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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) combined with Lithothamnium to the diet of feedlot steers through weight gain, dry matter (DM) intake, apparent DM digestibility, and carcass ultrasonography: T1 - diet with yeast culture (7g animal day-1); T2 - diet with Lithothamnium (60g animal day-1); T3 - diet with yeast culture (7g animal day1) plus Lithothamnium (60g animal day-1). Thirty-six ½ Angus Nellore steers, intact males, with an average initial weight of 350 kg and an average age of 11 months, were assigned to a completely randomized design composed of three treatments with six replications; each replication was represented by a pen with two animals. The animals were fed ad libitum twice daily, at 6:00 and 17:00 h. The diets consisted of 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate, on a DM basis. The feedlot period was 78 days, with 10 days of adaptation and 68 experimental days divided into two periods of 34 days each. The addition of yeast culture combined or not with Lithothamnium to the diet resulted in greater average daily gain (1.557 and 1.609 versus 1.440 kg day-1), better feed conversion ratio (6.72 and 6.91 versus 7.57 kg DM kg body weight gain-1), and increased the subcutaneous fat thickness (6.69 and 6.71 versus 5.72 mm). This is because of the higher apparent DM digestibility of the diet (71.11 and 69.32 versus 67.51%) compared to the isolated use of Lithothamnium. The addition of yeast culture, combined or not with Lithothamnium in the diet of feedlot steers, is recommended to improve animal performance and increase fat deposition in the carcass.

ABSTRACT An eco-friendly method of extraction for chitin and chitosan extracted from crawfish was our goal. Chitin is always present with proteins, minerals, and other components. This study used an eco-accommodating, novel technique for chitin and chitosan extraction. Lactobacillus lactis was used for the deproteinization and demineralization of chitin in a single stage by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BB: biological-biological extraction) to convert chitin into chitosan. BB is a more environmentally friendly method of producing chitosan than deacetylation with NaOH (BC: biological-chemical extraction). Chitosan was characterized by FTIR. A high degree of deacetylation (%) was observed. The UV spectrum for chitosan was similar at 0.788, 0.415, and 1.150 for CC, BC, and BB, respectively. The results show that chitosan (BB) has potential applications in the biomedical fields such as antioxidant activity, anticancer activity against human liver cancer (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCT) cell lines. The results in terms of water treatment and removal of dyes using chitosan (BB) are valuable in terms of its application in industrial wastewater treatment and demonstrate that it can be used as a biosorbent.

With a growing demand for energy, Brazil seeks to diversify its sources of raw materials. In this context, corn becomes an important source of energy production, since it is mainly used in the production of fuel ethanol. With this, it is worth considering a possible influence of the type of hybrid used, due to the difference in grain productivity during the cultivation period, which may directly impact industrial/fermentative efficiency. Therefore, the present study evaluated the reflexes of the processing of three corn hybrids in the production of ethanol. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications for each treatment. The hybrids used were: Dekalb 636, Pioneer 3754 and Syngenta 8454. The grains were crushed and immersed in acidified water (pH≈5.5) in the proportion of 250 g.L-1, addition of α-amylase enzyme (LpHera® Novozymes), subjected to heating for 1 h (100°C). The pastes were cooled to room temperature (25±3°C), filtered through a 20-mashe sieve, adjusting the Brix to 16% and the pH to 4.5, resulting in the must. The musts were inoculated with the industrial yeast TR (Thermo-Resistant), with the addition of the glucoamylase enzyme (LpHera® Novozymes). Fermentations were maintained in B.O.D. at 33°C, and the physiological development of the yeast was evaluated. At the end of the fermentation process (Brix≤1%), the samples were centrifuged, obtaining wine samples. For the pastes and musts obtained, the parameters of Brix, Total Reducing Sugars (TRS), pH, Total Acidity, Total Phenolic Compounds and Starch were evaluated. For the wines, the Brix content, Total Residual Reducing Sugars (TRRS), pH, Total Acidity, Starch, Glycerol and Alcoholic Content were evaluated. Through the obtained results, it was observed that for the hybrids Dekalb and Syngenta, the Brix content of the samples did not obtain significant difference. Among the treatments, it is worth highlighting the TRS index of the Syngenta hybrid, which values of around 14.6% were verified, twice as much organic acids and higher starch content in the paste. For the fermentation process, no significant differences were verified, considering the three corn hybrids. As for the results of alcohol content and glycerol, there was no significant difference between the hybrids. Thus, it is concluded that the fermentative process and ethanol production are not influenced by grains of processed maize hybrids. However, highlighting the hydrolysis process, significant differences were verified, regarding the availability of fermentable sugars and starch, indicating a significant effect of the corn hybrid used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The biological products use as a disease control alternative has been studied to reduce the impacts to the environment, men and animals, showing satisfactory results in postharvest. This study aimed to evaluate the biological agents effect in the control of Colletotrichum spp. and on postharvest quality of yellow passion fruit. The treatments were Trichoderma asperellum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae species at concentrations of of 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 (g. L-1); Mancozeb fungicide (Dithane® 2 g i.a. L-1 water) and control (sterile distilled water). The fruits were immersed for 2 min in each treatment and then were drought. Five replications of three fruits were used to anthracnose severity analysis and yellow passion fruit physical-chemical quality in. The fruit inoculation was made with the deposition of Colletotrichum spp. on the surface of the fruit previously treated using holes which were made with the aid of a flamed perforator. In the research was evaluated: pH, total soluble solids and titratable acidity. Biological treatments reduced the anthracnose severity in yellow passion fruit. Fruit Post-harvest quality was not influenced by the biological control application. It is a viable alternative to postharvest management of anthracnose on yellow passion fruit under the studied conditions.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto del ácido clorogénico, uno de los compuestos polifenólicos con mayor concentración en la infusión de Ilex paraguariensis, sobre el daño celular y molecular inducido por el benzo[a]pireno. La infusión de Ilex paraguariensis (“mate”) es bebida por la mayoría de los habitantes de Argentina, Paraguay, sur de Brasil y Uruguay. La levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cepas SC7K lys2-3; SX46A y SX46A rad14Δ) se utilizó como modelo eucariota. Las células en crecimiento exponencial se expusieron a concentraciones crecientes de benzo[a]pireno y a tratamientos combinados con una concentración de 250 ng/mL de benzo[a]pireno y ácido clorogénico a una concentración igual a la encontrada en la infusión de yerba mate. Luego de los tratamientos se determinaron fracciones de sobrevida, frecuencia mutagénica y roturas de doble cadena de ADN así como la modulación en la expresión de la proteína Rad14 a través de un análisis de Western Blot. Se observó un aumento significativo en las fracciones de sobrevida así como una disminución en la frecuencia mutagénica después de la exposición combinada con benzo[a]pireno y ácido clorogénico en comparación con los tratamientos con benzo[a]pireno como único agente. En la cepa mutante deficiente en la proteína Rad14 se observó un aumento significativo en la sensibilidad a benzo[a]pireno en comparación con la cepa SC7K lys2-3. En los tratamientos combinados de benzo[a]pireno y ácido clorogénico se observó una importante disminución de la letalidad. Con respecto a la determinación de roturas de doble cadena de ADN no se observó fraccionamiento cromosómico a la concentración de benzo[a]pireno utilizada en los experimentos. Los análisis de Western Blot mostraron un aumento en la expresión de la proteína Rad14 en las muestras tratadas con benzo[a]pireno como único agente en comparación con la muestra control. Adicionalmente se observó una disminución en la expresión de la proteína cuando en los tratamientos se utilizaron benzo[a]pireno y ácido clorogénico combinados. Los resultados indican que el ácido clorogénico disminuye significativamente la actividad mutagénica producida por el benzo[a]pireno, la cual no se encuentra relacionada con un incremento en la remoción de las lesiones inducidas por el sistema de reparación por escisión de nucleótidos.

