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Copyright of Journal of Exact Sciences is the property of Master Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing use of biomass for cooking and heating raises environmental concerns about atmospheric air pollution from flue gases emitting during its combustion. In this work, the gaseous emissions from two residential wood stoves were examined. Emissions from conventional single-stage and triple-stage combustion logwood stoves were compared using Eucalyptus grandis (EUG) and Pinus elliottii (PIE) woods as fuels. Carbon monoxide emissions were reduced in 102% and 240%, when PIE and EUG wood logs were burned in triple-stage combustion stove. The triple combustion system showed total volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde emissions higher than obtained in conventional system possibly due to the mixture of both gaseous emissions with water vapor releasing during combustion. The results indicated that the utilization of triple combustion stove with some adjustments would be beneficial to local air quality, individual health and reduced global climate change.

Khaya grandifoliola (african mahogany) is a species with great market potential due to the high added value of its wood, fast growth and resistance to pests. The objective of the study was to map dendrometric, phytotechnical and sanitary variables of different stands of african mahogany and indicate the characteristics and potential of production in these areas. The study was carried out in municipality of Curionópolis, Pará (areas with african mahogany monoculture, african mahogany consortia with corn and papaya). The evaluations consisted of the analysis of correlation between the diameter and height of the plants and geostatistical analyzes of the health, crown quality, ramifications, canopy quality and survival. The correlation between height and diameter showed higher values for intercropping with maize, indicating adaptability of african mahogany. The study areas showed a strong spatial dependence of the analyzed variables. The plantations had a lower incidence of pests and branches when intercropped. Therefore, african mahogany plantations showed favorable results after their implementation in the Eastern Amazon region, essentially when intercropped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Silva Lusitana is the property of Unidade de Investigacao de Silvicultura e Productos Florestais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ge-Conservación is the property of Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Brazil has advanced in export volume but has not been able to increase prices over the last decade for wood products. This work seeks to contribute to the understanding of this conflicting scenario, evaluating the growth in the revenue of Brazilian exports of these products during two periods: 2011-2015 and 2016-2020, as well as decomposing its effects in price, exchange rate, and volume. The method applied was the shift-share, widely used to identify determinants of sectoral and regional economic growth, being a precursor to the approach in the analysis of forest sector exports. Historical series for 5 (five) categories of wood products were analyzed, with export data from the Ministry of Economy. The historical series of nominal exchange rates from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) was used. The real effective exchange rate (RER) followed the methodological note of the IPEA. All product categories analyzed had positive effects in terms of volume, for both periods, with a greater proportion in the second being driven by the exchange rate, although with a loss in real price, failing to offset inflation. The only exception was wood manufacturers, a product with higher added value, which presented gains in volume, exchange rates, and price. The volume effect was the most relevant, followed by the exchange rate as a result of the appreciation of the dollar against the real against the exchange rate and control of inflation in terms of the divergent effects on the national and international scenario. The price presented negative variations in export revenue, with a decline over the period. In addition to the added value of exported products, world stocks and levels of consumption may have contributed negatively to this scenario, affecting all categories of exported products, except for manufactured wood products, the only category that did not reflect such justifications.

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Light oil/water/heavy oil triphase mixtures are common in industrial wastewater, while nearly all separation materials with superwettability can only separate biphase mixtures of light oil/water or/and heavy oil/water. Here, a balsa wood slice with superhydrophilic/superoleophilic property in air was fabricated by a blade-cutting and ethanol-treating process. Therefore, the slice could be dually prewetted with both water and oil and thus showed underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic properties without any further chemical modification. Such a slice showed underoil superhydrophobicity in nonbasic environment while transition into underoil superhydrophilicity under basic condition. Combining with the porous structure possessed by wood designed to transport liquids, this superwettability of the treated wood slice could be leveraged in the continuous separation of light oil/water/heavy oil triphase mixtures only driven by gravity with a high permeation flux and separation efficiency. After each separation, the slice was easily recovered by washing with acidic solution, and it could be recycled up to 15 times without any loss of pH responsibility. During repeated cycling separation, the slice exhibited excellent separation stability.

