper addresses the institutional practices of communal governance in the village of Capulálpam de Méndez, located in the State of Oaxaca in Mexico. Based upon a communal system inherited from the agrarian reform implemented by the Mexican Revolution and upon ancestral practices, this village was vitalized by several community-based modes of governance and various collective economic initiatives. The way the system of collective responsibilities (the "cargo" system) in the village operates and the way development has been articulated has enabled Capulálpam to resist the neoliberal reforms implemented or promoted by the Mexican government since the 1980s.- This paper shows how a normative and cognitive framework and mechanisms of social reproduction have favoured use value and quality of life by subjecting development to social priorities and citizen interests. In this context, the territory, both in its physical or symbolic dimension, promotes social cohesion and allows the predominance of the ordinary.

Temperature drives the major physico-chemical and biological actions in inland water bodies. The higher the water temperature, the greater the biogeochemical activity influenced by the environmental intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. Temperature also controls the dynamics of sustainability of various aquatic organisms that live in lakes and reservoirs, though higher life forms, such as fish, insects, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and other aquatic species all have a recommended temperature variety. The increase in water temperature due to the increase in atmospheric air temperature results in lake water column stratification and the dissolved oxygen level variation in aquatic systems are greatly affected. The vertical distributions of dissolved oxygen in the water column are highly dependent due to change in vertical temperature gradient. In the present paper, an effort has been made to investigate the impact of temperature stratification on dissolved oxygen variability in the Rudrasagar, a natural lake in western Tripura. The changes in dissolved oxygen distribution in this natural lake will give us an idea of regional lake health condition and will also establish the need of further large scale research concerning the development of a biophysical-coupled model.

A minimum value in the Dissolved Oxygen distribution of two shallow lakes namely, Rabindra Sarobar in south Kolkata and Subhas Sarobar in East Kolkata in the Gangetic Delta plain, has been observed to develop in the Hypolimnion during the stratified period. This minimum is usually explained by the accumulation of organic matter from the overlying layer of water. The introduction of organic matter from allochthonous and autochthonous sources is also a likely contributor to the accelerated oxygen depletion within Hypolimnion. The thermal stratification, in general, which occurs in these tropical lakes, is of direct relevance in maintaining the water quality standards, particularly for higher aquatic life. The present article attempts to investigate the possible depletion of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion as a result of the impact of thermal stratification. These investigations will be the basic guidelines for the fishermen and their livelihoods potentially depend upon the different varieties of fishing on daily basis. The massive summer fish kills in these lakes is a major devastating happenings that is reported by the fishermen and also it is well evident from our experimental observations. The comparison of the biodiversity of these two lakes is attempted in the present investigation.

Abstract The present study was conducted to elucidate the neuronal pathways between peripheral olfactory and taste sensilla and the synganglion in an Ixodidae tick species. The tarsus of the front legs (olfactory nerves) and the fourth palpal segment (gustatory nerves) of unfed Amblyomma americanum males and females were excised. A neuronal tracer, dextran tetramethylrhodamine, was used for filling of the sensory neurons. The synganglion preparations were examined using a confocal microscope. Neuronal arborizations from the Haller’s organ were confined to the olfactory lobes and the first pedal ganglion. The estimated number of olfactory glomeruli ranged from 16 to 22 per olfactory lobe in the females. The number of glomeruli was not counted in males because they were densely packed. Sensory neurons associated with sensilla at the distal end of the palpal organ projected into the palpal ganglion in the synganglion through the palpal nerve. Gustatory sensory neurons associated with palpal sensilla projected into a commissure with several bulges, which are confined in the palpal ganglion. The findings of distinct projection patterns of sensory neurons associated with the Haller’s organ and palpal organ in the lone star tick from this study advanced our knowledge on mechanisms of sensory information processing in ticks.

Henri Lefèbvre analiza aquí la etiqueta de materialismo dialéctico, en relación con los imperativos derivados del pensamiento de Marx. Es decir, Lefèbvre cuestiona la noción de materialismo dialéctico como un resabio de la vieja discusión entre materialismo e idealismo, con el fin de superar tal división a través de la noción de praxis. Lefèbvre define, entonces, el marxismo y el pensamiento dialéctico como la superación (Aufhebung) de la filosofía, en cuanto proceso de realización de ella misma, el cual se fundamenta en la negatividad de la relación entre sujeto y objeto.

