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This paper proposes the development of a simple experiment with easily accessible and low cost materials, enabling its practice with or without laboratory infrastructure, with feasibility for computational theoretical study. On the other hand, the objective of the work is to develop a chemical experiment that demonstrates that the chromophore curcumin (natural indicator) is responsible for indicating the acidity or basicity of a given solution. The experiment has different applicability, being useful in the approach of different chemical contents, showing potential for multi and interdisciplinary approaches. Subjects such as tautomeric equilibrium, chromophoric compounds, hydrogen potential, UV-Vis electron absorption spectra analysis and molecular modeling are explored.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sheisa Fin Dantas.pdf: 1167838 bytes, checksum: d0aeeb3c6d878db48c73e057a5839964 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Organic micropollutants are substances that present even in small concentrations, are capable of triggering effects on systems where it is introduced, highlighting, among them the so-called endocrine disruptors (EDs). The EDs are substances that can interfere with the functions of the endocrine system, causing adverse effects to an organism or its offspring. Natural and synthetic sexual hormones are potent and EDs have been detected in aquatic environments on all continents, mainly due to the absence or deficiency in wastewater treatment processes. Humic substances (HS) are the main compounds able to interact with organic micropollutants such as hormones, interfering in the processes of bioavailability for the environment. Studies using HS as a complexing hormones have been carried out using the quantification method as chromatography. However, there are few studies of alternative methods for the quantification of estrogen hormones. The objective of this study was to validate and adapt a methodology to study estrone (E1), 17-estradiol (E2) and 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and study their interactions with humic substances employing molecular absorption spectroscopy Ultraviolet-Visible to quantify these hormones. This method is based on the diazotization of sulfanilamide with sodium nitrite, followed by coupling reaction with the hormone. Be established analytical curve for concentrations in the range from 10.0 to 28.0 μg mL-1 which was linear, adequate accuracy and precision. Despite the spectroscopic method is not selective, it presented results compatible with chromatography, which proves their suitability for the bench studies in this work. To perform a comparison between the methods employed to high performance liquid chromatography, using methanol and water as mobile phase and C-18 cartridge as stationary phase. For the study of interaction we used samples patterns of hormones in study and humic acid solution under constant agitation and samples taken within a maximum period of 48 hours. The reduction in the concentration of estrogen in the middle of the study, when in the presence of SH was detected since the beginning of the process. In all cases, we observed an increase in the removal of the hormone with increasing contact time. The reduction in the concentration of estrogen in the middle of the study, when in the presence of HSwas detected since the beginning of the process. In all cases, we observed an increase in the removal of the hormone with increasing contact time. By increasing the concentration of HS, there was an increase in the complexation of estrogens E2, and EE2 being that the hormone was EE2 that showed the best results of complexation with HS in the studied conditions. In aliquot removed from the system after 48 hours of stirring, was removed 51.1% (10.22 μg mL-1) in the presence of 10.0 μg mL-1 of the HS and 75.8% (15 16 μg mL-1) at 20 μg mL-1. The simulations can predict the behavior of E2 and EE2 hormones in natural aquatic environments rich in HS, where this interaction can reduce the availability to the biota and thus the absorption and physiological effects. Os micropoluentes orgânicos são substâncias que mesmo presentes em pequenas concentrações, são capazes de desencadear efeitos sobre os sistemas em que são introduzidos, destacando-se, dentre eles, os chamados interferentes endócrinos (IEs). Os IEs são substâncias capazes de interferir nas funções do sistema endócrino, causando efeitos adversos a um organismo ou a sua prole. Hormônios sexuais naturais e sintéticos são potentes IEs e têm sido detectados em ambientes aquáticos em todos os continentes, principalmente em função da inexistência ou deficiência nos processos de tratamento de esgotos. Substâncias húmicas (SH) são os principais compostos capazes de interagir com micropoluentes orgânicos como os hormônios, interferindo nos processos de biodisponibilidade para o ambiente. Estudos usando SH como complexante de hormônios têm sido realizados utilizando-se a cromatografia como método de quantificação. Porém, existem poucos estudos de métodos alternativos para a quantificação de hormônios estrógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar e adaptar uma metodologia para estudar estrona (E1), 17-estradiol (E2) e 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) e estudar suas interações com substâncias húmicas empregando-se espectroscopia de absorção molecular Ultravioleta-Visível para quantificação desses hormônios. Este método é baseado na diazotação da sulfanilamida com nitrito de sódio, seguida da reação de acoplamento com o hormônio. Foi possível estabelecer curva analítica para concentrações na faixa de 10,0 a 28,0 g mL-1 que apresentou linearidade, exatidão e precisão adequadas. Apesar do método espectroscópico não ser seletivo, o mesmo apresentou resultados compatíveis com a cromatografia, o que comprova sua adequação para os estudos de bancada realizados nesse trabalho. Para realizar um comparativo entre os métodos, empregou-se a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, utilizando-se metanol e água como fase móvel e cartucho C-18 como fase estácionária. Para o estudo de interação utilizou-se as amostras padrões dos hormônios em estudo e solução de ácido húmico, sob agitação constante e coletas realizadas no período máximo de 48 horas. A redução na concentração dos estrogênios no meio de estudo, quando em presença de SH foi detectada desde o início do processo. Para todos os casos, observou-se um aumento na remoção do hormônio com o aumento do tempo de contato. Ao aumentar-se a concentração de SH, observou-se um aumento na complexação dos estrogênios E2, e EE2 sendo que o hormônio EE2 foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados de complexação com a SH nas condições estudadas. Na alíquota retirada do sistema, após 48 horas de agitação, removeu-se 51,1% (10,22 μg mL-1) em presença de 10,0 μg mL-1 de SH e 75,8% (15,16 μg mL-1) em 20 μg mL-1. As simulações permitem prever o comportamento dos hormônios em ambientes aquáticos naturais ricos em SH, nos quais essa interação pode reduzir a disponibilidade para a biota e assim, a absorção e os efeitos orgânicos.