The transport of radioactive substances is, in many ways, necessary in the context of the nuclear fuel cycle that aims to generate energy or radioisotopes. In the event of a possible accident, the shock-absorbing parts reduce the mechanical stresses on the other components of the transport packaging, since a large part of the kinetic energy is absorbed by the shock absorber. To standardize the design of the research reactor spent fuel assembly transport devices by numerical analysis, a set of dynamic simulations of a benchmark was conducted to representatively capture the phenomena found in the drop tests used in project qualifications. This study aims to present a comparison of different ways of applying wood and wood composites as a useful and accessible impact-absorbing material. The necessary numerical modelling characteristics are validated and the phenomena present in non-isotropic materials are discussed. This study demonstrates the application of material models where energy absorption is the main structural function. In this case, the orientation of the wood fibers became sensitive with an approximate difference of 10% more in the impact absorption potential, without considerable variation in the duration interval of the maximum deceleration.

Objective: Diagnose and analyze the falling risk in pau-ferro tree based on a methodology developed by the authors, described in the form of a conceptual flowchart, which includes results from the phytosanitary diagnosis, eventual soil movements, trunk inclination and, as well as geophysical methods for risk decision making and management. Methodology: Application of procedures to analyze the risk of falling trees considering external and internal aspects, using non-destructive equipment, in parallel with the control of the trunk inclination, vertical displacements of the soil and the root outcrop of the tree, in addition to the characterization of the subsoil integrating methods geophysicists. Originality/Relevance: This work shows the application of civil engineering and geophysical techniques to analyze the risk of tree falling in urban area. Results: The tree specimen used as a case study had an apparent cavity and intense wood rot, as well as a bent and detached root from the ground, which made it impossible to anchor and support it. The concentration of roots, below the surface of the ground, did not guarantee stability due to the evolution of the vertical displacements of the surface and inclination of the trunk towards the avenue, and its suppression is indicated because it presents a risk of falling. Social/Management Contributions: Trees offer numerous benefits and obtaining these privileges depends on proper management that considers their proper management and monitoring. Decision making regarding the risk of falling must be based on several analyses, preferably based on nondestructive methods, reducing uncertainties so that trees are not removed unnecessarily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachta indica is a tree that has several socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, studies on the production of seedlings of this forest essence are scarce. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of seven substrates on the growth of A. indica seedlings, produced in polyethylene plastic pots. The substrates were combinations of coarse sand, clay, poultry bed, bovine manure, organic matter from vegetables and wood sawdust. According to randomized block design, the experiment was set up at the Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute (IIAM), Lichinga Agricultural Station, with five repetitions. Starting 30 days after sowing, height and collar diameter were measured fortnightly. At 120 days, the variables aerial, root and total dry mass and seedling quality indices were quantified. For the variables analysed, the best results were obtained using the substrate 25% coarse sand + 50% organic matter from vegetables + 25% poultry bed, being this substrate strongly recommended to produce A. indica seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Peanut crop waste (hulls), which have a chemical composition similar to wood, can be considered as a source of industrial raw material for the production of particleboard, provided that they are of similar quality to wooden panels. The present study aimed to produce and evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of medium density particleboards made of peanut hulls and pine wood particles bonded with urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The panels did not present satisfactory dimensional stability. The mechanical properties were significantly reduced with the addition of peanut hulls. In general, peanut hulls did not represent a good alternative to be used as a source of raw material for the production of particleboard. The inclusion of new parameters in the production process would be essential to improve the technological properties, such as: new particle geometries, use of paraffin, particle treatments and inclusion of denser species in the composition of the panels.

