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Sunflower is very sensitive to herbicides applied in post-emergence to control broad-leaf weeds. Researchers have developed herbicide-resistant genotypes to imidazolinone herbicides. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides applied on sunflower plants (Tera 8003 and Tera 8011) resistant to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. The experiments were conducted at Embrapa Gado de Leite, in Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais State, and Valença, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with four replications. The treatments consisted of hoed control, imazapyr 25 g a.i. ha-1 and 50 g a.i. ha-1, imazethapyr 70 g a.i. ha-1 and 100 g a.i. ha-1, nicosulfuron 20 g a.i. ha-1 and 32 g a.i. ha-1, and chlorimuron 7.5 g a.i. ha-1 + 0.05% v/v of mineral oil. The crop injury percentage, chlorophyll content (SPAD index), plant height, dry matter production and percentage, and yield were evaluated. The imazethapyr doses (70 g a.i. ha-1 and 100 g a.i. ha-1) were the most selective ones, the nicosulfuron dose (20 g a.i. ha-1) showed moderate tolerance, and imazapyr and chlorimuron caused greater injury, for both sunflower hybrids.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade dos herbicidas chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr e cloransulam-methyl, aplicados em associação com o herbicida fomesafen, a dez cultivares de feijão. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Rio Verde-GO, no plantio das águas, na safra de 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, sendo o fator da parcela principal os tratamentos com herbicidas [fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ); fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ) + chlorimuron-ethyl (7,5 g ha-1 ); fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ) + imazethapyr (50 g ha-1); fomesafen (225 g ha-1) + cloransulam-methyl (30,24 g ha-1); e testemunha sem herbicida]; e o da subparcela, os cultivares (BRS Grafite, BRS Horizonte, Pérola, BRS Pitanga, BRS Pontal, BRS Requinte, BRS Supremo, BRS Timbó, BRS Valente e BRS Vereda). As parcelas foram mantidas capinadas, para que não houvesse interferência das plantas daninhas. Os tratamentos com herbicidas foram fitotóxicos; todavia, de forma geral, os sintomas mais severos foram verificados no tratamento que continha chlorimuron-ethyl. A associação de fomesafen com chlorimuron-ethyl provocou as maiores reduções na altura das plantas e no acúmulo de massa da parte aérea das plantas secas, além de prolongar o ciclo de maturação de todos os cultivares. A aplicação isolada de fomesafen reduziu a produtividade de grãos dos cultivares BRS Timbó e BRS Vereda. Quando se adicionou o imazethapyr ao fomesafen, observou-se redução na produtividade dos cultivares BRS Supremo, BRS Timbó e BRS Vereda. A adição de cloransulam-methyl, além de reduzir a produtividade desses três cultivares, também diminuiu a produtividade do cultivar BRS Requinte. Os cultivares Pérola, BRS Pitanga, BRS Pontal e BRS Valente não tiveram suas produtividades reduzidas pela mistura chlorimuron-ethyl + fomesafen. O imazethapyr mostrou potencial para ser utilizado na cultura do feijão.This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicides chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr and cloransulam-methyl when applied in association with fomesafen on ten common bean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in Rio Verde-Goias during the growing season of 2005/2006, in a completely randomized block design, with three replicates, in split-plots. The herbicide treatments [fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ), fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ) + chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 g ha-1 ), fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ) + imazethapyr (50 g ha-1 ), fomesafen (225 g ha-1 ) + cloransulam-methyl (30.24 g ha-1 ), and control without herbicide] were tested in the plots and the cultivars (BRS Grafite, BRS Horizonte, Pérola, BRS Pitanga, BRS Pontal, BRS Requinte, BRS Supremo, BRS Timbó, BRS Valente and BRS Vereda), in the split-plots. The plots were kept hoed to avoid weed interference. All treatments caused phytotoxicity to the cultivars, but