This study monitored concentrations of both pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and procymidone, and mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in stages of the winemaking process. Sampling was carried out in the usual vinification process of red wine in a winery between the steps to obtain must and alcoholic fermentation. The highest transference of contaminants in the process occurred in the crushing step to 2,4-D (100%) and maceration to OTA and procymidone (100%). Removal of contaminants in the winemaking process corresponded to 100%, with a half-life (T1/2) longer for procymidone (216.5 h) and shorter for 2,4-D (38.5 h) and OTA (96 h). The processing factors (PFs) (0) for the contaminants, together with the data obtained, characterize winemaking as a process of reducing mycotoxin and pesticides. Results highlight the importance of fermentation to reduce contaminants and that yeasts promote detoxification

La fruta de la morera es no solo conocida por su exquisito sabor, sino también por sus cualidades nutricionales y elevado contenido de compuestos bioactivos. La elaboración de vino de mora es uno de sus múltiples usos. Con el objetivo de controlar el proceso de fermentación espontánea empleado en la elaboración de vinos artesanales, se procedió al aislamiento de levaduras silvestre en el jugo de mora. Se identificó por biología molecular Saccharomyces cerevisiae como especie predominante. El aislado M01-IX se caracterizó por su tolerancia al etanol y por cinética de consumo de carbohidratos. Los resultados muestran que M01-IX es capaz de consumir el 99% del azúcar presente en las condiciones ensayadas y podría ser empleado para producir bebidas fermentadas con un contenido de al menos 5% de alcohol.

ABSTRACT: Although yeast supplementation has shown an immunostimulant effect in feedlot cattle, the question remains whether it influences the occurrence of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) in feedlot cattle. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with autolyzed yeast affects the efficiency of blood phagocytes, reducing inflammation and the occurrence of BRD in feedlot cattle. A randomized experimental trial was conducted with whole steers with half Angus blood for 106 days: control (n=10): diet without yeast; Y4 (n=12): yeast diet (4g per animal per day); and Y7 (n=7): yeast diet (7g per animal per day). On Days 0, 14, 42, 70, and 105, blood count, leukocyte oxidative metabolism, serum haptoglobin, frequency of nasal secretion and orbital temperature were evaluated. On slaughter day, a lung evaluation was performed. On Days 42 and 70 of feedlot finishing, the treated animals showed increased leukocyte oxidative metabolism (D42 P=0.04; D70 P=0.02) compared to the control group. These animals had a lower frequency of mucopurulent nasal secretion, lower orbital temperature and reduced pneumonia occurrence than the treated groups (P=0.05) with less lung lesion severity (P=0.01), allowing us to infer that the autolyzed yeast improves blood phagocytic function and decreases the inflammation and BRD of feedlot steers, especially at a dose of 4g.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc wines produced in the Campanha Gaúcha region. The must obtained by mechanical destemming and crushing was treated with 150 mg L of potassium metabisulfite and pectolitic enzymes and subject to enzymatic hidrolisis and débourbage for 24h00 at 4°C. The must was divided into glass fermenters of 4,6 L, in triplicate for each of the four treatments, which were defined by the inoculation of 25g hL-1 of dry yeast: T1 - Zymaflore X5® (Laffort, Bordeaux, France); T2 - AWRI 796 (AB Biotek, Sydney, Australia); T3 - Maurivim PDM (AB Biotek, Sydney, Australia); T4 - 50% Zymaflore X5® + 50% AWRI 796. The wines were analyzed, regarding: ethanol; reducing sugars; total acidity; volatile acidity; pH; dry matter; and ash. The most significant differences were observed in: ethanol; reducing sugars; pH; dry matter. Among the treatments inoculated with single strains, T1 showed higher ethanol and lower reducing sugars content. T3 presented results similar to T1. T2 resulted in higher content of reducing sugars and consequently lower ethanol levels. The mixed fermentation (T4) achieved the lowest levels of reducing sugars among the treatments. It suggests that mixed fermentations could be an alternative to produce drier wines.