This study aimed to evaluate the edge effect based on the differences in tree functional traits (wood density, diameter, and height) on the edges of the Grumari restinga, Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. In the field, two edges were delimited: Banco Halles and Lagoa Feia. On each edge we selected trees with diameter = 10 cm. Diameter and height were recorded for each tree and wood samples were collected. Wood density was obtained through the immersion method. To verify differences between edges through functional traits, t Student and Wilcoxon tests were applied. Pearson's correlation was applied to verify relations between attributes. Additionally, tree aboveground biomass was estimated and the average between edges was compared. Only tree height showed local differences between edges (t 2.55; p 0.02). It was observed that the functional traits did not show a significant relation among each other. The Banco Halles presented bigger average stock of biomass (126.48 ± 71.14 kg) than Lagoa Feia (71.5 ± 40.67 kg). This study suggests that the variation of the functional traits can be affected by edge effects, even in edges of the same remnant with different disturbance and occupation histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long fiber paper production segment in Brazil is restrict on the use of only two species of the Pinus genus (P. taeda and P. elliottii), therefore, it is essential to evaluate new species, aiming to expand the alternatives for this segment. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and anatomical properties of Pinus greggii wood aiming at the pulp production. For this, three 7-year-old trees were used, from which disks were removed along the stem. These were used to evaluate physical (average and weighted basic density), chemical (ash, extractive, lignin and holocellulose) and anatomical (tracheid dimensions and anatomical indicators) properties. According to the physical characterization, an average value of basic density of 0.346 g.cm-3 and weighted of 0.343 g.cm-3 was obtained, which allows classifying it as light or low density. Regarding the chemical composition, the species showed high levels of lignin and extractives (34.83% and 6.25%, respectively) and low levels of holocellulose (58.92%) and ash (0.20%). For the tracheids dimensions, mean values of 2.31 mm in length, 41.30 µm in width, 34.81 µm in lumen diameter, and 3.25 µm in cell wall thickness were obtained. As for the results of the quality index, the species stood out for the wall fraction (15.96%), flexibility coefficient (84.31%), Runkel index (0.19) and felting index (55.15). In general, the P. greggii wood presents potential for the pulp production, standing out for its anatomical indicators and for the tracheids dimensions, which are similar to the values found for P. taeda at the same age. However, it has high levels of lignin and extractives, which can increase the consumption of reagents and decrease the yield of the pulping process, which needs to be proven in studies on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timber is a sustainable material that may be employed to several ends. Its durability is prolonged by chemical preservers, especially Cromated Copper Arsenate (CCA). However, timber wastes after treatment and usefulness cause adverse environmental results. Recovery and final layout of CCA-timber may be undertaken distinctly with an improvement in the preservation of the environment. Current research involved the efficaciousness of CCA-treated timber and its potential toxic effect by reviewing the recovery of CCA from the wood, the final layout of contaminated solid residues and potential replacements. There are many publications on the theme, especially in the USA, even though political and environmental pressure exists for diminishing the use of CCA in timber conservation. Further, current analysis identified the main journals on the theme, their impact and the categorization of the main subject matters, with special reference to adverse environmental potential of CCA-treated timber. Data comply with those on the Portal of Journals of CAPES for the last ten years on the theme and the state-of-the art of studies on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REUNIR: Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade is the property of REUNIR - Revista de Administracao, Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jequitibá-rosa (Brazilian name) is a tree that can reach 30 to 50 meters in height, with valuable wood production and aptitude for artificial regeneration programs, but information on adequate fertilization in the seedling production process is still scarce. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of nitrogen sources and doses on the growth and quality of jequitibá-rosa seedlings. The seedlings were produced in red-yellow Latosol, in the region of Viçosa MG, in pots with a capacity of 1.5 dm³. The nitrogen (N) sources used were ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate, in five doses (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 mg/dm³ of N) applied in installments at 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after subculture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme (3 x 5), with four replications. At 125 days after subculture, the morphological characteristics of the plants were evaluated. The source x dose interaction was significant for all characteristics and indices evaluated. The sources with the highest averages were ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, in N doses ranging from 70 to 225 mg/dm³. It is recommended for the production of jequitibá-rosa seedlings, an average dose of 170 mg/dm³ of N using ammonium nitrate as a source or 100 mg/dm³ of N through ammonium sulphate, split at 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after plant repotting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international quality of Brazilian steel is the reason for the use of charcoal in the steelmaking process, with Mato Grosso do Sul the largest national producer in 2011 (~356 thousand tons). The objective of this article is to evaluate the energy quality of this solid biofuel from native species wood (vegetable suppression, without deforestation) and geographic availability, to meet regional demand from the steel, ceramic, energy and related industries. The methodology considered the IBGE database (2007-2016), quality determination (SCV, immediate and elemental analysis) and comparison with charcoal parameters of other native species, planted and residual biomass. Results indicate: a) Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the 4th largest annual producers, and 2nd largest national producer (2007-2016); b) The most pro- ductive microregions are "Aquidauana" (~21%) and "Três Lagoas" (~23%); c) Geographical distribution of current production is balanced in the Central North (~34%), East (~30%) and Pantanal (~25%) mesoregions; d) Regional production is of medium quality, with TCZ~0.9%, TUM,BU~5%, TMV~33%, TCF~66%; PCS~20.7MJ.kg-1 (↓ TCF),TH~5.0%, TO~3.9% and TC~86.3%, with C/H~17.3; e) Potential to improve quality (↑TCF, ↓TMV and ↑PCS) and productivity (ηGravimetric, %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green roof is used as an alternative for residential thermal cooling, as it aids in heat transfer and provides environmental and economic benefits. Thus, it aimed to evaluate whether the presence of the green roof alters the thermal residential conditions in a semiarid region. The green roof was conducted in a residential area, where two sensors (thermohygrometer) were installed indoors and outdoors. An area of 8.4 m2 was determined for the green roof, where four layers (wood plywood, carpet, cardboard, and substrate) were installed, and then the transplanting of Selaginella convoluta (Selaginellaceae) was carried out. The treatments were carried out in two different situations, analyzing the internal and external environment, with and without the use of a green roof (EXTER&lowbar;S, EXTER&lowbar;C, INTER&lowbar;S and INTER&lowbar;C). Temperature and relative humidity data were collected at 9:15 am and 9 pm for eight days and submitted to Tukey's test (p<0.05). The average temperature at 9 am was 23.32 ºC and at 3 pm, 32.8 ºC and 31.75 ºC on average for EXTER&lowbar;S and INTER&lowbar;S, respectively. There was a reduction in internal and external temperature, 1.53 °C and 1.7 °C, respectively, at 9 am, followed by 2.4 °C and 4.58 °C, at 3 pm and 3.65 °C and 4.37 °C at 9 pm in the studied environments. The RH% increased in the evaluated times, having a considerable increase at 9 pm (22.32%) in the EXTER&lowbar;C environment. The green roof helps to reduce temperature and increase residential RH, making it a sustainable alternative for thermal cooling in semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the royal forests in Portugal during the Union of Crowns within the field of environmental political history. Firstly, it sheds light upon the royal forests by looking at the forestry legislation issued from 15th to 17th centuries. Secondly, it aims to contribute to the deforestation debate during the kingships of Philip II and III of Portugal that resulted from imperial demands. During these kingships the deforestation was deployed as a founding concept both to justify and to discredit the drastic forestry policies taken by the crown, which pursued to reduce, rationalize and protect the woodlands. In this article it is used the term “administrative deforestation” as the measures adopted by the Spanish Monarchy were more likely due to a political-administrative crisis of the Portuguese crown rather to a critical shrinking of the royal forests because of shipbuilding.