the treatment with chlorimuron-ethyl showed more severe symptoms. This same treatment also resulted in greater reduction of plant height, shoot dry matter and an extended maturation cycle. The sole application of fomesafen caused a decrease in grain productivity of BRS Timbó, and BRS Vereda. When fomesafen was applied in a mixture with imazethapyr, a decrease in grain productivity was observed for the cultivars BRS Timbó, BRS Vereda, and BRS Supremo. Cloransulam-methyl addition led to a productivity reduction of these three cultivars and BRS Requinte, as well. The productivity of Pérola, BRS Pitanga, BRS Pontal, and BRS Valente cultivars was not affected by the application of chlorimuron-ethyl + fomesafen. Imazethapyr presented potential to be used in common bean crop.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a tolerância de cultivares de arroz irrigado ao herbicida nicosulfuron e à mistura formulada de imazethapyr + imazapic. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (UFPel), no município de Capão do Leão (RS). Os tratamentos constaram de dois cultivares de arroz irrigado (IRGA 417 e IRGA 422CL) e de sete doses dos herbicidas imazethapyr + imazapic e nicosulfuron, aplicados em arroz (estádios de desenvolvimento V2 ou V4). As variáveis analisadas foram fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas, estatura de planta, massa seca da parte aérea e área foliar. Houve interações significativas entre os fatores estudados para as variáveis-respostas avaliadas. Incrementos nas doses dos herbicidas resultaram em respostas crescentes de fitotoxicidade ao arroz, resultando em redução no crescimento das plantas. O cultivar IRGA 417 foi suscetível à ação dos herbicidas. Por sua vez, a tolerância do cultivar IRGA 422CL não é restrita à mistura formulada de imazethapyr + imazapic, ocorrendo também para o herbicida nicosulfuron.The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of rice cultivars to the formulated mixture of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr + imazapic. Greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (UFPel) in Capão do Leão (RS). The treatments consisted of two rice cultivars ('IRGA 417' and 'IRGA 422CL') and seven rates of the herbicides imazethapyr + imazapic and nicosulfuron, applied on rice (stages V2 or V4). The variables evaluated were herbicide injury, plant height, shoot dry biomass and leaf area. Significant interactions were found among the factors tested for the response-variables evaluated. Increased herbicide rates resulted in increased rice injury responses leading to decreases in plant height, biomass, and leaf area. 'IRGA 417' cultivar was susceptible to the herbicides. On the other hand, the tolerance of cultivar 'IRGA 422CL' was not restricted to the imazethapyr+imazapic formulated mixture, also occurring with nicosulfuron.

Foi avaliada a eficácia no controle de arroz-vermelho com o herbicida nicosulfuron ou a mistura formulada de imazethapyr + imazapic. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (UFPel), no município de Capão do Leão (RS), na estação de crescimento 2005/06, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 7, sendo o fator A os herbicidas e o fator B as doses dos herbicidas (0, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75, 1,0, 1,25 e 1,50 L ha-1). A aplicação foi feita sobre as plantas de arroz-vermelho em estádio de desenvolvimento V4. As variáveis analisadas foram controle, estatura da planta e massa seca da parte aérea. Para as variáveis respostas foi verificada interação significativa entre os fatores estudados. Incrementos nas doses dos herbicidas resultaram em respostas crescentes de controle, com redução na taxa de crescimento das plantas e produção de massa seca da parte aérea. Os resultados mostraram que o arroz-vermelho é controlado pelos herbicidas testados. A eficácia de controle não é restrita à mistura formulada de imazethapyr + imazapic, ocorrendo também com o herbicida nicosulfuron a partir de 40 g ha-1.Red rice control efficacy using nicosulfuron or a formulated mixture of imazethapyr + imazapic was evaluated. A greenhouse experiment was carried out at Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (UFPel) in Capão do Leão (RS), during the 2005/2006 growing season, in a randomized complete block design and four replications. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 7 factorial, with factor A being the herbicides and factor B the herbicide rates (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.50 L ha-1). The herbicides were applied over red rice plants at the V4 development stage. Control, plant height and aerial dry mass were evaluated. There was a significant interaction for the variables between the factors studied. Increased herbicide rates resulted in increasing control responses and decreased plant height and dry biomass. Results showed that red rice is efficiently controlled by the herbicides. Control efficacy is not restricted to the formulated mixture of imazethapyr+imazapic, also occurring with nicosulfuron starting from 40 g ha-1.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura sobre a seletividade dos herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na cultura do milho (Zea mays). Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. Em um deles utilizou-se uréia incorporada (67,5 kg N ha-1) como fonte nitrogenada e, no outro, sulfato de amônio (62 kg N ha¹) a lanço. Os tratamentos foram conseqüência da combinação fatorial entre quatro níveis do fator herbicida: mesotrione (144 g ha-1) + atrazine (1.500 g ha-1), foransulfuron + iodosulfuron (45 + 3 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (20 g ha-1) + atrazine (1.500 g ha-1) e testemunha capinada; e quatro níveis do fator época de adubação: 7, 3 e 0 dias antes e 7 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA), perfazendo 16 tratamentos. Avaliaram-se: fitotoxicidade aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 DAA, altura das plantas de milho no florescimento, massa de 1.000 grãos e rendimento. Não foi detectada a interação significativa entre os herbicidas e as fontes nitrogenadas utilizadas para nenhuma das variáveis em estudo. Embora efeitos fitotóxicos tenham sido observados, não houve diferenças estatísticas para altura de planta, massa de 1.000 grãos ou rendimento.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of cover nitrogen fertilization on selectivity of post-emergence applied herbicides in corn (Zea mays). Thus, two experiments were conducted: in one of them, urea (67.5 kg ha-1) was used as nitrogen source and in the other ammonium sulfate (62 kg N ha-1) was used. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four levels of herbicide: mesotrione (144 g ha-1 ) + atrazine (1,500 g ha-1 ), foransulfuron + iodosulfuron (45 + 3 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (20 g ha-1 ) + atrazine (1,500 g ha¹ ) and handweeded checks; and four levels fertilization timing: 7, 3 and 0 days before and 7 days after herbicide application (DAA), totalizing 16 treatments. Phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAA, height at flowering, mass of 1,000 grains and crop yield were evaluated. No significant interaction was detected between the herbicides and the nitrogen sources used for the variables evaluated. Although phytotoxicity effects were observed, no significant differences were found for plant height, mass of 1,000 grains or crop yield.

The frequent application of herbicides in agricultural areas may select resistant biotypes in weed populations, whose biological characteristics influence the speed and patterns of resistance. This research aims to charactere, simultaneously, resistance patterns and differential susceptibility of Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes to ALS-inhibiting herbicides of the imidazolinone and sulfonylurea chemical groups. Six hairy beggarticks biotypes, four suspected resistant and two known susceptible, were treated with eight rates of chlorimuron-ethyl or imazethapyr, in greenhouse conditions. Percent control and percent fresh weight of the plants were evaluated at 28 days after the application. B. subalternans is less susceptible to ALS-inhibiting herbicides than B. pilosa; B. subalternans biotypes were more resistant than B. pilosa biotypes; there are B. pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes with cross resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides of the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone groups; there are different patterns of cross resistance to the diverse groups of ALS-inhibiting herbicides.