RESUMEN | La camaronicultura es una actividad en constante crecimiento, lo que ha llevado al deterioro de los ecosistemas por la deposición de efluentes que impactan al medio ambiente, generando no solo daños a los ecosistemas sino también a la misma calidad del agua que ingresa al cultivo. Esta investigación busca evaluar la eficiencia de consorcios microbianos autóctonos (in vitro) en la biorremediación del efluente de una finca camaronera ubicada en el sector Cabello Manabí, Ecuador. Para ello, se analizaron los parámetros: fosfatos, amonio, nitritos, nitratos, sólidos en suspensión, oxígeno disuelto, temperatura, pH, DBO5 y coliformes totales. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorio con un factor y 4 niveles y se realizaron 4 tratamientos: consorcio bacteriano (T1) incluyendo la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, consorcio de microalgas (T2), consorcio de hongos (T3) conformado por Trichoderma harzianum, S. cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, y como (T4) un consorcio combinado de los tres tratamientos anteriores. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en T2 con respecto a los demás tratamientos, pues debido a sus actividades metabólicas se logró la biorremediación de elementos como fosfatos, compuestos nitrogenados y coliformes totales, mientras que en los demás parámetros no se logró una mejora significativa. El proceso llevado a cabo por las microalgas permitió ajustar los parámetros analizados a criterios de calidad del agua para ser reutilizados en actividades agrícolas y ganaderas e incluso vertidos en cuerpos de agua dulce, concluyendo que la aplicación de microalgas autóctonas de la zona es útil para la biorremediación de los efluentes camaroneros de la localidad. ABSTRACT | Shrimp farming is a constantly growing activity, which has led to the deterioration of ecosystems due to the deposition of effluents that impact the environment, which generates not only damage to ecosystems but also to the same quality of the water that enters the cultivation area. That is why this research seeks to evaluate the efficiency of autochthonous microbial consortia (in vitro) in the bioremediation of the effluent of a shrimp farm located in the Cabello Manabí sector - Ecuador. For this, the following parameters were analyzed: phosphates, ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, BOD5 and total coliforms. A Completely Randomized Design with one factor and 4 levels was used, using 4 treatments: bacterial consortium (T1) including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae., microalgae consortium (T2)., fungal consortium (T3) made up of Trichoderma harzianum, S. cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum., and as (T4) a combined consortium of the three previous treatments. A statistically significant difference was observed in T2 with respect to the other treatments, since thanks to its metabolic activities, the bioremediation of elements such as phosphates, nitrogen compounds and total coliforms was observed, while in the other parameters a significant improvement was not achieved. The process carried out by the microalgae made it possible to adjust the parameters analyzed to water quality criteria to be reused in agricultural and livestock activities and even discharged into freshwater bodies, concluding that the application of microalgae native to the area was useful for the bioremediation of shrimp effluents from the locality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition of the fermentation substrate as well as the effect of stress factors on the metabolism of Pedra-2 yeast. An exploratory survey was conducted for the composition of fermentable carbohydrates present in sugarcane juice. For the analyses of mineral and metal content, acid digestion of organic matter was used, determined by flame atomic absorption whit a spectroscope. The pre-inoculum was prepared whit 0.10g of the freeze-dried yeasts that were inoculated and diluted in sterile saline solution. The bioreactor with 125mL Erlenmeyer flasks, in which 50mL of sterilized sugarcane broth was added and adjusted to concentrations of 18, 25 and 32°Brix, to which the yeast colonies were inoculated with the help of a platinum loop and incubated at 30 and 40°C. Samples were collected at different times to evaluate biomass production through spectrophotometry at 570nm and cell viability by counting in a Neubauer chamber with methylene blue dye. The present study points out that the associated stress factors interfere with the studied microorganism's metabolism.

In industrial processes, more robust and tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are needed, as stress conditions can affect these microorganisms and cause cellular changes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic and physiological effect of fermentation cycles in industrial strains of S. cerevisiae. A pre-inoculum was performed by inoculating 0.10 g of Pedra-2, FT858 and Fleischmann yeasts in YPD 2% liquid medium and incubated at 30°C for 10 hours at 250 rpm. The cells were recovered and the biomass obtained was inoculated in sugarcane juice with 22°Brix at a temperature of 30°C at 250 rpm for 10 hours being conducted with cell recycling. Aliquots were taken at each cycle for genotoxicity analysis by the comet test and physiological stress by ethanol quantification. THE yeast Fleischmann showed lower tolerance to the fermentation cycle, showing greater damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The ethanol productivity of the Fleischman strain, in the first fermentation cycle, was similar to the Pedra-2 and FT858 yeasts. However, during the cycles, there was a reduction in the content of this metabolite.

Energy cultures are emerging as viable renewable energy sources because they satisfy sustainability requirements. The present study involves a survey regarding the technological characteristics for sugarcane and sweet sorghum energy crops, in addition to their potential for bioethanol production. An exploratory survey was conducted regarding the agronomic and technological characteristics of cane and sorghum. Pre-inmates were produced with YPSAC 5% liquid medium, sterilized and 0.10 grams of yeasts FT858 and Pedra-2 were inoculated and incubated at 30 °C for 10 h at 250 rpm. After the production, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, at 105 rpm, resulting in a 10 mg mg-1 concentration of moist dough. This dough was subsequently inoculated in the fermentative medium consisting of a base of sorghum broth and cane without pH correction with a 22 °Brix. Ethanol was analysed by gas chromatography and amino acids by high-efficiency liquid chromatography. Sorghum broth presented a greater availability of serine, arginine, alanine, threonine, and tryptophan amino acids. Yeast hers presented fermentative efficiency for both substrates, but the largest ethanol production occurred in sorghum broth. The results demonstrated that sugar sorghum may be used for energy purposes.

O setor sucroenergético brasileiro vem utilizando o milho para a produção de etanol por apresentar ciclo vegetativo de 120 dias, cultivo em áreas de renovação de canaviais, e seus grãos podem ser armazenados por longos períodos de tempo. Neste sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar as características agronômicas de três híbridos de milho, e os reflexos do processamento dos grãos para a produção de etanol. O experimento foi instalado no município de Agudos no Estado de São Paulo na safra 2016/2017. A área experimental foi de 8.000m2, com 12 parcelas de 450m2 cada. Utilizou-se os híbridos 2B587PW, 2B633PW e 2B810PW. O plantio foi realizado em outubro de 2016 e a colheita ocorreu aos 150 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Durante o desenvolvimento da cultura (45, 75, 90 e 110 DAS) avaliou-se os parâmetros biométricos. Os grãos foram colhidos mecanicamente, triturados e imersos em água, adicionando-se a enzima α-amilase, originando o mosto. Os mostos foram submetidos à inoculação pela levedura industrial BG-1. Os híbridos 2B587PW, 2B633PW e 2B810PW resultaram em 3,65, 3,74 e 2,94 t ha-1 de grãos, respectivamente. Observaram-se valores médios de 430 L de etanol recuperados por ha processado. Conclui-se que o híbrido 2B633PW é o mais indicado para o cultivo no centro-oeste paulista, por apresentar maior produtividade de grãos, bem como há reflexos dos híbridos de milho processados sob o desempenho fermentativo da levedura BG-1, sendo o 2B810PW o que resulta em maior eficiência fermentativa e quantidade de etanol produzida por tonelada de milho processada.