ABSTRACT According to the ABNT NBR 7190: 1997 standard, tensile strength of wood samples shall be defined as the ratio between the ultimate strength from a stress test and the specimen cross-sectional area (350 mm2). However, due to the complex wood anatomy and experimental difficulties, the fractured surface in tested samples are not perpendicular to the loading direction; therefore, such fractured surface becomes larger than the sample cross section, overestimating tensile strength by this method. Using an alternative approach, we aimed to determine the approximate fracture surface of wood specimens subjected to tensile test. For this purpose, we used the least square method to estimate tensile strength of four hardwood species, which were equally divided into strength classes. Then, we determined the relationship between the cross-sectional areas of intact and fractured specimens. The results showed that the approximate area of a fractured surface was 2.14 higher than that of an intact sample. As a result, tensile strength estimates were 47% lower than those currently estimated, which is unfavorable for the safety of construction structures.

ABSTRACT For safety reasons, wood strength values, essential for structural dimensioning, are calculated based on the characteristic value, which corresponds to the 5% percentile of a given probability distribution model. For small samples, the Brazilian normative document ABNT NBR 7190 establishes an estimator of the characteristic wood strength, which can provide a significantly different result from the characteristic value coming from a suitable model of probability distribution. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the best probability distribution model (normal, lognormal, Weibull, and exponential) and the subsequent calculation of the characteristic value indicated by ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), allowing to evaluate its accuracy, being also investigated two relationships between characteristic values of the simplified characterization condition for woods of species already known. The best adhesion model was the normal model, which resulted in values statistically equivalent to the characteristic values according to ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). Among the evaluated relationships, the obtained results were significantly higher (up to 92%) when compared to those estimated by ABNT NBR 7190 (1997).