A simple analytical method for extraction and quantification of lutein colorant added to yogurt was developed and validated. The method allowed complete extraction of carotenoids using tetrahydrofuran in vortex, followed by centrifugation, partition to diethyl ether/petroleum ether, and drying. The carotenoids dissolved in ethanol were quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This method showed linearity in the range tested (1.41-13.42 µg g-1), limits of detection and quantification of 0.42 and 1.28 µg g-1, respectively, low relative standard deviation (3.4%) and recovery ranging from 95 to 103%. The method proved reliable for quantification of lutein added to yogurt.

Interactions of cationic dye methylene blue (MB) with clay particles in aqueous suspension have been extensively studied. As already known, the number of natural negative charges on the clay modifies significantly the particle sizes dispersed in water and therefore the nature of the interaction with the dye. This work evaluated with UV-Vis spectroscopy method how the clay particle sizes weighted on the adsorption and rearrangement of the dye molecules in aqueous system. The results obtained from light-scattering measurements confirmed that larger particles are found in suspensions containing the high-charged clays as the visible absorption band related to the MB aggregates (570 nm) on these suspensions prevailed.

Interactions of cationic dye methylene blue (MB) with clay particles in aqueous suspension have been extensively studied. As already known, the number of natural negative charges on the clay modifies significantly the particle sizes dispersed in water and therefore the nature of the interaction with the dye. This work evaluated with UV-Vis spectroscopy method how the clay particle sizes weighted on the adsorption and rearrangement of the dye molecules in aqueous system. The results obtained from light-scattering measurements confirmed that larger particles are found in suspensions containing the high-charged clays as the visible absorption band related to the MB aggregates (570 nm) on these suspensions prevailed.