Abstract The yeast autolysis process - an endogenous and irreversible lytic event, which occurs in cells caused by the action of intracellular enzymes, proteases and carbohydrases - is a well-known and an economic process, however, there is a constant risk of serious microbial contamination since there are many nutrients in the broth and this process is slow, favoring the growing of pathogens. The present work comes up with an attempt to accelerate the autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with focus on the high yield of yeast extract production through a fast, economic and simple technology. The proposed strategy is based on decreasing the pH of the yeast suspension at the beginning of autolysis through an acid shock to activate the cell autolytic system under stressful conditions of temperature and pH. The influence of cell concentration, temperature, time and acid shock at the beginning of the autolysis on yeast extract yields were studied. The best yields of proteins and total solids were observed for autolysis treated with acid shock (H2SO4 10 µL/g of dried yeast and final pH 4.4) at 60 °C (36, 84% of protein and 48, 47% of total solids extracted) and gradual increase of temperature 45 to 60 °C (41.20% of protein and 58.48% of total solids extracted). The shock could increase the speed of the process since the control reached about 30% of extract at 60 °C and the same experiment, however, with acid shock reached more than 43% in 12 h. When considering time in an industrial scale, it could be noted that the time was very important for the productivity as well as avoiding risk of pathogen contamination in autolysis. These results were very relevant for industrial purposes in the production of yeast extract, autolyzed yeast and glucan and mannan.

Mulheres de corpo e alga, cooperativa criada na comunidade da Barrinha, Icapuí-CE utiliza algas marinhas criando produtos, gerando renda e resíduos. O objetivo é identificar os teores de proteínas totais (PT), de carboidratos solúveis totais (AST), umidade e cinzas nos resíduos, antes e depois da adição de diferentes concentrações de S. cerevisiae, em diferentes tempos de exposição, buscando o tempo de fermentação adequado para melhorar a composição nutricional. Foi dividido em duas etapas: levedura nas concentrações de 0%, 5%. 10% e 15% e expondo em estufa à 36°C nos tempos de 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h. A estatística foi feita usando o software Assistat®, montado em experimento fatorial, com três repetições. Observou-se que o melhor tempo para aumento de PT foi 24h na concentração de 10% (C2). Na segunda etapa, ao tempo e a concentração ideal da primeira etapa foi adicionado três tipos de fonte de nitrogênio: Sulfato de amônio 2,5%, a Uréia a 2,5%; e Sulfato de amônio e Uréia (1,25%, cada) e, após a FSS foram feitos testes de PT, AST, umidade e cinzas. A suplementação com uréia apresentou maior PT possível devido a uma maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio para formação de proteínas, comportamento parecido com os AST. A umidade mais adequada a legislação foi a amostra C3 atribuida a biomassa microbiana e as cinzas não apresentaram diferença significativa possivelmente devido ao consumo de AST e compostos nitrogenados para fabricação das proteínas. O resíduo, sendo mais estudado, pode servir como uma alternativa para o produtor rural, como ração animal.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify the yeasts involved in spontaneous fermentation of cocoa from the Brazilian Amazon region. The fermentation process was carried out experimentally with cocoa seeds from two sites (Medicilândia and Tucumã), State of Pará, northern Brazil, during a six-day period. Totals of 44 yeasts were isolated from Medicilândia and 29 from Tucumã. Molecular identification was carried out by sequencing the D1/D2 region fragment of the rRNA 26S gene, expanded with universal primers for the NL1GC and LS2 eukaryotes. Pichia manshurica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified in Medicilândia and five yeast species (Pichia fermentans, P. kudriavzevii, P. manshurica, S. cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii) were identified in Tucumã. The results showed that P. manshurica and S. cerevisiae may have potential for use as starter cultures in future studies to improve the quality of cocoa seeds fermented in the Brazilian Amazon region.

Although cattle feedlot presents productive advantages, this management generates stress, which may impact immunity and increase the incidence of respiratory diseases. Because the immunostimulatory potential of yeasts, this study aimed to verify whether supplementation of cattle with fresh yeast promotes an increase in innate immunity and, consequently, reduces the occurrence of respiratory diseases in heifers finished in feedlots. A total of 32 heifers, finished in feedlots, were randomly divided into two treatments and 16 repetitions: A control group (n=16; 7 g day -1 per animal of corn kernel) and a yeast group (n=16, 7 g day -1 per animal of the commercial product with fresh yeast additive). At day 0, 16 days after acclimatisation to the feedlot, and at days 28, 56 and 84, leukogram, serum haptoglobin, oxidative metabolism neutrophil, and indicators of respiratory diseases (nasal temperatures, nasal secretion score, and histopathological examination of lung) were evaluated. The yeast group had lower blood neutrophil counts (P = 0.02), higher neutrophil oxidative metabolism (P = 0.04) than the control group after 56 days of confinement. There was a lower frequency of animals from the yeast group with purulent nasal secretion on days 28 and 84 (P = 0.0001 and 0.008) and with histopathological lesion of pneumonia at slaughter day (P = 0.0001). The yeast group also presented lower nasal temperatures than the control group on days 28 and 84 (P = 0.02 and P= 0.08). Thus, fresh yeast additives attenuated the effects of the feedlot system in the heifer immune system and contributed to a reduction of respiratory diseases.

ABSTRACT Cachaça is the second most consumed alcoholic beverage in Brazil, obtained by distilling wine from fermented sugarcane must, and has an alcohol content of 38 to 48% (v/v) at 20 ºC. The quality of the drink is affected by the raw material used, the treatment of the juice, the type of yeast and the distillation process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two types of yeast (selected and pressed) and the prior physical and chemical treatment of the sugarcane juice on the quality of the cachaça. The experimental design was completely randomised with 9 replications. The primary treatment was represented by the must (obtained from clarified and non-clarified juice) and the secondary treatment by the types of yeast (CA-11 and pressed biological). The microbiological behaviour of the yeast during fermentation was evaluated together with the chemical composition of the wine and cachaça. The use of selected strains and the prior treatment of the juice resulted in better performance of the fermenting yeasts, producing distillates of suitable physical and chemical standards and quality.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein profiles of natural and semidry fermented Coffea arabica, either subjected to treatments with different yeast inoculation methods with starter culture or to an uninoculated control. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 and Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544 were separately inoculated into coffee by directly spraying the cherries on a terrace or in buckets, for 16 hours before sun drying. Protein quantification showed a significant difference between the protein profiles of the samples collected after natural dry fermentation. The MALDI-TOF MS analysis generated a list of 96 peaks with different mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) in the samples collected at the beginning and the end of fermentation. The highest number of peaks in the natural dry coffee was observed at the end of fermentation in the samples inoculated with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, in bucket, and in C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 sprayed on the terrace. However, in the semidry processed coffee, the highest number of peaks was observed in the initial fermentation, with a decrease in the peptide peaks after fermentation. The fermentation with different microorganisms, processing types, and inoculation methods affects m/z profiles, influencing the types of proteins found in coffee.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two additives (probiotic and monensin) over clinical parameters of sheep submitted to acute ruminal lactic acidosis (ARLA). Eighteen sheeps were divided into three groups of six animals each as follows: probiotic group, supplemented with 4×109 CFU/animal/day of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; monensin group, supplemented with 33 mg of monensin sodium per kg of diet; and control group, without any supplementation. After 30 days of diet (75% of Coast-cross hay and 25% concentrate with 14% of crude protein) and additive intake, ARLA was induced in the all animals by intraruminal administration of 15g of sucrose per kilogram (kg) of body weight. Complete physical examinations to assess the vital signs of the animals were conducted at the following times: baseline (T0), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 18 (T18h), 24 (T24h), 36 (T36h), and 48 (T48h) hours after ARLA induction. At those times, blood samples were obtained to determine the plasma volume deficit (PVD) and ruminal content for pH measurement. All animals experienced clinical signs of ARLA with ruminal pH lower than 4.9 at T24h. The heart rate and PVD were lower (P < 0.05) in the probiotic group at T36h. Compared to the control and monensin groups, the probiotic group experienced milder ARLA characterized by lower degrees of dehydration and fewer clinical symptoms.