Copyright of Labor & Engenho is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT The glued laminated timber (glulam) is a composite material obtained from the bonding of wood laminae arranged with parallel fibers put together. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the influence of the number of laminae on the mechanical behavior of glulam of Toona ciliata produced with vegetable-based polyurethane adhesive. The glulam beams were produced with lamellae in the dimensions of 6.0 x 1.5 x 120.0 cm, with 3 beams being made per treatment, which were structurally composed by 5, 7 and 9 laminae. The polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil was used, applying a grammage of 350 g m-². For the technological characterization of the wood the moisture in the dry base, bulk density, chemical characterization, compressive strength parallel to the fibers, shear and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) in the static bending test. While the properties of modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), shear strength, delamination and visualization of the glue line through photomicrographs of the laminated wood samples were determined for glulam beams. The results showed that the beams with 5 laminae presented values similar to solid wood. The increase in the number of laminae provided lower values for stiffness and strength of the beams. The photomicrographs showed the quality of the bonding and the satisfactory values for shear strength and delamination, indicating the viability of the species under study for situations with high moisture content.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the loss of physical-mechanical properties of pine wood from old buildings (100 to 200 years old) deteriorated by wood boring beetle (Anobium punctatum, De Geer) and aims to contribute to the safety assessment of structural elements in buildings. The effect of degradation can be considered by assuming the reduction of cross-section properties in case of Anobium punctatum degradation, since the galleries formed within the wood are usually surrounded by a considerable amount of sound wood. In this study, a new methodology was developed for qualitative estimation of degradation levels, which was promising. They were then correlated with results of compression tests parallel to the fibers in specimens with 30×30×90 mm: compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and plastic extension. It has been found that, even at relatively important levels of degradation, the loss of properties is small to moderate.

The technological use-category includes woody plants used for making household utensils, tool handles and others. Ethnobotanical studies related to the local knowledge of these species can support projects for sustainable use of biodiversity. The aim of this work was to investigate the species richness, the local importance and the known uses for technological purposes in a rural agrarian reform settlement in Cerrado (municipality of Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). We also seek identify what factors influence knowledge about the plants such as age and origin of respondents (migrants or non-migrants). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and the plants mentioned were collected for identification and deposited in the CGMS herbarium. Induced questions were made about known plants for technological purposes and, posteriorly respondents indicated other uses (spontaneous) for this category-use. Besides richness, the Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) of species with known uses for technological purposes was estimated to identify the species with the greatest local importance. Analysis of Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were made to verify the influence of age and migration on the number of cited (known) species. 74 woody plants were mentioned for 20 technological purposes. Richness can be considered high when compared to other studies. The species indicated with the greatest local importance were: Aspidosperma subincanum (RFC = 0.87), Handroanthus impetiginosus (RFC = 0.8), Handroanthus ochraceus (FRC = 0.53) and Cedrela fissilis (RFC = 0.5). We observed the influence of the migration on the number of species mentioned, but there was no difference in the relationship with the age of the interviewees. The most important species locally have harder (denser) woods when compared to literature data and have been indicated for uses where wood needs to be more resistant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Wood Science / Revista Ciência da Madeira is the property of Brazilian Journal of Wood Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The objective of this work was to test a new methodology to assess the resistance of trees to wind damage and determine the characteristics that increase clone resistance to winds. Tree resistance to breakage, basic density, ultrastructure, anatomy, mechanical properties, and wood growth stress have been evaluated in seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones, collected from a region with a high incidence of wind damage. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the tree resistance to breakage and the ratio between the area damaged by the winds and the total planted area was -0.839, showing the efficiency of the methodology adopted and that high breaking strength results in a smaller area affected by wind damage. Trees with a high basic density, cell wall fraction, modulus of elasticity of the middle lamella and fibers, fiber hardness, modulus of rupture, growth stress and low microfibril angle and height and width of the rays showed greater resistance to wind damage. Therefore, the selection of clones with these features may reduce the incidence of damage by winds in Eucalyptus plantations.