Herbicides are widely used in soybean for weed control, and the selection pressure attributed to the repeated use of herbicides with similar modes of action on the same site has caused selection for resistant biotypes within and among previously susceptible species, such as Euphorbia heterophylla L., in relation to ALS enzyme inhibitors, in the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo, Brazil. Seeds of E. heterophylla were collected to examine possible new cases of resistant populations and to test alternative herbicide treatments to manage these populations, in the Caarapó region, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in areas where plants of this species have survived continuous herbicide applications. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, where biotypes with a history of suspected resistance were compared with a known susceptible biotype. Several post-emergence herbicides were sprayed at zero, one, two, four, and eight times the recommended field application rates. Twenty days after application, plants were harvested, and control percentage and fresh weight were determined to establish dose-response curves, in the aim to obtain the resistance factor using CD50 and RD50 data. The chlorimuron-ethyl resistance factor values for the control percentage and fresh weight parameters were higher than 16.5 and 16.9, respectively, while imazethapyr showed resistance factors higher than 25.0 and 23.5, respectively. The resistant biotype showed different resistance levels to chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr, showing cross-resistance to the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone groups. Nevertheless, this biotype was effectively controlled by fomesafen (250 g ha-1), lactofen (120 g ha-1), flumiclorac-pentyl (40 g ha-1), glufosinate-ammonium (150 g ha-1), and glyphosate (360 g ha-1).

A eficiência de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência foi avaliada para o controle de plantas daninhas no consórcio de milho com Brachiaria brizantha e verificando seus efeitos sobre as espécies consorciadas. Os tratamentos foram representados pelos herbicidas atrazine (1.500 g ha-1), foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + atrazine (15 + 1 + 1.500 e 30 + 2 + 1.500 g ha-1), foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium (45 + 3 g ha¹), nicosulfuron + atrazine (2 + 1.500; 4 + 1.500; 8 + 1.500; 12 + 1.500 g ha-1) mais a testemunha capinada (milho solteiro) e sem capina, arranjados em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de controle de Digitaria horizontalis e de espécies do gênero Ipomoea, a toxicidade à cultura do milho, a cobertura vegetal do solo, o estado nutricional e a produtividade do milho e da forrageira. Verificou-se que para D. horizontalis os herbicidas foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + atrazine, foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + espalhante e nicosulfuron + atrazine nas duas maiores doses proporcionaram controle semelhante (acima de 70%) aos 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Para Ipomoea spp. houve diferença dos tratamentos apenas em relação à testemunha sem capina. Foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + espalhante mostrou-se tóxico ao milho até 28 DAA, enquanto para B. brizantha somente o atrazine não causou dano. Leituras correspondentes ao teor de clorofila total, N, K e a produtividade do milho foram inferiores na testemunha sem capina e no tratamento com atrazine, sendo os demais não influenciados pelos herbicidas. Ao contrário, no período de convivência com o milho, depois da colheita deste e após período de pastejo, B. brizantha foi mais produtiva nos tratamentos em que foi aplicado atrazine e na testemunha sem capina, apresentando menor desenvolvimento nas maiores doses das sulfoniluréias.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of herbicides applied in post-emergence on weeds and corn - Brachiaria brizantha intercropping. The treatments were applications of atrazine (1.500 g ha-1), foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + atrazine (15 + 1 + 1.500 and 30 + 2 + 1.500 g ha-1) foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium (45 + 3 g ha-1), nicosulfuron + atrazine (2 + 1.500; 4 + 1.500; 8 + 1.500; 12 + 1.500 g ha-1), besides the weeded corn and intercropping without weeding, arranged in randomized blocks, with three replications. Digitaria horizontalis and Ipomoea spp. control percentage, maize crop toxicity degree, soil plant cover, nutritional state, and maize and forage yields were evaluated. It was verified that the herbicides foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + atrazine, foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + sulfactant, and nicosulfuron + atrazine applied at the two highest doses provided a similar control percentage (above 70%) at 28 days after application (DAA) of herbicides for D. horizontalis. For Ipomoea spp., a difference in the treatments was found only in relation to the control without weeding. Foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + sulfactant proved toxic for corn up to 28 DAA, while only atrazine proved not harmful for B. brizantha. Readings corresponding to total chlorophyll, N, and K contents and corn yield were lower in the control without weeding and atrazine treatment. The others were not influenced by the use of the herbicides. On the other hand, B. brizantha was more productive in the treatments and control without weeding, presenting a reduced development under the highest sulfonylurea doses during the intercropping with corn, after harvest and pasture.