O carvão vegetal é produzido pela pirólise da biomassa em baixas temperaturas. Estudos recentes indicam ser possível melhorar as propriedades químicas de carvões através do tratamento hidrotérmico. Neste estudo avaliou-se carvões de Eucaliptus spp. que passaram por tratamento hidrotérmico a 105 oC sob pressão de 1,1 atm durante 0, 20, 120, 200, 340 e 400 min. Foram avaliadas as propriedades dos diferentes carvões quanto a alteração na energia de band gap e quanto a toxicidade para culturas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Com o estudo verificou-se que o tratamento hidrotérmico de carvões é capaz de alterar a energia de band gap e o perfil espectroscópico de carvões de eucalipto

Mangaba presents great potential for the elaboration of alcoholic beverages, being extremely important the accompaniment of the fermentation process to obtaining these beverages. Thus, this work aimed to monitor and evaluate the kinetic process of fermentation and fermentative parameters of fermented mangaba drinks. Four beverages formulations were prepared with variation of the initial soluble solids content and yeast concentration according to steps and concentrations described in the patent application process BR 10 2018 0758349. It was verified that the kinetic behavior, with the exception of the fermentation time, didn't interfere in the studied variables, and that formulation 3 (higher content of soluble solids and less concentration of yeast) and formulation 4 (higher content of soluble solids and higher concentration of yeast) presented better results mainly in relation to alcohol content, experimental and theoretical ethanol concentration, process yield and product. It concluded that there was no difference in the kinetic behavior, but there were in the fermentative parameters of mangaba drinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuando la levadura crece en un medio líquido rico en nutrientes genera una curva de crecimiento que presenta principalmente tres fases: fase de adaptación (o fase lag), fase exponencial (o fase log), y fase estacionaria. El modelo de Buchanan es un modelo lineal a trozos, simple pero suficientemente bueno para obtener estimaciones de los principales parámetros cinéticos de crecimiento microbiano. La morfometría de las levaduras que se reproducen por gemación (con células madre y células hija) informa sobre el estado de las poblaciones y su capacidad productiva. Se han analizado de forma conjunta resultados experimentales en relación al número de células de S. cerevisiae creciendo en un medio de cultivo líquido cerrado con glucosa y con dos concentraciones diferentes de oxígeno (condiciones aerobias y microaerófilas), y un conjunto de imágenes digitales tomadas de estas células creciendo. Las distribuciones de valores obtenidos para los parámetros morfológicos de las células (área, perímetro, diámetro mayor, diámetro menor, circularidad y elongación) se han relacionado con las distintas fases de crecimiento identificadas con el modelo Buchanan ajustado. La utilización de un modelo de crecimiento poblacional y los parámetros cinéticos estimados junto con el análisis de imágenes digitales de células individuales ha generado una aproximación muy atractiva del sistema, permitiendo conjugar conceptos matemáticos y biológicos a la vez que realizar un estudio a dos niveles distintos del sistema, a nivel poblacional y a nivel individual.

A presença de contaminantes emergentes em águas de superfície foi detectada em estudos realizados por pesquisadores de vários países. Neste estudo foram monitorados parâmetros fisiológicos de substratos contaminados pelos antibacterianos, nitrofurantoína (NTF), cloridrato de tetraciclina (CTC), cefalexina (CEF), amoxicilina (AMX), azitromicina (AZI) e norfloxacina (NOR) e pelos analgésicos, diclofenaco de sódio (DFS), dipirona monoidratada (DMH) e diclofenaco de potássio (DFP), em culturas de Lactuca spp. (alface) e de Saccharomyces cereviseae in vitro. Todas as substâncias avaliadas causam alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas na cultura de Lactuca spp., alterando a taxa de germinação, o comprimento de folhas, o comprimento de raízes e as taxas de clorofila alfa e de clorofila beta. No entanto apenas NOR, DFS e DMH causam alterações na concentração inibitória para a produção de espuma de S.cereviseae em concentrações ≤ 5000 ppm.

ABSTRACT The hematological and biochemical responses of pirarucu fingerlings (Arapaima gigas) fed with diets containing different concentrations of a glucomannan product derived from yeast and algae were evaluated in order to ascertain the effect of these diets on fish physiology. Four treatments were conducted, with three replications, with 12 fish in each tank. The product evaluated (MycosorbA+(r)) was incorporated into the commercial diet, at four concentrations: 0, 1, 2 and 4 g.kg-1, called M0%, M0.1%, M0.2% and M0.4%, respectively. After 45 days of feeding, blood samples from six fish in each replicate were collected to perform the analyses. Their weight and length were determined to calculate the condition factor and weight gain, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among the treatments. No changes to the hematocrit, hemoglobin or erythrocyte levels or to the hematimetric indices of the pirarucus were observed. The glucose and triglyceride levels of the pirarucus in the M0.1% and M0.2% groups were significantly lower than those of the M0% group. The M0.2% group showed higher albumin levels (P < 0.05) than M0% and M0.4%. The M0.4% group showed a total cholesterol level that was significantly higher than in all other treatments. MycosorbA+(r) contributed towards increasing the levels of defense cells in A. gigas. It would be possible to use this product at concentrations of between 0.1% and 0.2%, given that they increase the levels of some defense cells and plasma albumin concentrations, without changes to hematological parameters, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels or condition factor.