The aim of this work is to evidence the benefits for environment resulting from an economic strategy performed by a Brazilian industry. In order to reduce costs with purchasing of pallets, Chapatex and wooden frames, which are used to pack and transport its products, the studied industry elaborated a strategy in partnership with its customers that resulted in exploitation by devolution of the biggest part of those materials that went to customers but did not come back. The costs reduction with the acquisition of those materials was highly beneficial. However, even more important was the result from the environmental viewpoint, because the re-exploitation of those materials reduces in the environmental impact, as for not need to acquire new materials, that is, take them from nature, considering they are wood, as to avoid inappropriate disposal of materials stopped and no-using for customers. This study, therefore, proposes for the decision makers considers the environmental and sustainable vision even in areas of the organization where the focus on profits predominates.

ABSTRACT This study aims to manufacture and apply polymer-cementitious blends based on a combination of epoxy polymer and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) for timber beam repair. The material was used to repair timber beams of “Maçaranduba” (Manilkara sp.) and “Cedro doce” (Cedrella spp) wood species. A full factorial design was conducted to investigate the effect of cement particle content (0wt%, 30wt%, 40wt% and 50wt %), type of cement (ASTM-II and ASTM-III), and pigment addition (0wt% and 0.2wt%) on the physical and mechanical properties of the blend. The cement content factor affected all properties investigated. The highest elastic modulus was achieved by the blends produced with 50wt% of cement and 0.2wt% of pigment inclusion. This condition was used to repair the timber beams evaluated under four-point bending test. The insertion of the blends in timber beams achieved superior load levels to the unreinforced woods in both species, inferior load levels to the reference condition (without defects) in “Cedro doce”, and superior to the reference condition in “Maçaranduba”. These results were justified by the low density of “Cedro doce”, providing a better blend-wood interface adhesion.

Natural resource exploration is growing, highlighting woods and joinery waste, wood industries and the like. This study presents homogeneous particleboard (PPH) roughness characterization manufactured from treated wood waste. Normative document with values of Brazilian Technical Standard Association ABNT NBR 8404 (1984), was adopted as a reference. The results show that the manufactured PPH showed roughness class N 10, with roughness values (Ra) of less than 12.5 microns.

Romanesque polychromed wooden imagery in the Iberian Peninsula (12th-13th centuries) stands both as a valuable and complex heritage. Apart from some general lines that determine compositional and symbolic features, the local context, the liturgy, the artists or workshops and the influence of some prestigious models have created a highly attractive scenario. It is important to note that some statues that are preserved separately today may well be, from a broader perspective, part of larger ensembles of liturgical furniture. At the same time, the number of studies on technical and material aspects involving interdisciplinary work has increased. One of the questions that concern scholars the most is the spread of typology and stylistic trends. The influence of metal and precious metal works on tempered polychromed must be assessed. Other times, the spread of modalities confined to an area might well obey cult and pilgrimage reasons. Not all works, however, strictly follow one modality or another. Another hypothesis deals with the importation of some objects.

Recently, more wood species are gaining space in market. Hence, it is important to enlarge the utilization of non-traditional woods, which shall be able to replace the most popular species, provided that similar performances are respected. In contrast, the sustainable exploitations of natural resources by timber producers demand alternatives to exchange the use of restricted or blocked tropical wood species (e.g. Araucaria angustifolia) by other timbers, which are liable for commercial certification. This research, based on the test results obtained according to the Brazilian Standard prescriptions (NBR-7190 - Annex B), aimed at evaluating the influence of the apparent density on radial and tangential shrinkages, considering the results for forty-three Brazilian tropical wood species. Usually, this parameter is regarded as necessary to define the timber species to different applications. The results showed low dependence among those variables, considering the information from the literature.

