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MONOGRAFÍA 1: ENSEÑANZA DE LA GRAMÁTICA EN ELE: RESULTADOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y NUEVAS PROPUESTAS Tradicionalmente, la enseñanza del contraste modal en el aula de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) se ha apoyado en un enfoque formalista basado en las diferentes conexiones sintácticas y semánticas (y/o funcionales) entre la matriz o cláusula principal y la proposición o cláusula subordinada. Esto conlleva generalmente la presentación de una extensa clasificación de estructuras que activan el uso de cada modo (subjuntivo o indicativo) en la proposición junto a otra clasificación de excepciones que los aprendientes necesitan memorizar para poder completar actividades de práctica controlada. En este artículo se presenta una aplicación empírica a la enseñanza del contraste modal basada en un enfoque cognitivo-operativo, es decir, en los conceptos de declaración y no declaración formulados por Ruiz Campillo (2004). Los resultados muestran una mejora sustancial no solo en la comprensión / recepción del contraste modal entre los participantes de este estudio sino también en sus destrezas de producción. ABSTRACT Traditional (or formalist) methods for the teaching of mood contrast in Spanish are generally focused on the different syntactic and semantic (or/and functional) connections between the matrix and the embedded clause. This generally entails the provision of an extensive classification of subordinate clauses with the embedded verb in the subjunctive (or indicative) mood plus another classification with the exceptions that students need to memorise in order to use them under controlled conditions. In this paper, an empirical study is presented in which L2 learners were introduced to Spanish mood contrast by means of a cognitive-operative approach, which is based on the concepts of declaration and non-declaration by Ruiz Campillo (2004). The results show a significant improvement not only in the comprehension abilities of mood contrast among the students participating in this study but also in their production abilities.

The pathogenesis of cholestasis, bilirubin encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease appears to result from accumulation of diverse cytotoxic agents, which in turn may cause apoptotic cell death. In addition, mitochondria has lately been considered as a central executioner of programmed cell death, through the release of caspase activating factors. The aims of this study were to: (a) investigate mitochondrial perturbation during incubation of isolated mitochondria with unconjugated bilirubin (Bb), amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), and glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC); (b) characterize membrane perturbation in isolated mitochondria induced by each toxic agent, and determine whether the mitochondrial permeabilization is required for cytochrome c redistribution. Mitochondria were isolated from rat liver and brain. Swelling and cytochrome c release were evaluated by spectrophotometry and western blot, respectively. The results showed that Bb as well as A beta and GCDC act directly at the mitochondrial level causing increased organelle volume, permeabilization, as well as cytochrome c release from the intermembrane space in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). Moreover, cyclosporine A inhibited mitochondrial permeability, particularly after Bb- and GCDC-induced swelling (P < 0.01). Cytochrome c efflux was invariably prevented by cyclosporine A (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that Bb-, A beta-, and GCDC-induced toxicity, culminating in apoptosis, may result from enhanced mitochondrial permeability, followed by cytochrome c efflux, which can be explained at least in part by the megapore opening.