"Body Women and seaweed", cooperative created in the Barry community, Icapuí-CE uses seaweed creating products, generating income and waste. The goal is to identify the levels of total protein (TP), total soluble carbohydrates (AST), moisture and ash in the waste before and after the addition of different concentrations of S. cerevisiae at different exposure times, seeking time a suitable fermentation to improve the nutritional composition. Yeasts were added at concentrations of 0%, 5%. 10% and 15% and exhibiting in an oven at 36 ° C for the times 0h, 24h, 48h and 72h. Statistical analysis was done using the software Assistat® mounted in factorial experiment with three replications, using the Tukey test with p <0.01. It was observed that the best time to increase in PT was 24 at 10% concentration (C2). The most suitable moisture legislation was the sample C3 attributed to microbial biomass and ash showed no significant difference possibly due to AST consumption for the production of proteins. The residue being studied can serve as an alternative for farmers, and animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ambiência is the property of Revista Ambiencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the aim to improve productivity, the use of concentrate-rich diets, mainly grains, is commonly adopted in intensive production systems. However, these diets high in readily fermentable carbohydrates increases the probability of developing metabolic disorders such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). This metabolic disorder is due to the excessive accumulation of organic acids in the rumen which drops the ruminal pH (<5). The acid environment causes lesions in the ruminal epithelium, as well as the death of Gram-negative bacteria susceptible to the acid environment, with the consequent release of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxins), toxic to the host. The translocation of LPS to the bloodstream causes an inflammatory response which affects the animal performance and leads to important economic losses. The inclusion of food additives in the diet becomes a key point to reduce the severity of ruminal acidosis. Additives such as probiotics (live yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and prebiotics (mannanoligosaccharides) are used in ruminant nutrition to improve nutrient digestion, animal performance and reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis. Among the main benefits mentioned in the literature regarding probiotics and prebiotics are the inhibition of lactate-producing bacteria, the improvement of ruminal pH stability, avoiding lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosa and, as well as the removal of toxic molecules which cause inflammation. Thus, these additives can contribute to improving the performance and health of the animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da Unipar is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, 20 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates obtained during spontaneous fermentation of ‘Kalecik Karasi’ and ‘Emir’ grapes were evaluated for their technological characteristics. All of the S. cerevisiae isolates could grow at the tested temperatures, pH values and sugar concentration. Most of the tested isolates (80%) produced the same level of H2S than the control culture. All indigenous S. cerevisiae isolates showed similar carbon assimilation and fermentation profiles, with a few exceptions. Only one isolate (E/S6) was found to have proteolytic activity. The killer phenotype was detected in KK/FS11 isolate. KK/FS3, E/FS12, E/S7 and E/S8 isolates were neutral as to killer phenotype. While only three isolates could tolerate high concentration of ethanol (14%; v/v), 11 isolates could grow in the media containing 200 mg SO2/L. In addition, some of the isolates were distinguished among the others because of their ability to secrete enzyme(s) which may provide advantages for producing wines with specific aromatic characteristics. When some of the tested technological characteristics and enzymatic profiles were evaluated together, four isolates (KK/S17, E/S6, E/S9 and E/FS12) distinguished from others with respect to their superior characteristics, which have potential for further investigation in order to produce wines with specific aroma for Capadoccia region.

Objetivou-se determinar a temperatura e o tempo de secagem por rolos rotativos, aos quais a, levedura de cana-de-açúcar é submetida que permitam seu melhor aproveitamento energético por galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte. Para isso foram realizados três ensaios de metabolismo para determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMMS) e da energia bruta (CMEB). O primeiro ensaio foi conduzido com galinhas poedeiras (E1), o segundo com frangos de corte (E2) em crescimento e o terceiro com frangos de corte em diferentes idades (E3). Nos ensaios E1 e E2 os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referência, milho e farelo de soja, e cinco dietas teste contendo 20% da levedura a ser testada em substituição à ração referência. As leveduras avaliadas foram secas por rolagem e submetidas aos seguintes processamentos: LevA - secagem a 107ºC por 107 segundos; LevB - 95ºC por 107'; LevC - 100ºC por 107'; LevD - 100ºC por 93' e LevE - 100ºC por 123'. No E3 determinou-se a EMA, EMAn, CMMS e CMEB da LevB com frangos de 1 a 8 dias, 14 a 22 dias e 28 a 36 dias de idade. No E1 não foram observadas diferenças nos valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB entre as leveduras, com médias de 1.773kcal/kg, 1.733kcal/kg e 40,22%, respectivamente. Entretanto o CMMS foi maior para a LevD (50,36%). No E2 os valores de EMA (1.633kcal/kg), EMAn (1.382kcal/kg) e CMEB (32,22%) foram melhores para a LevB, porém não houve diferença significativa nos valores de CMMS (29,63%). No E3 foram encontrados valores de 2.723; 1.604 e 1.414kcal/kg para EMA; 2.366, 1.391 e 1.303kcal/kg para EMAn; 52,43%, 36,74%, e 25,64% para CMMS; e 54,37%, 33,49% e 24,96% para CMEB, nas idades de 1 a 8 dias, 14 a 22 dias e 28 a 36 dias, respectivamente. Conclui-se que para poedeiras a levedura deve ser seca a 100ºC por 93' ou 107 segundos ou ainda a 95ºC por 107 segundos e para frangos ser seca a 95ºC por 107 segundos.

The Mycosphaerella spot is one of the main foliar diseases of strawberry, degrating great leaf regions and reducing the photosynthetic area. Its control is mainly by the use of chemical fungicides, but, due the increasing demand for food free of pesticide, alternative control methods have been researched, such as biological control. This work aimed to evaluate the effect on strawberry plants, treated with the biological control agents Bacillus cereus, Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the severity of Mycosphaerella fragariae, productivity and in the activity of β-1.3 glucanases, peroxidases and chitinases enzymes. It was verified that S. cerevisiae and B. cereus treatments were similar to fungicide for disease control. However, even reducing the severity of the disease, there was no increase in productivity, and the different control agents do not cause changes in the evaluated defense mechanisms.