ABSTRACT A short rotation intensive system with willows was analyzed with the following aims: a - to determine the effects of irrigation, genotype and plantation density on wood anatomy, wood density, moisture content, lower heating value, total ash content and energy accumulated in the woody biomass; b - to explore the relationships between anatomical and physical wood properties and the parameters determining their quality as a biofuel. A complete factorial experiment was set up, with three factors and two levels for each factor. The factors were: irrigation, plantation density and clone (genotype). The clones were Salix matsudana Koidz. x Salix alba L. ‘Barrett 13-44 INTA´ (B) and Salix alba L. ‘Yaguareté INTA - CIEF´ (Y). 46 stools of 1 m long were sampled, on which the following determinations were carried out: vessel diameter and frequency, fiber wall thickness and area, wood density, moisture content, ash content and heating values. Clone B had higher wood density than clone Y (0.406 vs. 0.395 g/cm3) and lower moisture content (47.11 vs. 50.53 %). The plantation density did not affect any of the variables analyzed. Irrigation increased the energy yield to 393.2 Gj/ha, compared to 309.15 Gj/ha without irrigation. A system with clone B planted at a lower density (13,000 plants/ha) and under irrigation has the best advantage as an energetic crop over the other alternatives evaluated in this work.

The present article identifies the geographic, economic and social combinations that were responsible for the formation of the identity of the municipality of Canoinhas and its importance for the formation of the architectural patrimony. For this, the concepts of territory, identity and architectural patrimony are worked as a fundamental theoretical reference. Based on ancient structures and processes, in natural, economic and social combinations, which are composed of endogenous and exogenous elements, a technical-productive structure was generated, based on production forces and social relations linked to the extractivism of mate grass and wood. This structure, among others, was directly responsible for the spreading, in the urban landscape in the municipality of Canoinhas, of the architectural heritage of wooden buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demand for renewable energy has continued to increase with a strong global tendency. In this away, the objective of this study was to evaluate the calorific value of different tree biomass components of E. grandis and E. urophylla with 60 months old, to analyze the economic feasibility of the total or partial use of its biomass for energy generation. Higher and lower calorific value, ash content and organic carbon of the tree components (wood, branches, bark and leaves) were evaluated. Regarding to the calorific values, leaves showed higher values when compared to the other tree components with 4,904 kcal kg-1, followed by branches with 4,290 kcal kg-1, wood with 4,126 kcal kg-1 and bark, with the lowest (3,641 kcal kg-1) calorific value. In relation to the nutrient use efficiency (NUE), wood showed the highest values, which is something highly desirable and of great interest to forestry. In the other hand, leaves showed the lowest values of the NUE, with the exception of Ca and Mg that were lower in the bark, indicating the importance of maintaining these components in the soil after harvest. Regarding to the cost to replace the nutrients (NPK) exported by one ton of wood biomass, E. grandis and E. urophylla showed values of R$ 14.05 and R$ 11.54 respectively, being the biomass of this component the cheapest in terms of nutrients reposition. On the other hand, tree leaves component showed the higher cost of NPK replacement, emphasizing the low economic viability to export this biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood accounts for more than 40% of the production cost of clad of aglomerates panels and to meet industry demand and reduces the production costs of panels, the use of agro-industrial waste is an alternative. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of wood by soybean hull on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels. The panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.60 g cm-3. It replaced the percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of soybean hulls in relation to the eucalyptus particles. The particles were glued with 12% of the urea-formaldehyde. The pressing cycle comprised a pressure of 4.0 MPa and a temperature of 180 ° C for 15 minutes. The results showed that the conventional agglomerated panels produced with soybean residue showed an increase in their physical properties and a reduction of the mechanics as the replacement of the wood by residue was increased. It is concluded that, from the technical point of view, the physical and mechanical properties are met with a maximum substitution of the wood per soybean residue in the proportion of 28.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian mechanical wood processing companies present obstacles that hamper their development and increase their competitiveness. One is the lack and lack of knowledge of strategies and procedures related to quality. There are few incentives for quality control of products from mechanical processing in Brazil, the main one being the National Wood Quality Program (PNQM), which aims to control and map the process as well as the quality of the final product. The guidelines of the PNQM are in line with international standards, with certification being a gateway for companies seeking entry into this market. In view of this, this work proposes to evaluate the production process and the quality of the product of a small-sized plywood company located in the Contestado Region, northern Santa Catarina State. For this the data collection included observation, visits to the industry and consultation with the technical responsible for the production. The mapping of the production process was carried out, as well as the survey of the conformities the guidelines that the PNQM for the production process and quality of the final product. The company's production process is 52% in accordance with the PNQM guidelines. The panels produced meet the requirements of the mechanical properties of the PNQM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]