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Due to the growing concern with the environment and the welfare of future generations the search for the restoration of degraded areas and the reestablishment of equilibrium between the anthropogenic and natural environments are nowadays highlighted. The Ibirité Reservoir (Ibirité-Sarzedo, MG) is an example of water body impacted by the disorganized urbanization and strong industrial development in the metropolitan Belo Horizonte, MG, SE Brazil. The reservoir, built by the REGAP-Petrobras in the sixties to supply water to its industrial processes, is a eutrophic water body due to the continuous contribution of urban sewage (external loading) and the consequent internal loading of nutrients (mainly of phosphorus), the primary element responsible for the eutrophication process. Among the existing technologies for the treatment of eutrophic sediment focusing on the P immobilization is the artificial supply of nitrate as an electron acceptor to the stimulation of the natural denitrification process. In this stimulation process, the different geochemical forms of reduced iron are oxidized to iron (III) oxi-hidroxides that adsorbs the phosphorus present in the sediment pore water. In addition to that, the metallic sulfides and the organic matter are oxidized as well. This work aimed at the development of laboratory experiments in a bench scale (microcosms) in which sediments and water of the Ibirité reservoir were treated with nitrate addition in order to evaluate the organic matter transformations from caused this treatment. The results indicate that there was, in the treatment microcosms, an increase in the redox potential, an almost complete abatement of the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) of the sediments, and a significant reduction of available phosphorus in the water. The UVvis spectroscopy indicated differences in the spectral profiles between the control and treatment microcosms, but uniform trends along the experiment were not identified. The elemental analysis showed agreement with the results of AVS and nitrogen species in sediment pore water data, with the reduction of sulphur and nitrogen contents. Diante da crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente e o bem estar das futuras gerações, destacam-se cada vez mais a busca pela recuperação das áreas degradadas e o restabelecimento do equilíbrio nas relações entre os meios natural e antrópico. A Represa Ibirité (Ibirité-Sarzedo, MG) é um exemplo de corpo de água impactado pela urbanização desorganizada e crescimento industrial da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG. A represa, construída pela REGAP-Petrobrás na década de 60 para suprimento de água em seus processos industriais, encontrase eutrofizada devido ao contínuo aporte de esgotos urbanos não tratados (carga externa) e à conseqüente carga interna de nutrientes, principalmente o fósforo, o principal responsável pelo processo de eutrofização. Dentre as tecnologias existentes para o tratamento de sedimentos eutrofizados, visando a imobilização do P, figura a adição de nitrato como um receptor de elétrons para o estímulo do processo natural de desnitrificação. Nesta estimulação, as diferentes formas geoquímicas de ferro reduzido são oxidadas a óxi-hidróxido de ferro (III) que adsorve o fósforo presente nas águas intersticiais, promovendo também, a oxidação dos sulfetos metálicos e a matéria orgânica presentes nos sedimentos. Neste trabalho o tratamento dos sedimentos e águas eutrofizados da Represa Ibirité foi avaliado em escala de bancada, utilizando microcosmos, onde se estudou a transformação da matéria orgânica presente nas águas de coluna, nos sedimentos e suas águas intersticiais. Os resultados indicam que houve, nos microcosmos-tratamento, um aumento do potencial redox do meio, um quase total abatimento do SVA dos sedimentos e uma redução do fósforo disponível nas águas em um nível bastante expressivo. As espectroscopias na região do UV-vis indicaram alterações nos perfis espectrais entre os microcosmos-controle e tratamento, sem, no entanto, identificar uma tendência uniforme ao longo dos períodos do experimento. A análise elementar foi concordante com os resultados de SVA e de espécies nitrogenadas nas águas intersticiais, pois mostram uma redução do teor de enxofre e de nitrogênio.

An UV-Vis spectrophotometry analytical method for quantifying Efavirenz was developed and validated as an alternative to replace the HPLC current method. The report method presents sample concentration of 10 μg mL-1, dissolved in a solution ethanol:water (60:40, v/v), economic and technically adequate for the purpose adopted. The results and the statistical treated proved that the method being considered an precise and accurate analytical low cost alternative for laboratory routine. The adaptability of this method in product and other analytical methods development has been challenged by mathematical calculation of drug extinction coefficient in water and methanol and practical experiments, showing interesting results.

Desenvolveu-se neste trabalho uma metodologia analítica quantitativa para determinação do teor de biodiesel metílico em óleo diesel por meio da reação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos com o cloridrato de hidroxilamina em meio alcalino, os quais são acidificados e convertidos à ácidos hidroxâmicos, seguida pelo tratamento com íons ferro (III) resultando em complexos coloridos de hidroxamato férrico, posteriormente extraídos em n-heptano e analisados por espectroscopia de UV-visível. Fez-se a otimização das variáveis que interferem na reação, e também avaliou-se a exatidão, precisão, e o limite de detecção (LD), entre outros parâmetros, no sentido de avaliar a qualidade do método desenvolvido. O método mostrou excelente linearidade em pequenos intervalos de variação volumétrica de biodiesel, excelente coeficiente de correlação para a curva de calibração (R2 > 0,99), em uma ampla faixa de comprimento de onda (420 a 440 nm). Assim como mostrou ser aplicável em uma ampla faixa de teor de biodiesel metílico em óleo diesel (B1 ao B20), sendo adequado para o controle de qualidade da produção de misturas BX. In this work it was developed a quantitative analytical methodology to determine the content of methyl biodiesel in diesel fuel through the fatty acid methyl ester reaction with the hydroxylamine hydrochloride in alkaline solutions, which they were acidified and converted to hydroxamic acids, followed by treatment with ferric ion to give the colored ferric hydroxamate complex, and afterwards extract in n-heptane and were analysed by UV-visible spectroscopy. It was made the optimization of the variables that interfere in the reaction, and parameters such as accuracy, precision and the limit of detection (LOD) among other parameters to assess the quality of the method developed it was also evaluated. The results indicated that the method has shown an excellent linearity in small intervals of biodiesel blend levels, an excellent determination coefficient of the calibration curve (R2 > 0.99) at a wide range of wavelength (420-440 nm). As well as it has also shown to be applied in a wide range of methyl biodiesel blend levels in diesel fuel (B1 to B20), and it is suitable to be used in the quality control procedures for the production of BX blends.