Calves intended for meat production is an interesting alternative income. The objective was to evaluate the effect of providing probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the performance of Holstein steers in feedlot. The animals received 100% concentrated diet consisting of 80% of whole grain corn and 20% protein core, or without added yeast. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments with eight replications. The use of probiotic did not significantly alter the feed conversion (average of 3.90 kg kg-1), consumption of daily dry matter (average 5.30 kg) and the dry matter intake per body weight (mean 2.32%). However, the daily weight gain of animals fed probiotic was higher, being 1.519 kg against 1.352 kg for the control group. The animals fed the yeast showed higher production cost of 7.14%, however, the profit margin was higher in 5.77% per animal. The use of probiotic acted effectively in improving animal performance, making it economically feasible.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a mixture of direct-fed microbials (DFM), yeast, and digestive enzymes on animal performance in feedlot cattle, as well as digestibility when finishing feedlot cattle. Thirty crossbreed (Charolais × Beefmaster) steers averaging 15 months old and 321.83±3.73 kg of initial body weight were used. Animals were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: control (basal diet) and a mixture of DFM, yeast, and digestive enzymes (basal diet + 30 g of the mixture). Each group contained fifteen experimental units. Animals were fed individually twice a day, and dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Body weights were recorded initially and subsequently at 28-day intervals for a total of 140 days to evaluate average daily gain (ADG). The gain:feed ratio (G:F) was also calculated per period. Dry matter digestibility, crude protein (CPD), and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) were evaluated in the finishing phase. Ten steers per treatment were randomly selected for digestibility evaluations. Insoluble acid detergent fiber was used to calculate apparent digestibility. A completely randomized design with measurements repeated over time was used to evaluate animal performance, and a completely randomized design was used to evaluate apparent digestibility. No effect of treatment was observed for DMI. At the end of the trial, differences for ADG were found between treatments, with higher values in control than the treatment group. However, no effect for G:F was found. Dry matter digestibility, CPD, and NDFD were similar between treatments. The addition of the mixture of DFM, yeast, and digestive enzymes as a feed supplement in the diet of feedlot cattle does not improve animal performance and nutrient digestibility.

Em função da disponibilidade e facilidade de uso, o Excel está presente nas rotinas de estudantes, profissionais, empresas e universidades. O seu uso para programação apresenta vantagens e diversas possibilidades de aplicação. Com a crescente demanda da aplicação industrial para a fermentação alcoólica, a simulação se faz necessária para a obtenção de respostas rápidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um programa de simulação e ajuste dos parâmetros de modelos em processos fermentativos alcoólicos, utilizando a linguagem VBA do Excel. O usuário faz a seleção de modelos de crescimento de microrganismo e formação do produto, seguida da inserção de parâmetros vinculados a esses modelos. A simulação é feita por meio de integrações de equações diferenciais ordinárias, método de Runge-Kutta de 4ª ordem, obtendo como respostas, as concentrações de microrganismo, produto e substrato ao longo do tempo. Por meio da ferramenta Solver, é feito o ajuste dos parâmetros para minimizar o erro entre os dados teóricos e experimentais. O programa mostrou-se eficaz para a simulação proposta além de permitir o tratamento das respostas e comparação entre os modelos utilizados. DOI: 2446941601022015016

Os efeitos da inclusão de levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta de vacas lactantes foram avaliados com base no fornecimento de quatro dietas constituídas de diferentes níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura de cana-de-açúcar (0,00; 0,33; 0,67 e 1,00kg/kg de MS). O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 × 4. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de MS, MO, EE, FDNi e NDT, porém ocorreu redução linear no consumo de PB e FDNcp e aumento do consumo de CNF. Diferenças estatísticas não foram verificadas para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, CNF e NDT; no entanto os coeficientes do FDNcp e do EE decresceram linearmente. Não foi observado efeito sobre a produção e eficiência de síntese microbiana, utilização dos componentes nitrogenados e produção e composição do leite. Conclui-se que a levedura seca pode substituir 100% o farelo de soja na alimentação de vacas lactantes.

Wound healing and tissue repair are necessary to ensure survival and health of any organism. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of supplementation with chromium carbochelate (CC) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on wound healing in tropical teleost fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Thus, fish were distributed into four groups: a) control (without supplementation); b) supplemented with 18 mg/kg of chromium carbochelate; c) supplemented with 0.3% of S. cerevisiae and d) supplemented with an association of both supplements. After 105 days of feeding, full-thickness skin incisions (2.0 x 1.0 x 0.25 cm) were performed removing epidermis and dermis. Macroscopic and histologic observations were carried out at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after wounding to monitor the healing rate. Opposing fronts advanced gradually and faster each day demonstrating a progressive increase in the healing process over time. The inflammatory process was exacerbated and expansive, with an increase in mucous cells and chromatophores. Although no significant differences were observed between groups on wound retraction and microscopic parameters, fish supplemented with CC and SC showed faster re-epithelialization, greater degree of organization of collagen fibers, and higher neovascularization. We concluded that supplementation with S. cerevisiae and chromium carbochelate improves specific aspects of cutaneous healing process in pacu.

O beneficiamento do abacaxi para fins industriais produz um grande volume de rejeitos, que têm potencial energético e podem ser aproveitados gerando produtos com valor agregado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o processo de enriquecimento nutricional dos resíduos de abacaxi (casca e coroa), com a utilização da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, através do processo de fermentação semissólida, avaliando a concentração inicial de leveduras e temperatura de fermentação sobre o teor proteico. A fermentação foi realizada em biorreatores de bandejas com circulação de ar, contendo 1000 g do resíduo, com 4,65% de levedura, a temperatura de 38 °C, por um período de 48 h de onde foram retiradas sete amostras a cada 8 h e levadas à estufa com temperatura de 55 °C, sendo ao fim da fermentação trituradas em moinho de facas. A fermentação semissólida utilizando o resíduo de abacaxi demonstrou que o microrganismo cresceu e aumentou o teor de proteína do resíduo em função do tempo em que o mesmo permaneceu em temperatura controlada, mostrando-se viável para alimentação animal. Evaluation of protein enrichment process pineapple residue Abstract: Pineapple processing for industrial purposes produces a large volume of waste, which have energy potential and can be leveraged to generate value-added products. The objective of this work was to study the nutritional enrichment process pineapple residues (bark and crown), with the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, through the process of fermentation semisolid, evaluating the initial concentration of yeast and fermentation temperature on the protein content. Fermentation was carried out in trays, bioreactors with air circulation containing 1000 g of residue, with 4.65% of yeast, the temperature of 38 °C, for a period of 48 h where seven samples were taken every 8 h and taken the greenhouse with a temperature of 55 °C, being the end of fermentation pounded into knife mill. Semisolid fermentation using the pineapple residue showed that the microorganism grew and increased the protein content of the residue in function of time in which the same remained in controlled temperature, showing up for animal feed.

Twenty-four Saanen goats, 15 multiparous and nine primiparous, were distributed in a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement (3 diets × 2 parities). The treatments were soybean meal (SB), soybean + dry yeast (SBDY), or dry yeast (DY) as a protein source in the diet, and ground corn, mineral supplement, and corn silage (400 g/kg). The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of diets containing inactive dry yeast as a protein source postpartum, postpeak, and during late lactation in dairy goats. To estimate the faecal excretion of indigestible material, neutral detergent fibre was used as an internal marker. The diets did not affect dry matter intake (DMI). However, DMI and nutrient intake were higher for multiparous goats compared with primiparous goats. The digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher for primiparous goats in the postpartum period. In the postpeak and late lactation periods, there were no differences in digestibility of DM and nutrient between parities. The TDN was similar in the diets in the postpeak period and at lactation end. The goats fed the DY diet had lower urea nitrogen in blood. The use of inactive dry yeast to substitute soybean meal in diets for primiparous and multiparous lactating Saanen goats is a good alternative for maintaining the nutritional value of diets.

