Marie Duru-Bellat, François Dubet, Antoine Vérétout, Centre Émile Durkheim (CED), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (IEP Bordeaux), Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CMH), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire sociologique du changement (Sciences Po, CNRS) (OSC), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Émile Durkheim ( CED ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Sciences Po-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Centre d'Analyse et d'Intervention Sociologiques ( CADIS ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux ( IEP Bordeaux ), Centre Maurice Halbwachs ( CMH ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Observatoire sociologique du changement ( OSC ), Sciences Po-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche sur l'éducation : Sociologie et Economie de l'Education ( IREDU ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ), Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (IEP Bordeaux)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), and Observatoire sociologique du changement (OSC)
accessible en ligne : http://www.scielo.br/pdf/soc/v14n29/a03v1429.pdf; International audience; School reproduces social inequalities everywhere as it is more favorable to already advantaged pupils. This is, however, a too general "law" for explaining the large variations revealed by international comparisons in the amplitude of this reproduction. Relying upon these studies, this paper shows first that these variations cannot be explained directly by the amplitude of social inequalities. In order to explain them, two other factors must be raised. The first one concerns the organization of the school systems, which may either widen or mitigate the impact of pupils' social background on their academic achievement. The second one concerns the influence of diplomas on access to various social positions. The paper shows that the more diplomas play a deciding role, the more pronounced are school inequalities and the more acute is the reproduction of social inequalities. Finally, it is not only what is produced in school and through its operation that determines the amplitude of the reproduction, but the own role attributed to school by the various societies. This study achieved on a sample of countries stands at an aggregate level, and some qualitative complementary studies would be very useful for better understand how social reproduction operates.; A escola reproduz as desigualdades sociais por ser mais favorável aos alunos social e culturalmente privilegiados. No entanto, essa "lei" é demasiado geral para explicar as grandes variações na amplitude dessa reprodução, reveladas pelas comparações internacionais. Partindo desses estudos, o artigo mostra, em primeiro lugar, que essas variações não se explicam diretamente pela amplitude das desigualdades sociais. Para explicá-las é preciso levantar duas outras questões. A primeira tange à organização dos sistemas escolares, os quais podem aumentar ou atenuar o impacto das desigualdades sociais sobre as desigualdades escolares. A segunda se refere aos impactos da escola, à influência dos diplomas para a mobilidade social. O artigo demonstra que, quanto mais determinante for o papel dos diplomas, mais marcadas serão as desigualdades escolares e mais rígida será a reprodução das desigualdades sociais. Finalmente, a função atribuída à escola pelas diversas sociedades determinará a amplitude da reprodução social. Contudo, essa análise foi realizada a partir de uma amostra de países, logo a realização de estudos qualitativos complementares seria muito útil para melhor compreender como ocorre a reprodução social.