Resumo Objetivos: Investigar os efeitos aditivos do agente antirreabsorção ácido zoledrônico (ZOL), isolado e em combinação ao propranolol (PRO), em um modelo de rato com osteoporose por desuso. Métodos: Usou-se um modelo de pata traseira direita de rato privada de descarga de peso para estudar as consequências da falta de descarga de peso sobre o esqueleto durante várias condições, como missões espaciais e repouso prolongado no leito em idosos. Ratos Wistar machos de três meses de idade foram submetidos à imobilização da pata traseira direita (IPTD) por 10 semanas para induzir à osteopenia; em seguida, foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: 1 – IPTD para controle positivo; 2 – IPTD mais ZOL (50 μg/kg, dose única intravenosa); 3 – IPTD mais PRO (0,1 mg/kg, via subcutânea, cinco dias na semana); 4 – IPTD mais PRO (0,1 mg/kg, via subcutânea, cinco dias na semana) mais ZOL (50 μg/kg, dose única intravenosa) por outras 10 semanas. Um grupo de ratos não imobilizados foi usado como controle negativo. No fim do tratamento, os fêmures foram removidos e testaram-se a porosidade do osso e suas propriedades mecânicas, além do peso seco e das cinzas do osso. Resultados: No que diz respeito à melhoria da resistência mecânica da diáfise femoral média, a terapia combinada com ZOL mais PRO foi mais eficaz do que a monoterapia com ZOL ou PRO. Além disso, a terapia combinada com ZOL mais PRO foi mais eficaz na melhoria do peso seco do osso e preservou melhor a porosidade do osso cortical do que a monoterapia com ZOL ou PRO em ratos submetidos à imobilização da pata traseira direita. Conclusões: Esses dados sugerem que a terapia combinada com ZOL mais PRO deve ser recomendada para o tratamento da osteoporose por desuso.

Esta investigación centra la expresión del “plagio académico” concebida como un factor que afecta a los derechos de los autores e impacta de forma negativa a nivel académico y profesional. Es una investigación de corte cualitativo, donde se analizan y describen a detalle las desventajas de este concepto a través de la técnica de revisión bibliográfica. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que, el plagio es un obstáculo en el proceso formativo de los estudiantes que limita la capacidad crítica, con causantes principales como el déficit de conocimiento en redacción académica, falta de ética, carencia de sistemas anti-plagio en las instituciones. El plagio es una práctica deshonesta que limita la capacidad de pensamiento crítico, creatividad y ética, tanto en el ámbito académico como en el profesional. El auge de la tecnología ha sido un aliciente para acrecentar las estadísticas de plagio, sin embargo, esto no es un contratiempo reciente, puesto que desde la antigüedad se ha llevado a cabo este tipo de práctica desleal y antiética. Palabras clave: plagio académico, proceso formativo, ética, transgresión de derechos, ejercicio profesional. ABSTRACT This research focuses on the expression of "academic plagiarism" conceived as a factor affecting authors' rights and negatively impacts academically and professionally. It is a qualitative investigation, where the disadvantages of this concept are analyzed and described in detail through the technique of bibliographic review. The results showed that plagiarism is an obstacle in the student process that limits critical ability, with major causes such as the knowledge deficit in academic writing, lack of ethics, and lack of anti-plagiarism systems in institutions. Plagiarism is a dishonest practice that limits critical thinking creativity and ethics, both academically and professionally. The rise of technology has been an incentive to increase plagiarism statistics, however, this is not a recent setback, because this kind of unfair and unethical practice has been carried out since ancient times. Keywords: academic plagiarism, formative process, ethics, transgression of rights, professional exercise.

Due to deforestation, there is a growing trend in India, that the Government has started planting eucalyptus and other varieties of trees under the afforestaion programme for their commercial value. This has caused the disappearance of traditional forest trees and has triggered the change of the total eco-system of the forest in the eastern part of India. As leaf plates and bowls are made from the leaves of sal trees, the use of these plates and bowls can draw the attention of the Government towards the importance and economic value of the sal trees. This can definitely encourage the Government and the forest officials to plant more sal trees than eucalyptus trees, if the former are now regarded as “commercial plants”. Such practice can directly help indigenous people to sustain their livelihood, preserve the traditional craft and prevent the deforestation in this region as well.