As plantas daninhas Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans (picão-preto) e Amaranthus quitensis (caruru) são controladas na cultura da soja por diversos herbicidas, sendo os inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS) os mais utilizados pelos sojicultores. O uso intensivo e repetitivo destes herbicidas em áreas cultivadas com soja no município de São Gabriel do Oeste (MS - Brasil) e nas províncias de Córdoba e Tucumã (Argentina) proporcionou grande pressão de seleção nas populações destas plantas daninhas, resultando em populações resistentes. Com o objetivo de determinar a resistência cruzada aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS, pertencentes aos grupos químicos sulfoniluréia e imidazolinona, foi conduzido um experimento, em condições de casa de vegetação, na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo. As plantas daninhas picão-preto e caruru, provenientes de áreas com suspeita de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS, foram tratadas com os herbicidas chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr e nicosulfuron em diversas doses e comparadas com as plantas provenientes de populações suscetíveis. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos considerando-se doses que proporcionariam no mínimo 50% do controle das plantas daninhas (GR50), utilizando-se para isso doses abaixo e acima das doses recomendadas de cada herbicida. O herbicida chlorimuron-ethyl foi aplicado nas doses de 1.500, 750, 150, 75, 15, 7,5 e 1,5 g i.a. ha-1; o imazethapyr, nas doses de 8.000, 4.000, 800, 400, 80, 40 e 8 g i.a. ha-1; e o nicosulfuron, nas doses de 1.200, 600, 120, 60, 12, 6 e 1,2 g i.a. ha-1. Os biotipos resistentes apresentaram diferentes níveis de resistência cruzada aos herbicidas utilizados. O biotipo resistente de picão-preto apresentou GR50 para chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr e nicosulfuron de 1,49; 1,27; e 20,08 g i.a. ha-1, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, o GR50 do biotipo resistente de caruru foi de 6,8; 2,45; e 23,54 g i.a. ha-1. As curvas de dose-resposta da porcentagem de controle das plantas daninhas aos 14 dias após o tratamento dos biotipos resistentes apresentaram valores inferiores aos das curvas de dose-resposta dos biotipos suscetíveis, mesmo nas doses extremas utilizadas. As taxas de resistência (GR50(resistente)/GR50(suscetível)) para picão-preto foram de 9,90 para chlorimuron-ethyl, 9,07 para nicosulfuron e 27,03 para imazethapyr, enquanto para caruru elas foram de 45,03 para o chlorimuron-ethyl, 181 para o nicosulfuron e 24,55 para o imazethapyr.In the soybean crop, the weeds Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans and Amaranthus quitensis are controlled by several herbicides, with the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors being the ones most sprayed by growers. The intensive and repetitive use of these herbicides in soybean areas of São Gabriel do Oeste (Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil) and in the provinces of Córdoba and Tucumã (Argentina) have imposed a great selection pressure on the resistant population of these weeds. In order to determine the cross resistance of these biotypes to ALS - inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas and imidazolinones), an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The weeds Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans and Amaranthus quitensis, whose seeds were collected from suspected sites of herbicide resistance, were treated by the herbicides chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron at several rates, and compared to plants whose seeds were obtained from susceptible populations. The treatments were established considering rates giving, at least, 50% of control (GR50), using multiples of the recommended rates. Chlorimuron-ethyl was sprayed at 1500, 750, 150, 75, 15, 7.5, 1.5 g a.i. ha-1, imazethapyr at 8000, 4000, 800, 400, 80, 40, 8 g a.i. ha-1 and nicosulfuron at 1.200, 600, 120, 60, 12, 6, 1.2 g a.i. ha-1. The resistant biotype showed different levels of cross-resistance to the herbicides used. The resistant biotype of Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans showed a GR50 for chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron of 1.49, 1.27 and 20.08 g a.i. ha-1, and for Amaranthus quitensis 6.8, 2.45, and 23.54 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. The dose-response curves of the weed control, at 14 days after treatments of the resistant biotypes consistently showed lower values than the susceptible biotypes, even at extremely high rates. The resistance levels, measured by the relation GR50(resistant)/GR50 (susceptible) for Bidens pilosa/Bidens subalternans were 9.9 for chlorimuron-ethyl; 9.07 for nicosulfuron and 27.03 for imazethapyr, whereas for Amaranthus quitensis the values were 45.03 for chlorimuron-ethyl, 181 for nicosulfuron and 24.55 for imazethapyr.