The strawberry is a fruit of fragile and very perishable structure. An alternative to add value to the fruit is the production of a strawberry fermented. Bee honey is known as a versatile and highly fermentable ingredient that has a characteristic flavor and aroma. The present work had as objective to produce a mixed drink of honey of strawberry and honey, with alcohol content of 10 ° GL and evaluating the kinetics of fermentation In the production of the beverage. The mixed drink of honey and strawberry honey was obtained following the steps of selection, sanitization, preparation of the must, sulphitation, inoculation, fermentation, racking, clarification, packaging, labeling and storage. The fermentation process was evaluated in eight fermentation times for the total soluble solids content, ethanol production, titratable acidity, pH and cell count. The beverage produced had a dry flavor with a slight strawberry flavor, pH of 3.18, titratable acidity of 0.5% and alcohol content of 10.1 ° GL in compliance with the standards required by Brazilian legislation on beverages. The strawberry and bee honey used in the production of the mixed drink had adequate characteristics for industrial processing, the alcoholic strength of the mixed beverage of honey and strawberry was 10.1 ° GL, being within the specifications required by Brazilian legislation. The production of mixed honey and strawberry honey is technically feasible depending on the quality of the product and can be considered as a promising way of harnessing honey in crop surpluses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação da dieta com os probióticos Lactobacillus plantarum e Saccharomyces cerevisiae, no desempenho zootécnico, digestibilidade e na resistência à infecção por patógeno, em alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo. Foram realizados três ensaios. No primeiro, durante 55 dias, seis grupos de 30 alevinos (2,4±0,5 g) receberam suplementação com probióticos, e outros três grupos não receberam suplementação. No final desse período, no segundo ensaio, os peixes foram desafiados com Aeromonas hydrophila, e a sobrevivência foi avaliada por 96 horas. No terceiro ensaio, com oito peixes por tanque (230,0±10,0 g), avaliou-se a digestibilidade da dieta após a suplementação com os probióticos. A suplementação probiótica melhora significativamente o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, as taxas de retenção proteica e energética, assim como a resistência dos animais a Aeromonas hydrophila, após a infecção. A suplementação com Saccharomyces cerevisiae à dieta de tilápia-do-nilo melhora significativamente a digestibilidade da proteína, energia e matéria seca.

Os efeitos da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PCSc) na dieta para frangos foram avaliados com base nos tratamentos: dieta referência com avilamicina (AV); dieta referência (DR); DR com 0,1% de PCSc (PCSc0,1); DR com 0,2% de PCSc (PCSc0,2); DR com 0,3% de PCSc (PCSc0,3). O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 300 frangos, machos. No período de nove a 21 dias de idade, o tratamento PCSc0,3 influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso (631g), e no período de 34 a 39 dias, o tratamento PCSc0,1 proporcionou melhor ganho de peso (461g) em relação ao tratamento com o antimicrobiano. O maior peso vivo ao abate, 2571g, foi obtido no tratamento PCSc0,1. Os pesos absolutos de sobrecoxa e coxa+sobrecoxa foram maiores nos tratamentos PCSc0,1 (290g e 560g) e PCSc0,2 (292g e 561g) e menores no tratamento PCSc0,3 (263g e 515g). Não houve influência na metabolizabilidade da ração e na contagem total de coliformes totais no íleo. Dietas com inclusão de até 0,2% de PCSc resultaram em índices produtivos adequados, podendo ser utilizadas como aditivo em dietas livres de antimicrobiano melhorador de desempenho sem o comprometimento do desempenho, características de carcaça, metabolizabilidade da ração e da contagem total de coliformes totais do íleo.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e as características bioquímicas de leitões desmamados, utilizando-se aditivos alternativos em substituição aos antibióticos. Foram utilizados 480 leitões machos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, composto por cinco tratamentos. A ração foi à base de milho, farelo de soja e um núcleo comercial para leitões. Os tratamentos consistiram em T1: ração sem aditivos, T2: dieta basal com antibiótico, T3: dieta basal com adição de prebiótico, T4: dieta basal com adição de probiótico e T5: dieta basal com adição de simbiótico. Foram avaliados peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Em 50 amostras de sangue de leitões, sendo 10 amostras de cada tratamento, avaliaram-se as concentrações séricas de proteínas totais, de albumina e globulina, a relação albumina:globulina e a fosfatase alcalina, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama- glutamiltransferase, colesterol, ureia, cálcio e fósforo e a relação cálcio:fósforo. A substituição de antibióticos por aditivos alternativos não influenciou o desempenho nem as características bioquímicas dos leitões.The experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and biochemical parameters in weaned piglets using alternative supplements to replace antibiotics. A total of 480 male pigs were used, randomly distributed in delineation with five treatments. The feed was based on corn, soybean meal and a commercial core for piglets. The treatments were T1: diet without supplements or basal diet, T2: basal diet with antibiotics, T3: basal diet with added probiotic, T4: basal diet with added probiotic and T5: basal diet with addition of symbiotic. In the experiment we evaluated performance characteristics, body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. In the second part of the experiment, we evaluated the biochemical parameters of piglets used in the first experiment, fifty blood samples, ten samples of each treatment, were taken, and after separation of the clot, the serum was frozen at -20°C. Subsequently we analyzed the serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin, ALP, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, cholesterol, urea, calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio. No significant differences in biochemical parameters or in the performance of piglets submitted to different diets were found.

Twenty-four Saanen goats (15 multiparous and 9 primiparous) from 21 days prepartum to 200 days in lactation were used to evaluate milk yield and composition. Animals were randomly distributed in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (3 diets × 2 parity orders) and fed a 40:60 forage:concentrate diet composed of soybean meal, soybean meal + dry yeast or dry yeast as protein source, plus ground corn, mineral supplement and corn silage. The protein source did not influence the body weight of pre and postpartum goats. Prepartum, postpartum and postpeak dry matter intake (DMI) were not altered by diets. However, goats fed the diet containing dry yeast as protein source had lower DMI in late lactation. Milk yield and feed efficiency were not affected by diets. Milk components, acidity and somatic cell count were not influenced by diets during all lactation phases. However, fat and total solid contents postpartum were higher for primiparous goats and somatic cell count postpeak was lower for multiparous goats. Dry yeast can be used to replace soybean meal in diets for lactating Saanen goats.