Objetivos: O desuso pelo repouso no leito, pela imobilização de membros ou por missões espaciais provoca a perda óssea rápida. Fez-se este estudo para investigar os efeitos terapêuticos do ácido zoledrônico (ZOL), isoladamente e em combinação ao alfacalcidol (ALF), em um modelo de rato com osteoporose por desuso. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos de três meses foram submetidos à imobilização da pata traseira direita (IPTD) por 10 semanas para induzir a osteopenia; em seguida, foram divididos em quatro grupos: 1 – IPTD para controle positivo; 2 – IPTD mais ZOL (50 µg/kg, dose única intravenosa); 3 – IPTD mais ALF (0,5 µg/kg, via oral diariamente); 4 – IPTD mais ALF (0,5 µg/kg, via oral diariamente) mais ZOL (50 µg/kg, dose única intravenosa) por outras 10 semanas. Um grupo de ratos não imobilizados foi usado como controle negativo. No fim do tratamento, os fêmures foram removidos e testaram-se a porosidade do osso e suas propriedades mecânicas, além do peso seco e das cinzas do osso. Resultados: A terapia combinada com ZOL mais ALF foi mais eficaz em reduzir a porosidade do osso do que a monoterapia com um dos fármacos administrado isoladamente em ratos submetidos à IPTD. No que diz respeito à melhoria da resistência mecânica da diáfise femoral média, o tratamento combinado com ZOL mais ALF foi mais eficaz do que a monoterapia com um dos fármacos administrado isoladamente. Além disso, a terapia combinada com ZOL mais ALF foi mais eficaz na melhoria do peso seco e das cinzas do osso do que a monoterapia com ZOL ou ALF em ratos submetidos à IPTD. Conclusões: Esses dados sugerem que a terapia combinada com ZOL mais ALF representa uma opção terapêutica potencialmente útil para o tratamento da osteoporose por desuso.

This article analyzes the credit constraints, using the cash flow sensitivity approach, of private and listed companies between 2007 and 2010. According to this approach, the econometric results show that the credit constraints are the same for either private or listed companies. This paper seeks to contribute to the literature because the study of credit constraints of private companies based on cash flow sensitivity in Brazil has been rare.

Objetivos: Este estudo foi desenvolvido para investigar a eficácia e a segurança do ácidozoledrônico (ZOL) e do propranolol (PRO) como monoterapia e terapia combinada em ummodelo de rato com osteoporose pós-menopáusica. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram ovariectomizadas (OVX) ou submetidas à cirurgia simulada (placebo) aos três meses de idade. Doze semanas depois da cirurgia, as ratas foram divididas em seis grupos: (1) placebo + veículo; (2) OVX + veículo; (3) OVX + ZOL (100 µg/kg, dose única intravenosa); (4) OVX + ZOL (50 µg/kg, dose única intravenosa); (5) OVX + PRO (0,1 mg/kg, via subcutânea, cinco dias por semana); (6) OVX + ZOL (50 µg/kg, dose única intravenosa) + PRO (0,1 mg/kg, via subcutânea, cinco dias por semana) durante 12 semanas. Depois do tratamento, testou-se a densidade óssea, a porosidade e a microarquitetura tra-becular dos fêmures. Também foram avaliados marcadores bioquímicos séricos e urinários. Resultados: A terapia combinada com ZOL mais PRO foi mais eficaz em corrigir a diminuição do cálcio sérico e o aumento do nível sérico de fosfatase alcalina e fosfatase ácida resistenteao tartarato do que a monoterapia com ZOL ou PRO. Além disso, a terapia combinada comZOL mais PRO foi mais eficaz em corrigir o aumento dos níveis urinários de cálcio, fósforo ecreatinina do que a monoterapia com ZOL ou PRO. A terapia combinada com ZOL mais PRO também preservou a microarquitetura trabecular e a porosidade do osso cortical. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a terapia combinada com ZOL mais PRO pode ser aabordagem mais eficaz para o tratamento da osteoporose grave em humanos.