O controle contínuo de plantas daninhas através da aplicação de herbicidas que apresentam atividade em um único local de ação nas plantas favorece a seleção de biótipos resistentes a estes herbicidas, em certas espécies vegetais. Quatro experimentos foram conduzidos em condições casa-de-vegetação, na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, com os objetivos de avaliar a ocorrência de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) em vários biótipos de leiteiro ou amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla EPHHL) e avaliar a ocorrência de resistência múltipla a herbicidas com atividade em outros locais de ação. Biótipo oriundo de Passo Fundo foi resistente ao imazethapyr, enquanto biótipo oriundo de Porto Alegre foi suscetível. O biótipo de Passo Fundo apresentou resistência cruzada aos herbicidas imidazolinonas: imazapyr, imazaquin e imazethapyr; sulfoniluréias: chlorimuron, nicosulfuron e metsulfuron; e sulfonanilida: flumetsulan. Este biótipo não foi resistente aos herbicidas com os seguintes mecanismos de ação: inibidores de EPSPs, mimetizadores de auxina, inibidores dos fotossistemas I e II e inibidores de PROTOX. A confirmação de resistência aos inibidores de ALS em biótipos oriundos de Nãome-Toque, Passo Fundo e Rio Pardo sugere ampla dispersão no Rio Grande do Sul de resistência de E. heterophylla aos herbicidas deste mecanismo de ação.The continuous weed control with herbicides of only one site of action selects biotypes resistant to these herbicides. Four experiments were conducted in greenhouse of UFRGS, Brazil, to confirm the occurence of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) biotypes resistance to herbicides inhibitors of acetholactate synthase (ALS), and to determine whether there was cross resistance to herbicides with other site of action. A biotype from Passo Fundo -RS was resistant to imazethapyr, whereas a biotype from Porto Alegre -RS was susceptible to this compound. The biotype from Passo Fundo was resistant to the following ALS-inhibitors: imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, chlorimuron, nicosulfuron, metsulfuron e flumetsulan. This biotype was not resistant to herbicides from the following modes of action: EPSPs inhibitors, auxin agonists, fotossystems I and II inhibitors, and PROTOX inhibitors. The confirmation of resistance to ALS inhibitors in biotypes from Não-me-Toque, Passo Fundo and Rio Pardo suggests a wide spread of wild poinsettia resistance to compounds of this mode of action in the Rio Grande do Sul state.

Um experimento de campo foi conduzido em Rio Claro, SP, em 1991/92 para estudar a eficiência do nicosulfuron no controle do capimmass ambará (Sorghum halepense), como infestante da cultura do milho. O nicosulfuron foi aplicado em pós-emergência inicial, quando o capim-massambará estava com 3 a 5 folhas, nas doses de 40, 50, 60, e 80g/ ha, e em pós-emergência tardia (capim-massambará com 4 a 6 folhas), nas doses de 50, 60 e 80g/ha. Foram acrescentados tratamentos com atrazine + simazine (1500 + 1500g/ha), com e sem a adição de óleo mineral, nas mesmas épocas de aplicação do nicosulfuron. Verificou-se que o nicosulfuron apresentou excelente controle do capim massambará, atingindo 100% de controle aos 50 dias após a aplicação, independente das doses e épocas de aplicação. As aplicações de atrazine + simazine não mostraram controle satisfatório do capim massambará em pós-emergência, principalmente quando efetuadas tardias e com adição de óleo mineral. O controle do capimmassambará com nicosulfuron em pós-emergência inicial e tardia aumentou a produção de milho, respectivamente em 44 e 34%, em relação à testemunha não capinada. Não foi observado qualquer sinal de fitotoxicidade nas plantas de milho, em todos os tratamentos efetuados.A field experiment was conducted at Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, during 1991/92 to evaluate the efficacy of nicosulfur on for post emergence control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in field com grown under conventional conditions. Nicosulfuron was applied on early postemergence, on johnsongrass with 2 to 5 leaves, at rates of 40, 50, 60 e 80g/ha, and late post emergence (4 to 6 leaves) at rates of 50 , 60 an d 80 g/ ha . Two additional treatments of atrazine + simazine (1500 + 1500g/ha), with and without mineral oil, were applied at the same time of nicosulfuron. Treatments of nicosulfuron showed an exellent control of Johnsongrass, irrespectively of rate and timing appli catio n, reaching 100% control at 50 days after application. Atrazine + simazine treatments were no effective on johns ongrass control mainly at late postemergence application with addition of mineral oil. Corn yield increased 44 and 34%, respectively, on early and late postemergence applications of nicosulfuron. No com injury was observed for any herbicide treatments.

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Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the competitive ability of sulfonylurea resistant and susceptible kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schard) compared to wheat. The results of several replacement series experiments indicate that wheat was the dominant competitor, and an average of one wheat plant reduced resistant kochia yield per plant equal to the effect of 4.8 resistant kochia or 5.4 susceptible kochia plants. Intraspeciflc competition was more important than interspecific competition for wheat, whereas the reverse was true for the resistant and susceptible kochia. The results of the niche differentiation index (NDI) indicate that wheat and either resistant or susceptible kochia are only partly limited by the same resources. The resistant and susceptible kochia, however, are limited by the same resources.Experimentos foram instalados em condições de casa-de-vegetação com o objetivo de comparar a capacidade competitiva de biotipos resistentes e suscetíveis aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactase synthase da planta daninha kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schard) comparada com trigo. Os resultados de diversos experimentos, utilizando a metodologia chamada de substitutiva, indicaram que o trigo foi o competidor dominante, e em média uma planta de trigo reduziu o crescimento da planta de kochia resistente igual ao efeito de 4,8 plantas de kochia resistente ou 5,4 plantas de kochia suscetível. A competição chamada de intraespecífíca foi mais importante que a competição interespecífica para o trigo, porém o inverso foi verdadeiro para os biotípos resistentes e susceptíveis de kochia. Os resultados do índice de diferenciação ecológica indicaram que trigo e qualquer um dos dois biotípos de kochia estudados foram limitados apenas parcialmente pelos mesmos recursos de crescimento. No entanto, o crescimento dos biotípos resistentes e susceptíveis de kochia foram limitados pelos mesmos fatores de crescimento.

ABSTRACT: Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)is one of the most worrisome species with regard to herbicide resistance. This study aimed at characterizing the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme activity of resistant biotypes (NC and AR) and susceptible biotypes to iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (iodosulfuron). Different concentrations of pyruvate (1, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mM), of iodosulfuron (0 to 100 µM for the resistant biotypes and 0 to 0.5 µM for the susceptible biotype) and concentrations of valine, leucine and isoleucine (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mM) were used for the in vitro characterization. According to the results, the Michaelis constant (Km) values (pyruvate) for the assessed biotypes were similar. With iodosulfuron, resistant biotypes needed 395 to 779 times more herbicide in order to inhibit 50% of the enzyme activity, compared to the susceptible biotype. This confirmed a sensitivity modification of the ALS enzyme in the resistant biotypes. The resistant biotypes were less sensitive to the inhibition of the enzyme activity in the presence of the three amino acids. It was possible to conclude that biotype resistance was due to the enzyme insensitivity to iodosulfuron.