This paper proposes a model for characterize-ing and analyzing workspaces in contemporary Latin American organizations that seeks to portray the heterogeneous forms in which the activity of work unfolds in a single social and productive space. This model may be relevant for different types of social studies of work insofar as it sheds light on the structural characteristics that account for different social and subjective processes. It proposes the notion of work scenarios, understood as typical labor configurations where certain ways of organizing work and employment and human management practices converge which reflect the basic contribution that is expected of workers by the organization, and the type of relation the organization offers in return. In addition to proposing analytical criteria and methodological approach strategies, the paper describes a qualitative research experience that tested the notion of work scenarios as a result of which six scenarios were identified that provided cross-section of important sectors of the Chilean economy.

Standard Amazonian rainfall climatologies rely on stations preferentially located near river margins. River breeze circulations that tend to suppress afternoon rainfall near the river and enhance it inland are not typically considered when reporting results. Previous studies found surprising nocturnal rainfall maxima near the rivers in some locations. We examine spatial and temporal rainfall variability in the Santarém region of the Tapajós-Amazon confluence, seeking to describe the importance of breeze effects on afternoon precipitation and defining the areal extent of nocturnal rainfall maxima.We used three years of mean S band radar reflectivity from Santarém airport with a Z-R relationship appropriate for tropical convective conditions. These data were complemented by TRMM satellite rainfall estimates. Nocturnal rainfall was enhanced along the Amazon River, consistent with the hypothesis that these are associated with the passage of instability lines, perhaps enhanced by local channeling and by land breeze convergence. In the daytime, two rainfall bands appear in mean results, along the east bank of the Tapajós River and to the south of the Amazon River, respectively.

The literature on Initial Public Offerings (IPO) is still little explored in Brazil, since the significant growth in the stock market occurred only recently. The purpose of this study is to identify the determining factors for the IPO of Brazilian companies, based on logistic regression methods and using a sample with private and public Brazilian companies. The results indicate that firms that undertook their IPO in the period were those that had been making significant investments, those that had the highest level of profitability and/or those that increased their level of indebtedness. The IPO was an alternative to improve the capital structure and/or raise funds to continue investing in their growth. The companies that went public were those that seized the opportunity offered in the period and the size of the companies was not significant for the IPO.

A number of recent studies point to the bene ts of critical incidents and re ective writing in the language instruction process. Within this context, this study purports to unveil the role that critical incidents and re ective writing play in the con guration of future EFL teachers’ professional identities. To this end, 30 senior college students enrolled in an English Teaching Major wrote and re ected on critical incidents that have shaped their language learning and teaching of English experiences. Once data had been gathered, the researchers followed Freeman’s (1998) four-stage process for data analysis and interpretation. Findings were later on theorized in light of the research goal and the theory discussed in the theoretical framework. Conclusions are that (1) spaces for re ection should be opened so that positive practices are kept and the negative can be dismantled, (2) re ective writing through critical incidents is an effective way to realize professional and other social identities, and (3) re ective writing through critical incidents is a bridge through which dialogue can be initiated amongst all educational actors. The study vindicates the use of narrative inquiry as a way to explore learner’s affective domain and to understand educational phenomena as embedded within a speci c socio-cultural context. Estudios recientes resaltan la relación entre los incidentes críticos, la escritura re exiva y el aprendizaje de lenguas. Dentro de este contexto, este estudio busca desvelar el papel de los incidentes críticos y la escritura re exiva en la con guración de la identidad profesional de futuros docentes de inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL). Para tal cometido, 30 estudiantes universitarios de cuarto año de una carrera de enseñanza del inglés escribieron y re exionaron sobre incidentes críticos que han forjado sus experiencias de aprendizaje y enseñanza del inglés. Recolectados los datos, los investigadores siguieron el proceso de cuatro etapas para el análisis e interpretación de resultados propuesto por Freeman (1998). Posteriormente, teorizaron sobre los hallazgos a la luz del objetivo de investigación, así como de lo discutido en el marco teórico. Se concluye que (1) se deben abrir espacios de re exión que ayuden a preservar las prácticas docentes positivas y a desechar las negativas; (2) la escritura re exiva mediante incidentes críticos constituye un método e caz para comprender identidades profesionales, así como otras de tipo social; y (3) la escritura re exiva mediante incidentes críticos sirve como medio de diálogo entre los distintos actores del proceso educativo. El estudio vindica el uso de la investigación narrativa biográ ca como método para indagar en el dominio afectivo de los estudiantes, a la vez que llama a comprender todo fenómeno educativo dentro de un marco sociocultural determinado.